DEV Community: Ali Al Khawaja

How I Finally Got Stable 60 FPS on Ubuntu laptop (NVIDIA + Intel)

Ali Al Khawaja — Mon, 06 Apr 2026 20:09:07 +0000

Context

I’m running Ubuntu on an HP laptop with:

Intel i5 (11th gen)
NVIDIA MX350 (Optimus setup)

I was using Steam with the latest Proton (10.0-4) to play Warframe (Gold-rated on ProtonDB), and CS2 (native Linux).

The Problem

Playing games on an Ubuntu laptop was a horrible experience with an Nvidia GPU ,it was always mysterious and vague on why I had a terrible performance and inconsistent FPS problems .

It wasn't like because Linux can't game like any one would've thought ,but because gaming on a Linux laptop is pain .

I'm talking about having performance issues even on native Linux games which should not be possible unless if purposely slow down your laptop ,ahm ahm (yes it was that 🙄)

I had CS2 and CSGO(in the past) which is a native game... and it was Lagging ,How ? How am I lagging? I even deleted proton to be sure .

To be more clear ,most of the time I had my GPU usage on 100% but with an average of 27 fps and a lot unbearable stuttering 🤨 ,the laptop's fan was not ramping up much ,it's didn't reach it's maximum speed ,I know what my laptop can & can't do since I used to play on windows before ,I should get a consistent 60 FPS on certain graphical settings on both Warframe and CSGO ,well now it's CS2.

What I Tried (and failed)

I tried everything an average person would try:

I tired rebooting
Not rebooting😆 (you should rebooting after switching prime-profiles)
Switching between Wayland from X11
Reinstalling NVIDIA drivers
Switching distros
Launching games with terminal commands to use specify use of the discrete card (NVIDIA)
Changing some settings in the NVIDIA X server settings

I still had my game stuttering and low FPS ,hmm

The Breakthrough & a small talk on power consumption

The issue wasn't really in the GPU ,the real bottleneck was the CPU governor ,let me explain how I got there .

Us laptop users care about the battery life and want to extend it much as possible.

Those who have dual graphics cards with an Optimus setup , iGPU + GPU (NVIDIA in my case) ,so ,I do turn off my NVIDIA card when I don't want to play any games ,using sudo prime-select intel .

And because intel drivers are great on linux ,I go on my daily life with the iGPU on wayland because it works fine.

Running the iGPU only has great benefits ,I get an average power consumption of 6W on idle and 10w~12w when multi tasking ,here I'm consuming 8.9w while having youtube running and other 9 chrome tabs open

It's very acceptable rate to be honest and it will be lower if I'm reading or coding ,it really depends on how active I am in the real time.

Okay here is that ,now to NVIDIA .

If you're like me and tried to keep your GPU card run on-demand because you will play games this week ,you will immediately get an 9w on idle and 14w~17w when multi tasking ,that GPU drains a lot of energy ,go ahead and check power statistics .

Well ,I would take that trade-off any time if I'm expecting a free time to play Warframe on-demand but it didn't work and I got a terrible performance ,I even tried performance mode ,only to consume more power and get no effects ,still lagging on NVIDIA ,I accepted it and blamed NVIDIA for not optimizing it's drivers which somewhat true ,hey ,if you wanna play ,just hop on windows🫤 ,that's what I thought until one day

So here I am one day ,retrying on-demand prime-profile after updating my NVIDIA drivers to the latest new version .
I got a terrible app loading time on system apps ,apps like settings ,umm hello? what is happening?

I always had almost 1 second loading time or even less when I had intel iGPU only on ,why is it taking more when I have my NVIDIA GPU on-demand ,it should have been faster.

So I jumped to ask an AI and gave it some logs ,it said that most of my systems are working normally :

✅ NVIDIA kernel modules are loading (driver version 580.126.09)

✅ NVIDIA Persistence Daemon is running

✅ NVIDIA modesetting driver is loaded

✅ Xorg is detecting and attempting to use the NVIDIA driver

Issues Detected:

Critical DRM Errors (Lines 15-16):
nvidia 0000:01:00.0: [drm] No compatible format found
nvidia 0000:01:00.0: [drm] Cannot find any crtc or sizes

And some other issues ,four in total ,they don't matter for now.
It also said :

The key issue: In on-demand mode, the NVIDIA GPU is essentially "asleep" until an application requests it. But the DRM subsystem is trying to initialize it at boot and failing because it can't find a display connected to it . This causes those No compatible format found errors.

Here's how to fix this:
Immediate Fix: Switch to NVIDIA Mode....

or blah blah blah ,Enable modesetting for NVIDIA ,Add kernel parameters: blah blah blah Test Application Offloading blah blah ,Create a minimal Xorg configuration for on-demand mode something something .

I have no idea what it was talking about ,but we don't need any of that because the solution is very simple🙂.

I had to stop the AI from overthinking and gave it all my notes on all behaviors I noticed happening in my system ,that helps AI a lot.

At the end ,It's all because of power modes .The GPU isn't the main factor ,the real bottleneck is the CPU governor but it's not that simple unless you know.

here is some data I got after running some tests on each power-mode using time gnome-control-center

Mode	CPU Governor	Settings Open Time
Intel	powersave	3.5s - 4.0s
Intel	performance	1.8s - 2.1s
NVIDIA	powersave	2.3s - 2.4s
NVIDIA	performance	? (probably ~1.5s)

Step-by-Step Fix

I will take the AI's words here and paste them here since it explains it better than me :

The Root Cause

On Optimus laptops, the NVIDIA GPU doesn't directly connect to the display - it renders frames and passes them through the Intel GPU. This causes two main issues:

DRM errors are NORMAL - The "No compatible format found" errors happen because NVIDIA tries to initialize a display controller that doesn't exist. They're harmless!

CPU governor is the REAL culprit - Even when you select "Performance" mode in GNOME, the actual CPU governor often stays on powersave, causing 2-4 second delays in app launches.

My comment here: Gnome power profiles are not always true, you can set you laptop's power profile on performance but still have the CPU governor on powersave , gnome power profile lies? .

The Solution

Step 1: Proper GPU Switching

#!/bin/bash

set_governor() {
    echo "Setting CPU governor to $1..."
    echo $1 | sudo tee /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/scaling_governor
    echo "Current governor:"
    cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_governor
}

echo "Select GPU Mode:"
echo "1) Intel (Power Saving)"
echo "2) NVIDIA (Performance)"
read -p "Enter choice [1 or 2]: " choice

if [ "$choice" == "1" ]; then
    echo "Switching to Intel mode and power-saver profile..."
    sudo prime-select intel
    powerprofilesctl set power-saver
    set_governor "powersave"

elif [ "$choice" == "2" ]; then
    echo "Switching to NVIDIA mode and performance profile..."
    sudo prime-select nvidia
    powerprofilesctl set performance
    set_governor "performance"

    # Also set energy_performance_preference for intel_pstate
    if [ -f /sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/energy_performance_preference ]; then
        echo "performance" | sudo tee /sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/energy_performance_preference
    fi

    # Set each CPU's energy preference
    for cpu in /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/power/energy_perf_bias; do
        echo "performance" | sudo tee $cpu 2>/dev/null
    done
else
    echo "Invalid choice."
    exit 1
fi

echo ""
echo "Final verification:"
echo "GPU Mode: $(prime-select query)"
echo "Power Profile: $(powerprofilesctl get)"
echo "CPU Governor: $(cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_governor)"
echo ""
echo "Done. Please reboot for changes to take full effect."

Key Takeaways

DRM errors are red herrings ,don't waste time fixing them on Optimus laptops.
CPU governor matters more than you think ,powersave can add 2-3 seconds to app launches because it will slow down everything to save power ,it works so well.
GNOME's power profiles don't always set the CPU governor ,You need to do it manually if you know you are gaming soon.
Systemd services are your friend ,use them to enforce settings across reboots.

Credits

This solution was developed through collaborative troubleshooting with DeepSeek AI, an incredible coding assistant that helped diagnose the real issues, understand the logs, and craft these practical solutions.

Yeah yeah AI is helpful but here is what you should know as rule of thumb:

On intel only, the intel prime-profile prime-select intel:

Power Saving profile: System slows down (~3-4s app launch), great battery life (4+ hours)
Performance profile: System speeds up (~1.8s app launch), but uses more battery.
Verdict: GNOME power profiles actually work here! Switching between powersave/performance changes CPU behavior noticeably.

On NVIDIA only ,the NVIDIA prime-profile prime-select nvidia:

Without fixes: System slow (~3s) even with "Performance" selected in GNOME power modes.
With our fixes: System fast (~1.5s), gaming at 60 FPS
Verdict: GNOME power profiles are IGNORED here for some reason ,you must manually set CPU governor

On on-demand , the on-demand prime-profile prime-select on-demand:

What should happen: Desktop runs on Intel (saving power), games auto-switch to NVIDIA
What actually happens:
- Desktop is slow (CPU stuck on power-save)
- Games don't properly activate NVIDIA (30 FPS instead of 60)
- Worst of both worlds - no battery savings AND no performance
Verdict: Great idea in theory, but implementation needs work, the NVIDIA drivers for linux laptops could be improved on Ubuntu laptops .

The Moral of the Story

Linux on Optimus laptops is almost there. The hardware works, the drivers work, but the integration between:

prime-select (GPU switching)
powerprofilesctl (GNOME power profiles)
CPU governors
It is still a bit rough. Until it's polished, manual control with simple scripts is the way to go.

Results
Stable 60 FPS
No stuttering
Fans behaving normally
The laptop is using its full power.

What I Learned

One thing I didn’t expect to learn:
Windows handles all of this silently and you only realize how much work it’s doing when you switch away from it.

On Linux, you get control… but sometimes you have to earn it.

bye ,see you later.

DOM Manipulation Refresher - AI written

Ali Al Khawaja — Sat, 05 Jul 2025 19:56:56 +0000

1. Selecting Elements

// By ID
const element = document.getElementById('content');
// By class (returns NodeList)
const elements = document.getElementsByClassName('my-class');
// By tag (returns HTMLCollection)
const divs = document.getElementsByTagName('div');
// Modern selectors (returns first match)
const element = document.querySelector('#content p.intro');
// Returns NodeList of all matches
const elements = document.querySelectorAll('.items');

2. Modifying Content

// Replace all content (parses HTML)
element.innerHTML = '<strong>New content</strong>';

// Just text (safer against XSS)
element.textContent = 'Plain text content';

// For form elements
inputElement.value = 'New value';

3. Creating and Adding Elements

// Create new element
const newParagraph = document.createElement('p');
newParagraph.textContent = 'A new paragraph';

// Append to end
contentDiv.appendChild(newParagraph);

// Insert before another element
contentDiv.insertBefore(newParagraph, existingElement);

// Insert adjacent HTML (more flexible)
contentDiv.insertAdjacentHTML('beforeend', '<p>New paragraph</p>');
// Positions: 'beforebegin', 'afterbegin', 'beforeend', 'afterend'

4. Best Practice Example

// Instead of innerHTML (which can have security risks), you can:
const contentDiv = document.getElementById('content');

// Clear existing content
while (contentDiv.firstChild) {
    contentDiv.removeChild(contentDiv.firstChild);
}

// Create and append new elements
const heading = document.createElement('h2');
heading.textContent = 'Section Title';
contentDiv.appendChild(heading);

const paragraph = document.createElement('p');
paragraph.textContent = 'This is a paragraph of text.';
contentDiv.appendChild(paragraph);

5. Event Handling

contentDiv.addEventListener('click', function(event) {
    console.log('Div was clicked!', event);
});

brain dump - Webpack Revision

Ali Al Khawaja — Tue, 01 Jul 2025 15:21:53 +0000

“⚠️ This is a personal reference post — not a full guide.”
Hi reader .

Lesson overview

Why do we need webpack for our project ?
How to start web-packing ?
Reading WebPack guide online .

Why do we need webpack for our project ?

You can ask Chatgpt for the answer or just visit the introduction page.
I don't want to add it here because this is a revision, I would however say that we use Webpack for :

It's Module Bundling
It's Code Splitting
It's Asset Management
It's Transpilation
It's Hot Module Replacement
It's Plugins
It's Development and Production Modes
It's Configuration Flexibility
It's Community and Ecosystem

How to start web-packing ?

Step 1: you need a package.json file, so, you should make one by

npm init - y

if you see a type tag in the package.json like "type": "commonjs" , remove it .

Step 2: You install webpack

npm install --save-dev webpack webpack-cli

We included the --save-dev flag (you can also use -D as a shortcut), which tells npm to record our two packages as development dependencies.

Step 3 : Create a configuration file, you can name it webpack.config.js

Step 4 : make a configuration !

// webpack.config.js
const path = require("path");

module.exports = {
  mode: "development",
  entry: "./src/index.js",
  output: {
    filename: "main.js",
    path: path.resolve(__dirname, "dist"),
    clean: true,
  },
};

You don't know how to make a configuration file? read this

Dealing with HTML files ?

we use HtmlWebpackPlugin
Install it npm install --save-dev html-webpack-plugin then add this block :

  plugins: [
    new HtmlWebpackPlugin({
      template: "./src/template.html",
    }),
  ],

read about it here
then npx webpack , this command runs webpack

Dealing with CSS ?

Install a plugin

npm install --save-dev style-loader css-loader

Dealing with images ?

Install a plugin

npm install --save-dev html-loader

You get the idea now do you ? it is all in the docs

Anyways lets talk about webpack dev server
Install it

npm install --save-dev webpack-dev-server

then

npx webpack serve

Read about it here

where to find guides ?

Here

If you think this post is pointless then you would be right, honestly I write just to make stuff stick in my head , I know that nobody is gonna read this anyways.

It's just a tool 🤷‍♂️
I will try to pick an interesting subject next time😔.
Bye

Quick OOP refresher for Ruby- Draft 1

Ali Al Khawaja — Sat, 26 Apr 2025 12:04:51 +0000

Ruby Object Oriented Programming 📦 - Refresher

What are Objects ?

Objects are what classes make.

How to create an object ?

Creating an object is easy, you create a class then you instantiate it to make an object,below is an example of an object:

class NormalCat
  def initialize(name)
    @name = name
  end
end

chips = NormalCat.new("Chips")
# This create a a cat 🐈 object named "chips"

What is OOP ?

OOP is a programming paradigm that manages the complexity of large software systems, this paradigm helps us avoid the debugging hell that happens just because we changed some code. tell me about neck pain he said😮‍💨.

OOP helps us by sectioning off a bunch of code to objects that can talk with each other instead of making everything in one mountain ⛰️

How does OOP make our life easier ?

By Encapsulation

The concepts of Encapsulation is that we combine variables and methods that work with the data into an object.

By other words, by using encapsulated object OOP makes our life easier.

Again, by storing variables and methods that work with some data in an object you encapsulate them, with this you get the power of hiding 😶‍🌫️ the code from other objects, this means nothing can manipulate your hidden code unless you want to, you can expose your object to other objects by using methods to interact with other objects. like setter and getters.

Inheritance

It's when when a class inherit the behaviors of another class aka the super-class

Polymorphism

Polymorphism is a core concept in OOP that allows objects of different classes to respond to the same method call in different ways.

class Animal
  def speak
    "Some sound"
  end
end

class Dog < Animal
  def speak  # Overrides Animal#speak
    "Woof!"
  end
end

class Cat < Animal
  def speak  # Overrides Animal#speak
    "Meow!"
  end
end

animals = [Dog.new, Cat.new]
animals.each { |animal| puts animal.speak }
# Output:
# Woof!
# Meow!

Modules

It's another way to inherit behavior but this it is different because we don't make objects out of module but rather just plug them into an object by using include

module Debuggable
  def debug_info
    puts "#{self.class} - Object ID: #{object_id}"
  end
end

class Product
  include Debuggable

  def initialize(name)
    @name = name
  end
end

class User
  include Debuggable

  def initialize(name)
    @name = name
  end
end

product = Product.new("Laptop")
user = User.new("Alice")

product.debug_info  # Output: Product - Object ID: 70307294386140
user.debug_info     # Output: User - Object ID: 70307294386120

More on classes and objects

initialize method

class NormalCat
  def initialize
    puts "This object was initialized!"
  end
end

chips = NormalCat.new("Chips")     # => "This object was initialized!"

It's a methods that gets initialized at object creation.
You may know it as the constructor.

Instance variables

class NormalCat
  def initialize(name)
    @name = name
  end
end

@name is an instance variable. It is a variable that exists as long as the object instance exists

Instance Methods

class NormalCat
  def initialize(name)
    @name = name
  end

  def speak
    "meow!"
  end
end
chips = NormalCat.new("Chips")
puts chips.speak # => "meow!"

Class methods

They are not instance methods, class methods are methods we can call directly on the class itself without having to instantiate any object

def self.something
  print "nothing"
end

Then we just call it on a class cat.something --> "nothing", class methods are best when it does not need to deal with the state of the data.

Class variables

just like class methods but as variables, you can create a class variable using two @@

Composition and Aggregation

We talked about making objects talk with each other but how ? there are some design principles used to establish relationships between classes.
Both composition and aggregation involve using instance variables to hold references to other objects, but they differ in terms of the lifecycle and ownership of the objects involved.

Composition

composition is a relationship where an object contain other objects as part of its state , they depend on each other. If you destroy the container it will also destroy it's other contained objects

It's easy to implement composition, you only have to use instance variables . Here is an example :

class Engine
  def start
    puts "Engine starting..."
  end
end

class Car
  def initialize
    @engine = Engine.new  # Engine instance is created when Car is created
  end

  def start
    @engine.start
  end
end

my_car = Car.new
my_car.start  # Engine is an integral part of Car

In this example Car object has initialized an instance variables that contains the Engine object, this gives the Car an Engine with all of it's powers/properties .
Remember, objects live and die together.

Did you know ? Godot uses Composition for it nodes for building games !

Aggregation

Aggregation is a less restrictive design principle because contained object do not live and die with container object.
This is possible because the container only references the contained objects. Here is an example :

class Passenger
end

class Car
  def initialize(passengers) 
    @passengers = passengers  # Passengers are given to the Car at creation
  end
end

# Passengers can exist without Car
passengers = [Passenger.new, Passenger.new]
my_car = Car.new(passengers)

In this example, Car.new gets an array of passengers at creation, those passengers are independent from the car, this means that we can pass the passengers in the Car at as long as the Car object is alive.

Container Object relations to instance variables

The relationships between a container class instance and its composed and aggregated objects is implemented with instance variables. These instance variables hold references to other objects, enabling the container class to access and interact with the contained object's methods and properties. The main difference lies in the ownership and the lifecycle of the objects referenced by these instance variables:

Composition: The container owns the contained objects, and their lifecycles are tightly linked.

- Aggregation: The container does not own the contained objects; they can exist independently.

These concepts are fundamental in designing systems that are modular, where changes to one part of the system do not unduly affect others.

speak is an instance methods

Accessor Methods

lets say that we have this cat , how can we know the name of the cat?

class NormalCat
  def initialize(name)
    @name = name
  end

  def speak
    "meow!"
  end
end
orange_cat = NormalCat.new("chonk")
puts chips.speak # => "meow!"

let us try puts orange_cat.name, oh no we got a :

undefined method `name' for an instance of NormalCat (NoMethodError)

If we want to access the orange_cat's name, which is stored in the @name instance variable, we have to create a method that will return the name. We can call it get_name, and its only job is to return the value in the @name instance variable.

class NormalCat
  def initialize(name)
    @name = name
  end

  def speak
    "meow!"
  end
  def get_name
    @name # instance variable
  end
end
orange_cat = NormalCat.new("chonk")
puts orange_cat.speak # => "meow!"
puts orange_cat.get_name # => "chonk"

okay but what if we want to change orange_cat's name ? then we make a setter method !

class NormalCat
  def initialize(name)
    @name = name
  end

  def speak
    "meow!"
  end
  def get_name
    @name # instance variable
  end
  def set_name=(name)
    @name = name
  end
end
orange_cat = NormalCat.new("chonk")
puts orange_cat.speak # => "meow!"
puts orange_cat.get_name # => "chonk"
orange_cat.set_name = "kurt"
puts orange_cat.get_name

`attr_accessor`

Ruby has a built-in way to automatically create these getter and setter methods for us, using the attr_accessor method.

The attr_accessor method takes a symbol as an argument, which it uses to create the method name for the getter and setter
methods.

**attr_reader**
It's a getter only
**attr_writer**
It's a setter only.

All of the attr_* methods take Symbol objects as arguments; if there are more states you're tracking, you can use this syntax: attr_accessor :name, :height, :weight
try to use self with attr_accessor has created to the job of instance methods to let Ruby know that we are calling the methods and that we are not defining a new local variables !

Note , try not to use a instance variables outside of the initialize constructor , use an instance methods that can use from attr_accessor aka getters and setters and store them in a methods , it's better for maintaining clean code.

Instance methods can call other instance methods, instance variables, class methods, or class variables

Ali Al Khawaja — Wed, 29 Jan 2025 18:31:44 +0000

Class methods have access to other class methods and class variables but don’t have access to instance methods or instance variables

Ali Al Khawaja — Wed, 29 Jan 2025 18:29:35 +0000

In Ruby,`attr_accessor` is helper method that takes symbols to create a setter and a getter quickly for desired variable names, it's really helpful .

Ali Al Khawaja — Wed, 29 Jan 2025 18:02:39 +0000

In OOP, instance variables are part of an instanced object but you can't access them from outside of the instanced object, to solve this problem we use setters and getters.

Ali Al Khawaja — Wed, 29 Jan 2025 17:54:28 +0000

How to make multidimensional / 2D Arrays & Hashes in Ruby ?

Ali Al Khawaja — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 22:27:11 +0000

Arrays

A multidimensional array is a collection of data organized in multiple dimensions, such as a grid or table. It allows you to store and access data in a structured way, like rows and columns in a spreadsheet.

Nested Arrays (Multidimensional Arrays)

A nested array is an array where each element is itself an array. This creates a structure similar to rows and columns in a spreadsheet.

Accessing Elements

Elements in a nested array are accessed using multiple indices: array[row_index][column_index].

nestedArray = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]
puts nestedArray[0][1] # Output: 2 (accesses the element at row 0, column 1)
puts nestedArray[2][2] # Output: 9 (accesses the element at row 2, column 2)

You can also use negative indices to access elements from the end:

puts nestedArray[-1][-1] # Output: 9 (last row, last element)

Handling Missing Rows or Columns

Attempting to access a non-existent row using array[row_index] will result in a NoMethodError because nil (the value for a missing row) doesn't respond to the [] method.

To avoid this, use the .dig(row_index, column_index) method. It safely returns nil if any part of the path is invalid, preventing errors:

nestedArray = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
puts nestedArray.dig(2, 0) # Output: nil (row 2 doesn't exist)
puts nestedArray.dig(0, 5) # Output: nil (column 5 doesn't exist in row 0)

Accessing a non-existent column in an existing row (e.g., nestedArray[0][5]) will return nil.

Creating Nested Arrays

When creating nested arrays, it's crucial to use a block with Array.new to avoid unintended sharing of inner arrays:

# Correct: Creates distinct inner arrays
nested_array = Array.new(3) { Array.new(2) }

# Incorrect: All inner arrays reference the same object
incorrect_nested = Array.new(3, Array.new(2)) # Avoid this!

incorrect_nested[0][0] = "changed"
puts incorrect_nested # Output: [["changed", nil], ["changed", nil], ["changed", nil]]

The incorrect example demonstrates the issue of creating nested arrays without a block. All the inner arrays point to the same object in memory, meaning changing one changes them all.

Adding and Removing Elements

Adding: Use push to add elements to the end of a row: nested_array[row_index].push(value).
Removing: Use pop to remove the last element from a row: nested_array[row_index].pop.

Iterating Over Nested Arrays

Use nested each_with_index loops to iterate over rows and columns:

matrix = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
matrix.each_with_index do |row, row_index|
  row.each_with_index do |element, col_index|
    puts "Element at [#{row_index}, #{col_index}]: #{element}"
  end
end

Nested Hashes

Nested hashes are hashes where the values are themselves hashes. This is useful for representing structured data with key-value relationships within key-value relationships.

Accessing Data

Access data using chained keys: hash[:outer_key][:inner_key].

vehicles = {
  alice: { year: 2019, make: "Toyota", model: "Corolla" },
  bob: { year: 2022, make: "Tesla", model: "Model 3"}
}

puts vehicles[:alice][:model] # Output: Corolla

Use dig to safely access nested values and avoid NoMethodError if a key is missing:

puts vehicles.dig(:charlie, :model) # Output: nil

Adding and Removing Data

Adding: Assign a new hash to a key: hash[:new_key] = { key1: value1, key2: value2 }. Add to a nested hash: hash[:outer_key][:new_inner_key] = value.
Removing: Use delete to remove a key-value pair: hash.delete(:key) or hash[:outer_key].delete(:inner_key).

Important Methods for Collections (Arrays and Hashes)

select: Returns a new collection containing elements that satisfy a given condition.
collect (or map): Returns a new collection by transforming each element.
compact: Returns a new array with all nil elements removed.
filter_map: Combines filter (select) and map in one step.

You may notice that this guide is a bit weird , I tried something new , I took my note an told GeminiAI to rewrite it. and I already dislike it 😮‍💨

How to debug Ruby code ?

Ali Al Khawaja — Sat, 04 Jan 2025 20:13:12 +0000

Debugging Ruby

Debugging by reading the stack trace

it's when you get an error at runtime , this is the easiest form of error you can get in development , you will always be given the error name and at what line it occurred with a brief explanation of the problem .

Debugging with `puts` or `p`

When the code works and you get unexpected results then the easiest and quickest way to confirm your assumptions while debugging is by using puts.

Don't use puts because if you debug anything that is nilor empty then it will give you a blank line , unlike p , p will tell you that it's nil

example :

puts "Using puts:"
puts []
p "Using p:"
p []

Debugging with Pry-byebug

an easier way of debugging is by using pry-byebug , after you install it , you to add

require 'pry-byebug'

at the top of your script and the call binding.pry as if it's a break-point somewhere in you program 🙂 , after you run your code you will be given something like IRB in your terminal to debug your code , keep in mind is that you stoped your program at that point anything after it is unknown for the debugger .

you can find usual debugging commands like next and break here at https://github.com/deivid-rodriguez/pry-byebug?tab=readme-ov-file#commands

Debugging using VScode rdbg Ruby Debugger

create a launch.json for your project and select Ruby(rdbg) when prompted , it's like chrome developer tools but for ruby .
read more about it here :
https://github.com/ruby/vscode-rdbg?tab=readme-ov-file#readme

How to set-up Ruby & Gems paths - Ruby snap package version

Ali Al Khawaja — Fri, 18 Oct 2024 14:34:22 +0000

This post is for the developers that want to use ruby the snap version .

Lets start

Step 1.0: Delete the old Install

If you have tried to install Ruby the snap packaged version and faced problems using gems in VSCode or what ever then you need to remove them

Do this to remove Ruby ->

snap remove ruby

just remove Ruby using the snap store (app center) , then go and delete the .gem folder , you'll find the .gem folder in the home folder and it's hidden by default

you should have ruby uninstalled and deleted .gems folder

Step 1.1 : Installing Ruby 🙂

Install ruby
There is two ways to install it

using snap store (app center)
using the terminal

sudo snap intall ruby --classic

The --classic flag is used because Ruby requires classic confinement to access certain system resources.

Step 2: Verify the Installation

After the installation is complete, you can verify that Ruby is installed correctly by checking its version:

ruby --version

Step 3: Set Up the PATH

You need to add the Snap binary directory to your PATH. I don't what is this but you can do it by editing your .bashrc file.

Open your .bashrc in a text editor

gnome-text-editor ~/.bashrc

Add the following line at the end of the txt file:

export PATH="$PATH:/snap/bin"
export PATH="$PATH:/path/to/gem/bin"

Replace /path/to/gem/bin with your path .
It should look like something like this :

export PATH="$PATH:/home/ali/.gem/bin"

or this :

export PATH="$PATH:/home/your_username/.gem/ruby/3.x.x/bin"

To make sure what is your path , check the gem path using this command in the terminal:

gem env

It will list a long list of things about RubyGems Environment , we need the - EXECUTABLE DIRECTORY: path line .

Now save your changes and reload your shell config using :

source ~/.bashrc

Now when you download any new gem , it will work automatically , try installing Rspec and test it in both VSCode and Terminal

The reason why I told you to delete the old .gem folder is becasue no one wants to manually edit the shebang line , I don't know what is a shebang but that's what ChatGPT told me .

That's it

See you later