My question is, how does it work? How does a site collect data on every IP address out there? How do they know that X amount of people are on my IP address? How do they know that I have connected to the Tor network or used ProtonVPN?
That's several questions :D
How does a site collect data on every IP address out there?
Automated scripts. You might also find projects like this one interesting: ant.isi.edu/address/
How do they know that X amount of people are on my IP address?
How do they know that I have connected to the Tor network
The same way sites do to decide to block you, by port scanning. Scan yourself :) grc.com/shieldsup
used ProtonVPN
Assuming that you were currently connected, by checking who owns that IP. For example, this IP is owned by Amazon's AWS service whois.urih.com/record/205.251.193....
For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse
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That's several questions :D
Automated scripts. You might also find projects like this one interesting: ant.isi.edu/address/
That depends a lot on your IP. If it's shared hosting site, they use DNS to IP mapping to count, like robtex.com/ip-lookup/74.125.68.100...
The same way sites do to decide to block you, by port scanning. Scan yourself :) grc.com/shieldsup
Assuming that you were currently connected, by checking who owns that IP. For example, this IP is owned by Amazon's AWS service whois.urih.com/record/205.251.193....