DEV Community: Aisha Rajput

JavaScript Capitalize First Letter

Aisha Rajput — Sat, 08 Oct 2022 15:26:39 +0000

How does JavaScript capitalize the first letter of a string?
In HTML and CSS, there is a built-in method “capitalize” to capitalize the first letter of each word or string. JavaScript is not easy as other web languages to perform.
We cannot directly perform JavaScript to capitalize the first letter; we will create a function with the help of some other methods such as slice, substring, uppercase, etc.
Note: all the queries that are not embedded with HTML tags, will run inside the browser console tab (Shit+ Ctrl+ J).
In this article, you will learn how to capitalize the first letter with these four methods

JavaScript capitalized the word's first letter (slice () method).
JavaScript capitalizes the first letter of the string (displayed on an HTML page).
JavaScript's first letter is capitalized, and the rest of the letters are lowercase in a word.
JavaScript capitalizes the first letter of each word of a sentence (substring () method).

1. JavaScript capitalized the first letter of the word (slice () method).

This is the method to the capitalized first letter of a string or word.
Define a variable that contains a word in which the first letter you want to capitalize using JavaScript.

● charAt() method
charAt() returns the character of given index. charAt(0) select the first letter such as “a” in the below example.
● toUpperCase() method
This method only applies to strings or words. It converts the defined index position character to uppercase letters.
● slice () method
By using the slice method, slice the rest of the letters from the first letter and gives the same output sequence as input without any change.
Define a variable named “res” that will store all the procedures and print them out in the console tab

const letter = 'aisha';
const res = letter.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + letter.slice(1);
console.log(res);
//   output
//   Aisha

2. JavaScript capitalizes the first letter of the string (displayed on an HTML page)

Use the JavaScript inside HTML tags. This will help you to experience JavaScript capitalizing the first letter on the web page without opening the console tab.
● Use an input field that takes input from the user.
● Use the button with the click () function that performs the defined JavaScript function which is inside the script tags.
● innerHTML property helps to get JavaScript code and print after applying functions and modifying them.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
    <head>

    </head> 

    <body style = "text-align:center;">
        <h1 style = "color:blue;" >
            Capitalize the first letter
        </h1>

        <input id = "input" type="text" name="input"/>
        <button onclick="capitalizeFirstLetter()">
            Click to Capitalize
        </button
        <h3 id = "div" style="color: orange">
        </h3>   
        <script>
        function capitalizeFirstLetter() {
        const input = document.getElementById("input");
        const x = document.getElementById("div");
        const string = input.value;
        x.innerHTML = string[0].toUpperCase() +string.slice(1);
        }
        </script>
    </body>
</html>

Output

Note: this method will only convert the first letter to uppercase and other all prints as input. if you have camel letters input, this method is not going to show you pretty good output. To perform the first letter as capital and others all are lowercase, you need to follow the below method

3. JavaScript's first letter is capitalized, and the rest of the letters are lowercase in a word

● In this method after slicing the first letter with the rest of the letters, apply uppercase to the first letter and lowercase to the rest of them.
● Call the defined function “capitalize” with the string and get the output.

function capitalize(string) {
return string.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + string.slice(1).toLowerCase();} 
capitalize('aisha')
//output 
//Aisha

4. JavaScript capitalizes the first letter of each word of a sentence (substring () method).

This method helps to create capitalize the first letter of each word of a sentence with the help of JavaScript. To perform this first create a function of input that will take input sentences from the user.
● substring and slice both work the same, but substring () is a bit faster than the slice () method.
● All input convert to lowercase and split with space that will help to manipulate each word individually.
● map () function creates an array and applies the function on that array.
● Inside map () apply the function for the first letter of each word that is separated with space to return as uppercase

function capitalize(input) {  
    return input.toLowerCase().split(' ').map(s => s.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + s.substring(1)).join(' ');  }  
capitalize ('i am a web developer')
// output
// "I Am A Web Developer"

Conclusion

In this article, we covered four ways to get JavaScript to capitalize the first letter of each word and JavaScript to capitalize the first letter of each word of a sentence.

OpenCV vs TensorFlow

Aisha Rajput — Fri, 07 Oct 2022 16:43:37 +0000

OpenCV

Fig 1: OpenCV logo

Abbreviation of OpenCV is an Open-source computer vision library which is developed by Intel in 1999. It is a cross-platform library which is works on processing and analyzing the features of capturing videos, and images. Computer vision which inherits both AI and machine learning inside it enables the machine to identify, understand and process images like a human. In OpenCV, the computer trains itself by capturing images and videos and uses that information to classify the objects such as the application of face detection and object detection. It works on real-time image processing. It supports various algorithms.
Which programming language is compatible with OpenCV?
It is compatible with C/C++, but Java and Python API can also use OpenCV.

Application Areas of OpenCV

Face detection and recognition
Gesture recognition
Image and object detection
Image processing

TensorFlow

Fig 2: TensorFlow logo

Tensor-flow is an open-source end-to-end library that works on numerical computations. A platform for machine learning which has libraries and resources to gather data, train models, predict estimations, and analyses that use in future results. It helps the developer to deploy machine learning-based applications. It is used for SaaS(software as a service) applications. It is a mathematical library based on data flow that focuses on acquiring data and trains machines according to it. TensorFlow allows the developer to perform the computational task by creating the graph. every connection and node of the graph shows data and arithmetic operations, respectively. It helps machine learning to train models, identify patterns, recognize voice and images, and make decisions with less human interference.
Under the Apache license, TensorFlow was developed by Google Brain Team in 2015 for powering machine learning Applications as well as AI development. Google developed it for its internal use.
TensorFlow is good at train and execute deep neural networks for Algorithms such as NLP (natural language processing), voice search, and image recognition. It is a user-friendly flexible application

Applications of TensorFlow

Applications related to image recognition, and face recognition such as Google lens
text-based applications which are use cases of deep neural networks such as language detection, spam email, and threat detection. Google Translator is also the most popular implementation area of text-based applications.
Which programming language is compatible with TensorFlow?
Google team built TensorFlow software in C++ language, but developers can also use Python to develop AI-based applications.

OpenCV Vs TensorFlow

Conclusion

In this article, we compare two open-source platforms: OpenCV which is an image processing tool, and TensorFlow that is a machine learning tool. This article covers OpenCV and TensorFlow definitions, application area, language that they support, and a to-the-point comparison between OpenCV and TensorFlow.

Pandas reorder columns

Aisha Rajput — Sun, 02 Oct 2022 16:04:16 +0000

pandas is a python library that helps to analyze data by using the data analysis algorithm of data science.
Pandas reorder columns by using multiple easy methods. Here we are going to reorder pandas columns categorically by index, by value, alphabetically, in reverse order, etc.
Here we first create a simple dataframe by using the pandas library.

#Simple dataframe
import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame(
    {
        'Name'    : ['Brian', 'Morgan', 'Anderson', 'Clark', 'Junaid'],
        'Subject' : ['DSA', 'DS', 'OSDC', 'MAPD', 'CAAP'],
        'Language': ['Python', 'MATLAB','C', 'JAVA','Assembly'],
        'Marks'   :  [80, 70, 94, 78, 91]
    }
)
print(df),

Output

  Name Subject  Language  Marks
0     Brian     DSA    Python     80
1    Morgan      DS    MATLAB     70
2  Anderson    OSDC         C     94
3     Clark    MAPD      JAVA     78
4    Junaid    CAAP  Assembly     91

1. Pandas reorder columns based on list

Our first method pandas reorder columns based on the list. In this below method, set the column sequence as a list you want to display in the output. The output will print in the sequence that is mentioned as in the list such as print “language” column and so on as below.

#Pandas reorder columns based on list
df = df['Language', 'Marks', 'Subject', 'Name']
print(df)

Output

   Language  Marks Subject      Name
0    Python     80     DSA     Brian
1    MATLAB     70      DS    Morgan
2         C     94    OSDC  Anderson
3      JAVA     78    MAPD     Clark
4  Assembly     91    CAAP    Junaid

2. Pandas reorder columns by index

Use .reindex(columns) method to reorder columns in pandas. This method will help you reorder columns by using the index position name. By defining the sequence of columns inside the .reindex() function, you will get the output in that sequence.

#Pandas reorder columns by index
df = df.reindex(columns=['Subject', 'Language', 'Name', 'Marks'])
print(df)

Output

    Subject  Language    Name  Marks
0     DSA    Python     Brian     80
1      DS    MATLAB    Morgan     70
2    OSDC         C  Anderson     94
3    MAPD      JAVA     Clark     78
4    CAAP  Assembly    Junaid     91

3. pandas reorder columns alphabetically

Here we are going to use the sort method. Pandas reorder columns alphabetically by the sort index method that sorts all the columns in alphabetic sequence. Such as “Language, Marks, Name, Subject”

#pandas reorder columns alphabetically
sorted_column_df = df.sort_index(axis=1)
print(sorted_column_df)

Output

   Language  Marks      Name Subject
0    Python     80     Brian     DSA
1    MATLAB     70    Morgan      DS
2         C     94  Anderson    OSDC
3      JAVA     78     Clark    MAPD
4  Assembly     91    Junaid    CAAP

4. pandas reorder columns by value

this method helps to reorder columns in pandas by value. This method works internally on the column. Select the “Name” column and sorted that column values in ascending order.

#Pandas reorder columns by value
df = df.sort_values(by ='Marks' , ascending=True)
print(df)

Output

       Name Subject  Language  Marks
1    Morgan      DS    MATLAB     70
3     Clark    MAPD      JAVA     78
0     Brian     DSA    Python     80
4    Junaid    CAAP  Assembly     91
2  Anderson    OSDC         C     94

5. Pandas reorder columns in reverse

Pandas reorder columns in reverse order by using the built-in reverse () function.

# Pandas reorder columns in reverse
cols = list(df.columns)
cols.reverse()
df[cols]

Output

     Marks  Language   Subject  Name
0   80   Python DSA    Brian
1   70   MATLAB DS     Morgan
2   94    C      OSDC      Anderson
3   78   JAVA      MAPD    Clark
4   91  Assembly   CAAP    Junaid

Conclusion

In this article, we have five different methods that help to reorder columns in pandas. We reorder columns on the based list, values, index, in reverse order, alphabetically, etc.

List of Lists Python

Aisha Rajput — Sat, 24 Sep 2022 03:31:24 +0000

A list is a mutable data type in python that is organized inside square brackets. This article is about the list of lists Python with examples.
A list of lists in Python means each element of a list is itself a list. A list contains lists as the elements of it.

Table Of Content

How to create a list of lists in Python?
How to make a list of lists from a single list in Python?
How to generate a list of lists
How to convert multiple lists into a list of lists
How to convert the list of lists into a NumPy array
How to convert into a list of lists to string in python
How to convert into a list of lists to set in python
How to convert set to list of lists in python
How to convert a list of lists to a List of tuples in python
How to Convert List of Tuples to List of Lists in Python?
How to convert a list of lists to Dataframe in python
How to convert DataFrame to a list of lists
How to convert a list of lists to Dictionary in python
How to convert a dictionary to a list of lists in python
Sort a List of Lists in Python
Sort a list of lists in ascending order
Sort a list of lists in descending order
Sort a list of lists by length
Operations of a list of lists
Python Zip List of Lists
Python Unpack List of Lists
Transpose list of lists in Python
Append list of lists in python
Item inside sub list of a list
Insert a list inside a list
Extend python list of lists
Pop list of lists
Concatenation list of lists in python
Remove the duplicate item from the list of lists
Print list of lists without brackets
Call the list of lists by using the index number
Access to the item of the list of lists in python
Delete the list of lists in python
Conclusion

How to create a list of lists in Python?

To Enclose multiple lists as an item inside square brackets.
Suppose to create a nested list to add all lists as elements inside a list.
a = [1,2,3],b = [3,4,5],c = [6,7,8] => list_of_list [[1,2,3], [3,4,5], [6,7,8]]

How to make a list of lists from a single list in Python?

Use the abstract syntax Trees to convert the single list into a list of lists in python (Nested List)

import ast

# List Initialization
list1 = ['1 , 2',  '7 , 9',  '34 , 98', '66 , 89347', '723, 54, 0']
# using ast to convert
ListOfLists = [list(ast.literal_eval(x)) for x in list1]
# printing
print(ListOfLists)

Output

[[1, 2], [7, 9], [34, 98], [66, 89347], [723, 54, 0]]

How to generate a list of lists

● Define blank list
● Define the range of the list of lists (item) from 0 to 3
● Create a sub-list inside every nested list of range from 1 to 5
● Print

listoflists = []
for i in range(0,3):
    sublist = []
    for j in range(1,5):
         sublist.append((i,j))
    listoflists.append(sublist)
print (listoflists)

Output

[[(0, 1), (0, 2), (0, 3), (0, 4)], [(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4)], [(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4)]]

How to convert multiple lists into a list of lists

Call the multiple lists inside the square brackets with lists name that will embed the multiple lists into a lists

list1=[1,2]
list2=[3,4]
list3=[4,5,6]

print("List 1:" +str(list1))
print("List 2:" +str(list2))
print("List 3:" +str(list3))

listoflists=[list1, list2, list3]
print ("List of lists"+str(listoflists))

Output

List 1:[1, 2]
List 2:[3, 4]
List 3:[4, 5, 6]
List of lists[[1, 2], [3, 4], [4, 5, 6]]

How to convert the list of lists into a NumPy array

Import NumPy library that converts a list of lists into a 2-Dimensional array in Python.

# Import the NumPy library
import numpy as nmp
# Create the list of lists
list_of_lists = [['x', 'y', 'z'], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]
# Convert it to an array
arr = nmp.array(list_of_lists)
# Print as array
print(arr)

output

[['x' 'y' 'z']
 ['4' '5' '6']
 ['7' '8' '9']]

How to convert into a list of lists to string in python

● Define the lists of characters in a list
● Use the join method that connects each character of a defined list
● Map the two lists as two words

# Convert List of lists to Strings

a= [["M", "y"],["C", "o", "d", "e"]]
res = list(map(''.join, a))
print(*res, sep=" ")

output

My Code

How to convert into a list of lists to set in python

● Use the map method with a set function that removes duplicate items from the list.
● print list of lists as set in python.

# Convert List of lists to Set

a= [[1,2,3,4],["a", "a", "b", "e"],["Sam", "John"]]
res = list(map(set,a))
print(*res, sep=" ")

Output

{1, 2, 3, 4} {'b', 'a', 'e'} {'Sam', 'John'}

How to convert set to list of lists in python

● Use the comprehension method that iterates each object of the set sequentially
● Use “list” to convert a defined set into a list
● n defined the number of nested lists.
● Print a Python list of lists with the help of the comprehension method.

my_set = set({1, 4, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8,})
l = list(my_set)
n = 3   
# using list comprehension 
x = [l[i:i + n] for i in range(0, len(l), n)] 
print(x)

Output

[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8]]

How to convert a list of lists to a List of tuples in python

Tuples stores data in an ordered form.
● Use map function with built-in tuple method to convert the list of lists into tuple in python.

a= [[1,2,3,4],["a", "a", "b", "e"],["Sam", "John", "Morgan"]]
tuples = list(map(tuple, a))
print(tuples)

output

[(1, 2, 3, 4), ('a', 'a', 'b', 'e'), ('Sam', 'John', 'Morgan')]

How to Convert List of Tuples to List of Lists in Python?

Perform the reverse operation to convert tuples into the list of lists.
● Use the built-in list function to convert a list of tuples into a list of lists.
● For loop iterate each element of tuple and print as a nested list.

tuples = [(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6), (90, 376, 84)]
lists = [list(a) for a in tuples]
print(lists)

output

[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [90, 376, 84]]

How to convert a list of lists to Dataframe in python

DataFrame is a labeled data structure that is 2-Dimensional. It contains columns and rows that may contain different data types inside it.
● Import Pandas library to convert a list of lists to dataframe.
● Define a list of lists.
● Define columns name with the same length of list items. E.g., 3 columns name for 3 data inside the nested list
● Print as a column labeled data with index number automatically.

import pandas as pd
data = [['DSA', 'Python', 80],
          ['DS', 'MATLAB', 70],
          ['OSDC', 'C', 94],
          ['MAPD', 'JAVA', 78]]
df = pd.DataFrame(data, columns=['Subject', 'Language', 'Marks'])
print(df)

Output

Subject Language  Marks
0     DSA   Python     80
1      DS   MATLAB     70
2    OSDC        C     94
3    MAPD     JAVA     78

How to convert DataFrame to a list of lists

Perform the reverse function to convert the dataframe into the list of lists by using a built-in list function .

import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame(
          [['DSA', 'Python', 80],
          ['DS', 'MATLAB', 70],
          ['OSDC', 'C', 94],
          ['MAPD', 'JAVA', 78]], columns= ['Subject', 'Language', 'Marks'])
print ("DataFrame Output")
print(df)

def dfToTable(df:pd.DataFrame) -> list:
 return [list(df.columns)] + df.values.tolist()

print("\n Convert DataFrame to  list of lists :" +str(dfToTable(df)))

output

DataFrame Output
  Subject Language  Marks
0     DSA   Python     80
1      DS   MATLAB     70
2    OSDC        C     94
3    MAPD     JAVA     78

 Convert DataFrame to  list of lists :[['Subject', 'Language', 'Marks'], ['DSA', 'Python', 80], ['DS', 'MATLAB', 70], ['OSDC', 'C', 94], ['MAPD', 'JAVA', 78]]

How to convert a list of lists to Dictionary in python

Dictionary contains keys with their values in ordered form without duplication.
● Define a list of lists
● Use for loop to iterate key with index 0 and value with index 1 and print as a dictionary

a = [['samsung', 1],['OPPO', 3],['iPhone', 2], ['Huawei', 4]]
data_dict = {}
for x in a:
   data_dict[x[0]] = x[1]
print(data_dict)

Output

{'samsung': 1, 'OPPO': 3, 'iPhone': 2, 'Huawei': 4}

How to convert a dictionary to a list of lists in python

● Define the dictionary with key and their values.
● Convert to list of lists with map and list function

dict = {'samsung': 1, 'OPPO': 3, 'iPhone': 2, 'Huawei': 4}
a= list(map(list, dict.items()))
print(a)

Output

[['samsung', 1], ['OPPO', 3], ['iPhone', 2], ['Huawei', 4]]

Sort a List of Lists in Python

Sort a list of lists in ascending order

Sort according to the first element of each nested list. It sorts the list according to the first value of each nested list. This method makes changes to the original list itself.

A = [[5, 90], [4, 89], [2, 70], [1, 0]]
print("Orignal List:" +str(A))
A.sort()
print("New sorted list A is: % s" % (A))

*Output *

Orignal List:[[5, 90], [4, 89], [2, 70], [1, 0]]
New sorted list A is: [[1, 0], [2, 70], [4, 89], [5, 90]]

Sort a list of lists in descending order

Use reverse sorting order to sort a list of lists in descending manner.

A = [[5, 90], [4, 89], [2, 70], [1, 0]]
print("Orignal List:" +str(A))
A.sort(reverse=True)
print("Descending/reverse sorted list A is: % s" % (A))

*Output *

Orignal List:[[5, 90], [4, 89], [2, 70], [1, 0]]
Descending/reverse sorted list A is: [[5, 90], [4, 89], [2, 70], [1, 0]]

Sort a list of lists by length

Sort a list of lists according to the length of each list. “len” function sorts the list with the long length first.

A = [[1, 2, 3, 4],['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'],[1, 5, 6, 'f', 'a']]
A.sort(key=len)
print(A)

output

[[1, 2, 3, 4], ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], [1, 5, 6, 'f', 'a']]

Operations of a list of lists

Python Zip List of Lists

Define three lists and zipped them into a list of lists with the help of the zip method

Domain = ['Software', 'Networking', 'Telecommunication']
Students = [8345, 8437, 422]
Companies = ['Microsoft', 'CISCO', 'AT&T']

zipped = zip(Domain, Students, Companies)
print(list(zipped))

Output

[('Software', 8345, 'Microsoft'), ('Networking', 8437, 'CISCO'), ('Telecommunication', 422, 'AT&T')]

Python Unpack List of Lists

Use for loop with map and join function to unpack the zipped list of lists.

members= [('Software', 8345, 'Microsoft'), ('Networking', 8437, 'CISCO'), ('Telecommunication', 422, 'AT&T')]
for item in members:
    print (' '.join(map(str, item)))

*Output *

Software 8345 Microsoft
Networking 8437 CISCO
Telecommunication 422 AT&T
In [ ]:

Transpose list of lists in Python

This method transposes the array to a list with the help of the NumPy library. This method changes the fashion of the array by taking 1st element of each list into 1st list, 2nd element of each array into the 2nd list, and 3rd element of each array into 3rd list in the output.

import numpy as np
l = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]
b= np.array(l).T.tolist()
print(b)

Output

[[1, 4, 7], [2, 5, 8], [3, 6, 9]]

Append list of lists in python

Append is a built-in function of python programming that helps to append the additional sublist inside the list.

list1 = [["apple"], ["banana", "grapes"],["cherry", "guava"]]
AddList = [1, 2, 3]
list1.append(AddList)
print(list1)

Output

[['apple'], ['banana', 'grapes'], ['cherry', 'guava'], [1, 2, 3]]

Item inside sub list of a list

To append the additional item inside the list of lists with the help of the index value. e.g., a[2].append(4): append 4 in list number 2. ( index starts from 0)

a= [["apple"], ["banana", "grapes"] ,["cherry", "guava"]]
a[2].append(4)
print(a)

Output

[['apple'], ['banana', 'grapes'], ['cherry', 'guava', 4]]

Insert a list inside a list

Insert take two arguments. insert (position, item)
● the position where the list add. e.g., 2
● The item that adds to the list

a = [[1, 2], [3, 4],[5]]
print(a)
list1=[1, 2]
a.insert(2,list1)
print(a)

Output

[[1, 2], [3, 4], [5]]
[[1, 2], [3, 4], [1, 2], [5]]

Extend python list of lists

Use extend function to extend the number of lists inside a list

a = [['Samsung', 'Apple']]
b = [[6, 0, 4, 1]]
a.extend(b)
print (a)

Output

[['Samsung', 'Apple'], [6, 0, 4, 1]]
In [ ]:

Pop list of lists

The pop method removes the item defined item in the index
● Define 3 lists.
● Convert into a list of lists
● Remove item that is on the position of index 1 from that index number is 2
Note: index number starting from 0

list1=[1,2]
list2=[3,4]
list3=[4,5,6]
listoflists=[list1, list2, list3]

print ("Orignal List of lists:"+str(listoflists))
listoflists[2].pop(1)
print ("Popped list:" +str(listoflists))

Output

Orignal List of lists:[[1, 2], [3, 4], [4, 5, 6]]
Popped list:[[1, 2], [3, 4], [4, 6]]

Concatenation list of lists in python

Concatenate a list of lists to convert into a single list, using the sum operation.
● Define the list of lists
● Use sum property to concatenate the lists

z = [["a","b"], ["c"], ["d", "e", "f"]]

result = sum(z, [])
print(result)

Output

['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']

Remove the duplicate item from the list of lists

Except “set” property, there is another method that removes the duplicate item from the list of lists
Use gruopby of itertools that will sort the list of lists one by one and remove duplicate nested lists from the list.

import itertools
a = [[5, 8], [4], [5], [5, 6, 2], [1, 2], [3], [4], [5], [3]]
a.sort()
l= list(k for k,_ in itertools.groupby(a))
print(l)

output

[[1, 2], [3], [4], [5], [5, 6, 2], [5, 8]]

Print list of lists without brackets

This method converts and prints all the items of the list without square brackets and prints them as comma-separated values.

a=[["Cricket", 2], ["Football",6,  5], ["Tennis", 2], ["Hockey", 2] ]
for item in a:
    print(str(item[0:])[1:-1])

output

'Cricket', 2
'Football', 6, 5
'Tennis', 2
'Hockey', 2
In [ ]:

Call the list of lists by using the index number

To access the particular list inside the list, use the list position as an index when calling the print command.
e.g. x [2]: item 3 of list x (index count start from 0)

x = [["a","b"], ["c"], ["d", "e", "f"]]
print(x[2])

Output

['d', 'e', 'f']

Access to the item of the list of lists in python

e.g. x [2][1]: element 2 of list 3 of list

x = [["a","b"], ["c"], ["d", "e", "f"]]
print(x[2][1])

Output

Delete the list of lists in python

Use del with position index that wants to delete and print a modified list of list.

x = [["a","b"], ["c"], ["d", "e", "f"]]
del x[1]
print(x)

Output

[['a', 'b'], ['d', 'e', 'f']]

Conclusion

In this article, we have tried to cover all the operations such as all types of Sorting of the list of lists, Conversion of the list of lists, deletion, insertion, extension, concatenation, append, etc.

SYSTEM_THREAD_EXCEPTION_NOT_HANDLED

Aisha Rajput — Wed, 14 Sep 2022 11:27:05 +0000

What is system thread exception not handled?

we get a blue screen in the case of SYSTEM_THREAD_EXCEPTION_NOT_HANDLED. This blue screen error called Blue Screen of Death (BSOD) is faced by a Windows operating system’s user when drivers that are using current windows are corrupted or incompatible with it. This thread displays that exception cannot be handled by the system and the owner need to resolve this issue.

How does this error affect your PC?

It stuck your PC on a continuous restarting loop. It may cause mostly due to a corrupted graphic driver and display of a blank screen.

Why BSOD error occurs?

It is scary to get this error on your Screen. It is mostly associated with graphic drivers when the installed driver is incompatible with the windows that are currently used in your machine. This error also occurs due to faulty corrupted drivers in your PC or caused by the wrong installation or missing or outdated drivers.
If you get the name of error exception handling, then it is easy for you to resolve it. Such as you get nvlddmkm.sys error. This is Nvidia graphic card driver error that the system cannot handle by itself, and you need to repair it.
Below are some of the errors that are the reason for BSOD.

nvlddmkm.sys : NVIDIA graphics driver
igdkmd64.sys : Intel graphics driver
atkimpag.sys : AMD graphics driver
hidclass.sys : Mouse or keyboard driver
acpi.sys : Windows ACPI driver
rtkvhd64.sys : Realtek audio driver
syntp.sys : Synaptics Touchpad driver
tcpip.sys : Network card driver
usbxhci.sys : USB driver

corrupted driver indication on your blue screen, you can fix it directly. Otherwise, you will first detect the corrupted driver and then fix it manually
It stuck your PC on a continuous restarting loop. This may cause your computer to have a restart after 30 seconds in loops. If your computer fully boots before prompting, then set your computer to safe mode by following the steps
Let boot windows into safe mode and then perform the solution

Click on the window icon and click on the power button. Press and hold the shift key before clicking restart.

Hold the shift key till restart your pc with this screen. Select step by step as below screenshot.

Press the F5 key to start your PC into safe mode with the network.

Try this method if your PC is half booting.

If your computer is half booting, press the power button for 10 seconds until it is completely turned off, turn on your PC, and then show the manufacturing company logo (such as Dell/hp) press and hold the power button again for 10 seconds until the system offs. Turn on again and repeat this process till your PC is turned on in safe mode.
Another way to boot into safe mode is to use the bootable Flash drive that will open the installation window, choose the Repair option, and then follow the above method as Troubleshoot> Advanced Option > Startup Settings >Restart > F5.

In safe mode, the computer limits your access, and you cannot use the internet or external devices.

After switching into safe mode, detect which driver is damaged.
Press window key + R that will open a box, write the “eventvwr” command in that dialogue box, and press enter. This will open Event viewer, select Windows logs from the left pane, and select System from the drop-down menu. This will show all events and you can detect which driver is showing the SYSTEM_THREAD_EXCEPTION_NOT_HANDLED error.
After getting the name of the system exception error, try to repair it by using the following methods.

Method 1: Update Drivers.

Suppose you are getting an error due to your graphic card.
Open Device Manager.

Select and update the corrupted driver.

Select Browse my computer for drivers.

Select the Let me pick from a list option.

Select the graphic card driver that is used on your PC. I’m choosing the Intel Graphic card family that is compatible with my PC.

Click next and start installing the driver on your PC. This process will take a few minutes to complete.

Method2: uninstall and reinstall the driver

First, you must know which driver has corrupted and the driver's details. Download corrupted drivers when you are using the internet on a normal screen because you cannot download in safe mode.

After uninstalling, download an updated version of the driver from the internet. You can download the driver by using the product name and number that is compatible with your device.

Install driver on safe mode

Method 3: Roll Back Drivers

If your driver is corrupted due to a new update, roll back will set your driver on the backdate when it was working fine.
To roll back your driver open Device Manager> Display adapter> Properties> Driver tab.

Select roll back to the previous date.

Note: If the roll back option is greyed out, it means there is no previous driver recovery, and you cannot Roll Back your Driver.

Method 4: Repair corrupted files by using Deployment Image Servicing and Management (DISM) commands

Run power shell as an administrator and execute the following commands. These commands will take more time so be patient and run the next command when the previous is completed successfully.
This command scans the system and replaces corrupted files if they are present.

sfc /scannow

This command checks out whether the system can repair the damaged files or not.

DISM /Online /Cleanup-Image /CheckHealth

It scans the system for any damage.

DISM /Online /Cleanup-Image /ScanHealth

It repairs the Operating System that is running currently.

DISM /Online /Cleanup-Image /RestoreHealth

Method 5: Update your windows 10.

You can only update your windows when you are on a normal screen. On safe mode, you cannot update windows.
Click on settings > update and security. Check if there is any update available for your windows and update your PC.

Method 6: Reset Windows 10

This method will reset your windows without losing data. It set all the settings as default and makes windows fresh.
From the windows icon, select settings >Update and Security > Recovery > Get started > Keep my Files > Reset.
This procedure will take a while and repair all the damage that is taking place to windows.

Conclusion

In this article, we have tried to solve the issue SYSTEM_THREAD_EXCEPTION_NOT_HANDLED which shows a blue screen of death (BSOD). It is difficult to handle if you are unaware of how to perform basic settings in windows. But this article helps you step by step to solve this issue easily if you are not an expert. Six different methods will probably solve this issue.

Dynamic Progress Bar in HTML

Aisha Rajput — Tue, 13 Sep 2022 04:18:28 +0000

What is the progress bar?

Progress shows the visual status of loading, downloading, progress. Some progress bar shows the percentage that how much percent your task has been completed and some of them shows how much your task will take the time to finish. It simply shows the progress status of a task. It is a Graphical representation of task status.
There are different types of a progress bar: percentage progress bar, multistep progress bar, circular and more. Here, we are going to create a simple downloading progress bar in HTML, JavaScript, and CSS.

How to create a progress bar in HTML?

We are creating a progress bar by using HTML and CSS and making it dynamic by using JavaScript.
First creating HTML file ProgressBar.html
We create a class ProgressBar inside a div tag that displays the downloading progress bar that will start with 10% width.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head>   
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
    <title>Dynamic Progress Bar</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1>Progress Bar</h1>
    <div class="ProgressBar" style="--width: 10" Dlabel="Downloading..."></div>
      </body>
</html>

Create a file style.css file that will apply styling on the progress bar and connect it with HTML.

*, *::before, *::after {
    box-sizing: border-box;
}
.ProgressBar {
    position: relative;
    width: 600px;
    height: 3em;
    background-color: black;
    border-radius: 1.5em;
    color: white;
}
/*progress styling*/
.ProgressBar::before {
    content: attr(Dlabel);
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    position: absolute;
    left: .5em;
    top: .5em;
    bottom: .5em;
    width: calc(var(--width, 0) * 1%);
    min-width: 2rem;
    max-width: calc(100% - 1em);
    background-color: green;
    border-radius: 1em;
    padding: 1em;
}
/*backgroud styling*/
html {
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    display: flex;
    justify-content: center;
    align-items: center;
   }

We get this
.

How to make the HTML progress bar dynamic?

we use JavaScript that helps to make the progress bar dynamic. Some JavaScript properties make ProgressBar dynamic.
• document.getElementsByClassName (): Get all the elements from the class and store in progressBar.
• setInterval(): property that executes code repeatedly in specified 5 sec to finish the progress bar.
• getComputedStyle(): It gets all the CSS active styling that is used in progressBar and performs computation on the given values(if exist) of the stylesheet.
• getPropertyValue(): It returns a string of width that contains all the specified values of width.
• style.setProperty() set values for the width property on the object that is declared in style.

<script type="text/javascript">
      const progressBar = document.getElementsByClassName('ProgressBar')[0]
setInterval(() => {
  const computedStyle = getComputedStyle(progressBar)
  const width = parseFloat(computedStyle.getPropertyValue('--width')) || 0
  progressBar.style.setProperty('--width', width + .1)
}, 5)

This is complete HTML code, how it looks after adding JavaScript.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
    <title>Dynamic Progress Bar</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1>Progress Bar</h1>
    <div class="ProgressBar" style="--width: 8" Dlabel="Downloading..."></div>
    <script type="text/javascript">
      const progressBar = document.getElementsByClassName('ProgressBar')[0]
setInterval(() => {
  const computedStyle = getComputedStyle(progressBar)
  const width = parseFloat(computedStyle.getPropertyValue('--width')) || 0
  progressBar.style.setProperty('--width', width + .1)
}, 5)
</script>
  </body>
</html>

Conclusion

The progress bar is a graphical representation of task status. In this article, we have created a downloading progress bar in HTML with CSS styling. To make the progress bar dynamic, we use JavaScript.

Flex Animation

Aisha Rajput — Mon, 12 Sep 2022 04:25:18 +0000

Animation makes a webpage more attractive and eye-catching. Animation and translation elements help to create a page that has a fine layout and is beautifully designed with moving elements. Animated elements engaged users by their movement until content loads.
Cascading Style Sheet CSS helps us to design our user interface. We use various CSS properties to style our page and make our layout more attractive and finer to use.

What is CSS Flexbox?

Flexbox is a flexible layout that helps to create a responsive webpage without position and float. Before Flexbox, we used four different layout properties to design a webpage, but Flexbox is an easier method to make a page responsive with multiple position properties.
Flexbox property is one of the CSS properties that help to format your HTML content. It helps to align content and items, create space, size the item, be responsive and put your item at fixed places and more item properties.
We use a flex container to create flex items inside it.

Flex item properties that are used to create item animation.

flex
flex-shrink
flex-grow
flex-basis
align-self
order

What is Animation in CSS?

Animation in CSS means Create Dynamic items without any external triggering such as using a hover or mouse to start moving objects. In transition, we use an external source to start the changes. Animation property created with help of CSS that creates automatic animation without JavaScript and jQuery that are used for translation.

CSS animation properties

@keyframes
animation
animation-name
animation-duration
animation-delay
animation-iteration-count
animation-direction
animation-timing-function
animation-fill-mode
animation-iteration-count
animation-play-state

To animate the element, declare the changes and styling inside @keyframe that you want to apply to elements during a certain period. Keyframe store the styling and the phases on which you want to create changes and for certain times.

Flex Animation

Create the animation with the @keyframe statement. Declare the position of element color, font size, etc. inside it. syntax

@keyframes test {
 0%   {top: 0px; left: 0px; background: red;}
  50%  {top: 200px; left: 1250px; background: blue }
  100% {top: 0px; left: 0px; background: rgb(0, 140, 255);}
}

Bind that element in a div that contains the name you assign, time duration, and how much time you want to animate your item. syntax

div{
animation: animation-name animation-time-duration animation-iteration-count;
}

call it in HTML code by using the class name.

<div class="containerbox">
        <div class="box">Box 1</div>
        <div class="box2">Box 2</div>
        <div class="box">Box</div>
</div>

you can also create div in a container box without creating a child class.

<div class="containerbox">
        <div>1</div>
        <div>2</div>
        <div>3</div>
</div>

1. Flex property

The flex property is a flexbox property that adds grow, and shrink values of flex property, respectively. Using flex property inside keyframes.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
.flex-container {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: nowrap;
  background-color: DodgerBlue;
}

.flex-container > div {
  background-color: #f1f1f1;
  width: 50px;
  margin: 10px;
  text-align: center;
  line-height: 75px;
  font-size: 30px;
  animation: test 5s infinite;
}

@keyframes test {
  100% { flex: 1;}

} 

</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Flex Animation</h1>

<div class="flex-container">
  <div style="background-color: rgb(131, 243, 131);">1</div>
  <div style="background-color: rgb(236, 83, 236);">2</div>
  <div style="background-color: rgb(226, 25, 159);">3</div>  
  <div style="background-color: rgb(238, 108, 115);">4</div>
  <div style="background-color: rgb(238, 241, 12);">5</div>
  <div style="background-color: rgb(221, 161, 122);">6</div>  
  <div style="background-color: rgb(130, 196, 240);">7</div>
  <div style="background-color: rgb(236, 69, 105);">8</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>

Output

2. The flex-grow property

It works on the growing property of a flex item related to other flex items. Its value should be a number.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <style>
        .containerbox {
            height: 95vh;
            display: flex;
            flex-direction: column;
            align-items: stretch;
        }

        .box {
            background: rgb(60 0 0);
            flex-grow: 1;
        }

        .box2 {
            font-family: monospace;
            color: white;
            font-size: 35px;
            text-align: center;
            background: rgba(85, 4, 4, 0.829);
            animation: flexanimation 1s cubic-bezier(0.76, 0.05, 0.58, 1) 1s infinite alternate backwards;
        }

        @keyframes flexanimation {
            100% {
                flex-grow: 5;
            }
        }
    </style>
</head>

<body>
    <div class="containerbox">
        <div class="box"></div>
        <div class="box2">Animation Created with Flex-grow Property</div>
        <div class="box"></div>
    </div>
</body>
</html>

Outout

3. Flex-shrink property

It works on the shrinking property of a flex item related to other flex items. Its value should be a number.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
   <head>
      <style>
         .mycontainer {
            display: flex;
            background-color: rgb(28, 14, 107);
         }
         .mycontainer > div {
            background-color: white;
            text-align: center;
            line-height: 150px;
            font-size: 30px;
            width: 100px;
            margin: 5px;
            animation: test 3s infinite;
         }

         @keyframes test {
            70% {
               flex-shrink: 1;
            }
         }
      </style>
   </head>
   <body>
      <h1>Flex-shrink</h1>
      <div class = "mycontainer">
  <div style="background-color: rgb(131, 243, 131);">1</div>
  <div style="background-color: rgb(236, 83, 236);">2</div>
  <div style="background-color: rgb(226, 25, 159);">3</div>  
  <div style = "flex-shrink: 0">4</div>
 <div style="background-color: rgb(238, 241, 12);">5</div>
  <div style="background-color: rgb(221, 161, 122);">6</div>  
  <div style="background-color: rgb(130, 196, 240);">7</div>
  <div style="background-color: rgb(236, 69, 105);">8</div>
    <div style="background-color: rgb(238, 241, 12);">9</div>
  <div style="background-color: rgb(221, 161, 122);">10</div>  
   </div>
   </body>
</html>

Output

flex-basis property The flex-basis property set out the length of starting flex item.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
   <head>
      <style>
         .box {
            display: flex;
            background-color: rgb(17, 185, 190);
            height: 100px;
         }
         .box > div {
            background-color: white;
            text-align: center;
            line-height: 75px;
            text-align: center;
            font-size: 30px;
            width: 100px;
            margin: 5px;
  }
         div {
            animation: test 3s infinite;
         }
         @keyframes test {
            50% {
               flex-basis: 100px;
}     }
      </style>
   </head>
   <body>
      <h1>Flex-basis Animation</h1>
      <div class = "box">
         <div style="background-color: greenyellow">1</div>
         <div style="background-color: goldenrod">2</div>
         <div style="background-color: green">3</div>  
         <div style="background-color: red">4</div>
         <div  style = "flex-basis: 350px">5</div>
         <div style="background-color: grey">6</div>  
         <div style="background-color: plum">7</div>
         <div style="background-color: darkorchid;">8</div>
         <div style="background-color: sandybrown">9</div>
         <div style="background-color: brown">10</div>  
        </div>
   </body>
</html>

Output

Conclusion

In this article, we animate the CSS flexbox by using different flex properties. Animation on a webpage makes it attractive. Flexbox is an advanced type of CSS that helps to create a responsive layout and format HTML with different properties align-content and items, space, size the item, etc. We use CSS flex container and flex item with @keyframes rule to create animation.

Reactstrap vs react-bootstrap

Aisha Rajput — Sun, 11 Sep 2022 16:33:26 +0000

What is Bootstrap?

Bootstrap is based on HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, an open-source front-end framework that helps to design responsive web applications. It creates responsive user interface design and styles the front-end components such as navigations, buttons, and columns according to screen layout.
Bootstrap uses jQuery for JavaScript plugins. jQuery works on direct DOM manipulation and this procedure make it slow as compared to React. React and jQuery have similar effects but in a very different manner. React works on Virtual DOM by default. Virtual DOM is a lightweight version of actual DOM.
These two Bootstrap libraries, Reactstrap and React-bootstrap provide us with Bootstrap Components without the need to use jQuery or JavaScript with direct DOM manipulation. Both libraries are licensed by MIT. React-bootstrap was developed in 2013 and Reactstrap was developed in early 2016. Reactstrap has more versions (200) than react-bootstrap (150).

what is react-bootstrap?

React-Bootstrap is a Bootstrap component of version 4 that helps to make a web page responsive. It replaces Bootstrap JavaScript due to its unnecessary dependencies. Each component of react-bootstrap is designed internally from scratch as a real React component.
It is one of the React libraries that get old, update, and grow with React itself and make the best choice to design a UI. It uses functions and hooks that make it stateful components.

What is Reactstrap?

The Reactstrap is a library of a whole bunch of components that work with bootstrap 4. Unlike react-bootstrap, it uses built-in, ready-to-use Bootstrap components that are redesigned as JSX.
To use Reactstrap, we need to install both Bootstrap CSS and reactstrap components. It helps to create a responsive user interface. Reactstrap uses class components and maybe uses hooks in fewer updates. It is also an excellent choice to create a responsive mobile-first webpage.

React-bootstrap

React-bootstrap built its components from scratch.
React-bootstrap is using hooks and functions that make it a stateful component.
It does not depend on JavaScript and jQuery
React-bootstrap provides its implementations to create animations
npm install react-bootstrap
Components List Alerts, Accordion, Badge, Breadcrumb, Buttons, Button Group, Cards, Carousel, Dropdowns, Figures, Forms, Input Group, Images, Jumbotron, List Group, Modal, Navs, Navbar, Overlays, Pagination, Popovers, Progress, Spinners, Table, Tabs, Tooltips, Toasts.

VS

Reactstrap

Reactstrap uses ready-to-use prebuilt components
Reactstrap is a class-based stateless component
It also does not depend on jQuery and Bootstrap JavaScript as well as it excludes Bootstrap CSS.
Reactstrap uses poppers and transitions to create animations.
npm install reactstrap
Components List Alerts, Badge, Breadcrumbs, Button Dropdown, Button Group, Buttons, Card, Carousel, Collapse, Dropdowns, Fade, Form, Input Group, Jumbotron, Layout, List, List Group, Media, Modals, Navbar, Navs, Pagination, Popovers, Progress, Spinners, Tables, Tabs, Toasts, Tooltips.

React-bootstrap installation and creating the first React-bootstrap app

First, make sure that NodeJS, Visual studio code, and npm are installed on your machine.

Open the Visual code terminal and create an app with the help of the below command. this procedure may take more than ten minutes. you can use “yarn” instead of “npm”. npx uses to execute packages rather than installed which is used when we run the npm command.

npx create-react-app my_app

It will open the current folder of created application.

cd my_app/

Start your application. The below command will start your browser with http://localhost:3000/. this procedure may take a few minutes.

npm start

After successfully creating the app, Install and save react-bootstrap

npm install react-bootstrap bootstrap

File> Open Folder> my_app > src open index.js and write this import statement at the first line inside the index.jx file. It enables bootstrap styling.

import 'bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css';

Replace this below code with the code written in the App.js file inside the src folder of your app.

Output

Reactstrap Installation and create the first Reactstrap app

Run below command

It installs and runs all the packages that are used to develop React.js application

npm install -g create-react-app

create react application

create-react-app myapp

open the folder in which you are currently working

cd myapp/

start your app that will open in browse http://localhost:3000.

npm start

install bootstrap to your app.

npm i bootstrap

npm i reactstrap react react-dom

File> Open Folder> myapp > src open index.js and copy this line of import statement at the start of the index.js file and save. It enables bootstrap styling.

import 'bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css';

open App.js from the src folder, remove code that is already written and paste this below code and save.

Output

Conclusion

In this article, we are discussing the comparison between reactstrap and react-bootstrap. Both work the same and there is no significant difference but the is reactstrap has prebuilt components and react-bootstrap built their components from scratch. It is the developer's preference to use which one according to project need.

Displaying Images in Python

Aisha Rajput — Sun, 11 Sep 2022 11:59:32 +0000

From icons to animation, we use images that play an important role to attract users. If we develop a website or an application, it is necessary to use images when. A developer must be aware of which method is best to display images for their project’s output.
Here we are working on displaying images in python programming. There are multiple methods to show or display images in python. We use six different python libraries to read the images and display them on screen.

Pillow library.
OpenCV library
IPython library
matplot library
Tkinter GUI
Scikit-image

1. Pillow library to Display images in python.

Pillow is a powerful imaging library of Python language that helps to display images with editing capabilities. It is the fastest method to process and display images as compared to other imaging libraries. It temporarily stores images in a default program folder and displays that as an output in a standard program such as store image temporarily and display in Window’s Photo program instead of displaying it in a separate output window. Once Execution is finished to display the image in a standard file, the temporarily stored files are deleted from the default program that is used to display the image.

Pillow supported image formats

It supports more than thirty image formats. some popular formats are JPEG, BMP, PNG, PPM, TIFF, and GIF.

import image and image class from Pillow library.
open an image from files by specifying its path
display in the default program.



#Display Images using PIL library
# Import Image class from PIL package
from PIL import Image

# Load image from file 
img = Image.open(r"C:\Users\aisha\Desktop\lake.jpg")
img.show()

Output

2. Display images in python with OpenCV

OpenCV is a real-time computer vision library that works on the processing of an image or a video to identify the objects from them. It supports all formats of images. cv2.imshow() command displays the image in a separate window that is fit to the image size.
OpenCV supported image formats
BMP, dib, JPEG files, png, ppm, ppm, sr, ras, tiff

Note: It read image and convert into greyscale if flag value is 0 and change to the colorful image if specified flag value increase.
OpenCV does not display images and responds to an empty window in case of the file is missing or following invalid formats etc.
Install OpenCV in your active environment if it is not pre-installed.

Import the latest module of OpenCV that is cv2
Load an image from specifying path and load image as a grayscale image by assigning the value 0
Display image with im.show()



#Display Images using OpenCV
import cv2
# Load a color image in grayscale
img = cv2.imread(r'C:\Users\aisha\Desktop\lake.jpg', 0)
cv2.imshow(r'C:\Users\aisha\Desktop\lake.jpg', img)

Output when flag value is 0.



#Display Images using OpenCV library
import cv2
# Load an image 
img = cv2.imread(r'C:\Users\aisha\Desktop\lake.jpg')
cv2.imshow(r'C:\Users\aisha\Desktop\lake.jpg', img)

Output when flag value is default

3. IPython library to Display images in python

If you are using Jupyter notebook for python programming, this library helps to display the image below your code in the notebook.

Import display from IPython library that will display image.
Show an image that the path is specified in the display command.



#Display Images using IPyton library
from IPython import display
display.Image(r"C:\Users\aisha\Desktop\lakeimage.png")

Output

4. Matplot library to Display images in python

Matplot is a visualization library, based on NumPy arrays to visualize the data in 2D plots.

import plt and mpimg packages that help to manipulate images.
load and read an image by imread command.
Display output image with number axes. ####Matplot supported image formats ps, eps, pdf, png, raw, rgba, svg, svgz, jpg, jpeg, tif, and tiff. Note: you can turn off the number axes by using the plt.axis("off") command.




#Display Images using Matplot library
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.image as mpimg
img = mpimg.imread(r'C:\Users\aisha\Desktop\lake.jpg')
imgplot = plt.imshow(img)
plt.show()

Output

5. Tkinter GUI to Display images in python

Tkinter toolkit is the easiest and fastest method to build graphical Interface applications in python. It helps to create a GUI application within few lines of code.
tkinter opens only the image size that is assigned in the geometry command.

Tkinter supported image formats

PNG, PPM, PGM, GIF

Import tkinter module (Note: use tkinter for 3.x python version and Tkinter for less than 3.x python versions)
m is the name of an object of the output window. It creates a parent window
set the size of the window in which you want to display the image.
read the image as an input and store it in the photo variable.
create a label that stores the image. It is the child of m widget.
pack that label that works as a container box.
use main loop() to run the program infinite times until the output window closed *Note: Below program only displays PNG, PPM, and GIF. It does not support JPEG format images. *



#Display Images using tkinter GUI
from tkinter import *

m = Tk()
m.geometry("700x500")
photo = PhotoImage(file= r"C:\Users\aisha\Desktop\lakeimage.png")

img_label = Label(image=photo)
img_label.pack()
m.mainloop()

Output

6. Tkinter and Pillow library to a Display JPEG image in python

To display JPEG images in Tkinter, We also use the PIL library because it supports more than 30 formats.



from tkinter import *
from PIL import Image, ImageTk
m = Tk()

m.geometry("900x500")
image= Image.open(r"C:\Users\aisha\Desktop\lake.jpeg ")
photo = ImageTk.PhotoImage(image)
img_label = Label(image=photo)
img_label.pack()

m.mainloop()

Output

7. Scikit-image library to a Display JPEG image in python

Scikit is a python distributed module for Scipy that is developed independently. It is an open-source Scipy toolkit, contains many image processing algorithms such as geometry, morphology, segmentation, filtration, etc.
Note: Scikit and Skimag are the same package.
Scikit supported image formats
Scikit works with the NumPy array that supports many data types within a particular range. This method display image with axes values. Its output is the same as the output by using matplot with pyplot package.

Before running the scikit-image library, first install NumPy, SciPy, and Scikit-image to your python active environment.
Import image libraries from the skimage package.
load the file from the specified path.
Read the file as an input.
Display the file as output by using io.



#Display Images using scikit-image
import os
# Importing io from skimage
import skimage
from skimage import io

# Load lake image from file
file = os.path.join(skimage.data_dir, r"C:\Users\aisha\Desktop\lake.jpg" )
lake = io.imread(file)
# Show the input image
io.imshow(lake)
io.show()

Output

Conclusion

Displaying images in python is not a difficult task. In this article, we use six different libraries and packages of python to display image. We use Pillow, Matplot, Tkinter, Scikit, OpenCV, and IPython libraries to display images.

Remove brackets and Quotes from a list in Python

Aisha Rajput — Fri, 02 Sep 2022 19:55:16 +0000

Python is a simple syntax language that contains multiple methods to print a list, a dictionary, or a tuple. We are focusing on a list and covering a topic of how to remove brackets and quotations/commas from a list in python.
First, we should know:

What is a list in python?

A python list is a mutable(changeable) data structure that stores data in an ordered form. Items on the list can be duplicated or redundant. A list is always defined inside square [] brackets.

Syntax

list =[“item1”, “item2”, “item3”]
print(list)

Example:Below created a list of “phone” that contains five different “items” that are famous phone companies. The Python list is enclosed with square brackets with double quotation marks on every item that is separated by a comma.
Output as shown in the below code, print a list with a square bracket and single quotations on each item.
Syntax

phone = ["Samsung", "Apple", "Huawei", "Nokia", "Windows"]
print(phone)
#output
['Samsung', 'Apple', 'Huawei', 'Nokia', 'Windows']

What if we want to remove brackets from the list? in this situation, the logical question arises: How to print a list without brackets in python? What type of functions can help to remove brackets and quotations from the list in Python?
Here are five easy methods to remove brackets from the list.

* Operator with sep method
join() method
for loop
join with for loop
translate method ()

1. By using * operator with sep method

Operator unpacks each item of the ordered list within one command without indexing each item of the list one by one.
First, define the list of items
Use * operator to print each item of the list as a string and sep will separate each item with a comma.
Syntax

phone = ["Samsung", "Apple", "Huawei","Nokia", "Windows"]
print(*phone, sep=",")
#output
Samsung,Apple,Huawei,Nokia,Windows

Limitation of sep method: it cannot print a nested list. It can only print limited types of lists.

2. Join method: convert list to string.

It joins the items of an iteration.we can use the join() function in multiple ways. Below are a few examples of them
Method 1

First, define the list of items.
define a “,” inside the print command.
Join converts list to the string that items will separate by commas. Syntax

phone = ["Samsung", "Apple", "Huawei", "Nokia", "Windows"]
print(','.join(phone))
#output
Samsung,Apple,Huawei,Nokia,Windows

Method 2

First, define the list of items.
define a separator in which we store “,” as separator value
Call separator with join to execute the list. Join convert list to the string that items will separate by commas.

Syntax

phone = ["Samsung", "Apple", "Huawei", "Nokia", "Windows"]
separator=","
print( separator.join(phone))
#output
Samsung,Apple,Huawei,Nokia,Windows

Note: we can store different types of punctuations inside the separator.

Method 3
The above join method does not work on integers because it only converts a list into a string that contains characters.
Print output for input integers, we use map() function inside join(). Mapping of a function works on integer input, and allows for execution, and transforms all items of a loop into a new iterable without using a for a loop.

First, define the list of items.
define a separator in which we store “,” as separator value
Call separator with join to execute the list. Join convert list to the string that items will separate by commas.
Inside the map, pass two arguments: function str and a list variable “a”. This will help to map integers into the string.

Syntax

a = [1,2,3,4,5]
separator=","
print( separator.join(map(str,a)))
#output
1,2,3,4,5

3. By using For loop

First, define a list with their items.
create a for loop “p“ that will execute each item from the list “phone” and call the print command will start printing each comma-separated item from the next line without brackets commas and quotations.
applying comma and space inside the print command of for loop that will print output as a comma-separated list.

Syntax

phone = ["Samsung", "Apple", "Huawei", "Nokia", "Windows"]
for p in phone:
     print(p, end=",")
print("\b", end = " ")
print(" ")
#output
Samsung,Apple,Huawei,Nokia,Windows

4. for loop with join method

Join function joins the list element and the output will be a string. we use different techniques to split output strings into the list or comma-separated forms.

Define a list with their items.
use join function that converts a list into a string.
generate a for loop “a” that will retrieve each item of defined list “b”.
for loop inside join is stores in “X” and call for the print.

Syntax

b = ["Samsung", "Apple", "Huawei", "Nokia", "Windows"]
X = ','.join(str(a)for a in b)
print(X)
#output
Samsung,Apple,Huawei,Nokia,Windows

5. translate method ()

This method has limitations to print lists without brackets and quotations in python. in the translate method, specified characters are replaced with the described
character. The character must be specified inside a table or dictionary.

Create a variable named rep
Targets “[“, “ and “]” by using their ASCII code and set their values None.
Print variable by using translate functions.

Syntax

b = ["Samsung", "Apple", "Huawei", "Nokia", "Windows"]
rep {39 : None, 91 : None, 93 :None}
print(str(phone).translate(rep))
#output
Samsung,Apple,Huawei,Nokia,Windows

This is another way to print a list that only contains an integer. Print a list of integers converting int into a string.

Syntax

a=[1,2,3,4]
print(str(a)[1:-1])
#output
1, 2, 3, 4

Conclusion

There are multiple methods to remove brackets and quotations from a list in python. In this article, we discussed five unique methods to print a list without brackets and