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    <title>DEV Community: André Plöger</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Finding Double Existence and Applying Luhn's Algorithm</title>
      <dc:creator>André Plöger</dc:creator>
      <pubDate>Fri, 11 Oct 2024 19:50:50 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://dev.to/aplgr/finding-double-existence-and-applying-luhns-algorithm-44o3</link>
      <guid>https://dev.to/aplgr/finding-double-existence-and-applying-luhns-algorithm-44o3</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;In this article, we will address two engaging tasks from the &lt;a href="https://theweeklychallenge.org/blog/perl-weekly-challenge-290/" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Perl Weekly Challenge #290&lt;/a&gt;: checking for double existence in an array and implementing Luhn's Algorithm for validation. We'll implement solutions in both Perl and Go.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Table of Contents
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Double Existence&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Luhn's Algorithm&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Conclusion&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Double Existence
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The first task involves finding if there exist two indices &lt;code&gt;$i&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;$j&lt;/code&gt; such that:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight plaintext"&gt;&lt;code&gt;1. $i != $j
2. 0 &amp;lt;= ($i, $j) &amp;lt; scalar @ints
3. $ints[i] = 2 * $ints[j]
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Task Description
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Input:&lt;/strong&gt; An array of integers, &lt;code&gt;@ints&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Output:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; if the condition is met; otherwise, &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Examples:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight plaintext"&gt;&lt;code&gt;Input: @ints = (6, 2, 3, 3)
Output: true

For $i = 0, $j = 2
$ints[$i] = 6 =&amp;gt; 2 * 3 =&amp;gt;  2 * $ints[$j]
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;





&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight plaintext"&gt;&lt;code&gt;Input: @ints = (3, 1, 4, 13)
Output: false
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;





&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight plaintext"&gt;&lt;code&gt;Input: @ints = (2, 1, 4, 2)
Output: true

For $i = 2, $j = 3
$ints[$i] = 4 =&amp;gt; 2 * 2 =&amp;gt;  2 * $ints[$j]
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Solution
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Perl Implementation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;
In the Perl implementation, we use a hash to track seen integers and check if either half or double of the current number exists in the hash.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight perl"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;sub &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;double_exist&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;%seen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;foreach&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$num&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="err"&gt;@&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;_&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;exists&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$seen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$num&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;||&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;exists&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$seen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$num&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;};&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$seen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$num&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Go Implementation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The Go implementation follows a similar logic, using a map to keep track of unique integers.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;doubleExist&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;ints&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;bool&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;seen&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;make&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;map&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kt"&gt;bool&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;_&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;num&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;range&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;ints&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;num&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;amp;&amp;amp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;seen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;num&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;])&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;||&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;seen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;num&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;true&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;seen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;num&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;true&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;false&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Luhn's Algorithm
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The second task involves implementing Luhn's Algorithm to validate a string of digits, ignoring non-digit characters. The last digit is considered separately as the payload.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Task Description
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;You are given a string &lt;code&gt;str&lt;/code&gt; containing digits (and possibly other characters which can be ignored). The last digit is considered as the payload and handled separately.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Counting from the right, double the value of the first, third, etc., of the remaining digits.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;For each value now greater than 9, sum its digits.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;The correct check digit is the one that, when added to the sum of all values, brings the total modulo 10 to zero.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Return &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; if the payload equals the correct check digit; otherwise, return &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Examples:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight plaintext"&gt;&lt;code&gt;Input: "17893729974"
Output: true

Payload is 4.

Digits from the right:

7 * 2 = 14, sum = 5
9 = 9
9 * 2 = 18, sum = 9
2 = 2
7 * 2 = 14, sum = 5
3 = 3
9 * 2 = 18, sum = 9
8 = 8
7 * 2 = 14, sum = 5
1 = 1

Sum of all values = 56, so 4 must be added to bring the total mod 10 to zero. The payload is indeed 4.
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;





&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight plaintext"&gt;&lt;code&gt;Input: "4137 8947 1175 5904"
Output: true
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;





&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight plaintext"&gt;&lt;code&gt;Input: "4137 8974 1175 5904"
Output: false
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Solution
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Perl Implementation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The Perl implementation processes the input string to ignore non-digit characters, then applies Luhn's algorithm to validate the number.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight perl"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;sub &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;luhn_check&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;@_&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$str&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=~&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sr"&gt;s/[^0-9]//g&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$payload&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;substr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$sum&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$length&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;length&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$length&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$digit&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;substr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$length&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$digit&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$digit&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;9&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$digit&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$sum&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$digit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$check_digit&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$sum&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$payload&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$check_digit&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;?&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Go Implementation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The Go version implements the same logic, utilizing the unicode package to filter out non-digit characters.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;luhnCheck&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;bool&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;sum&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;payload&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;digits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;_&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;char&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;range&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;unicode&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;IsDigit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;char&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;digit&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;char&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sc"&gt;'0'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;digits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;append&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;digits&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;digit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;digits&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;false&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;payload&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;digits&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;digits&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;digits&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;++&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;digit&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;digits&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;digits&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;digit&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;digit&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;9&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="n"&gt;digit&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;sum&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;digit&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;checkDigit&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;sum&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;payload&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;checkDigit&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Conclusion
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In this article, we explored two interesting programming challenges: finding double existence in an array and implementing Luhn's Algorithm for validation. These tasks highlight how different programming languages can tackle similar problems with their own unique approaches. I hope these examples inspire you to delve deeper into both Perl and Go!&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;You can find the complete code, including tests, on &lt;a href="https://github.com/manwar/perlweeklychallenge-club/tree/master/challenge-290/aplgr" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;GitHub&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

</description>
      <category>perl</category>
      <category>go</category>
      <category>programming</category>
      <category>code</category>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Data Transformations: Third Maximum and Jumbled Letters</title>
      <dc:creator>André Plöger</dc:creator>
      <pubDate>Sat, 05 Oct 2024 01:43:45 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://dev.to/aplgr/data-transformations-third-maximum-and-jumbled-letters-np3</link>
      <guid>https://dev.to/aplgr/data-transformations-third-maximum-and-jumbled-letters-np3</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;In this article, we will address two engaging tasks from the &lt;a href="https://theweeklychallenge.org/blog/perl-weekly-challenge-289/" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Perl Weekly Challenge #289&lt;/a&gt;: finding the third distinct maximum in an array and scrambling the letters of words in a text while keeping the first and last letters in place. We'll implement solutions in both Perl and Go.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Table of Contents
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Third Maximum&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Jumbled Letters&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Conclusion&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Third Maximum
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The first task involves finding the third distinct maximum in a given array of integers. If the third maximum doesn't exist, the function should return the maximum number.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Task Description
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Input:&lt;/strong&gt; An array of integers, &lt;code&gt;@ints&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Output:&lt;/strong&gt; The third distinct maximum or the maximum number if the third maximum doesn't exist.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Examples
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Input:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;@ints = (5, 6, 4, 1)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Output:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;4&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;
(The distinct maximums are 6, 5, and 4.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Input:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;@ints = (4, 5)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Output:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;5&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;
(The third maximum doesn't exist.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Input:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;@ints = (1, 2, 2, 3)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Output:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;
(The distinct maximums are 3, 2, and 1.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Solution
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;h4&gt;
  
  
  Perl Implementation
&lt;/h4&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In this implementation, we create a set of unique values and then sort them in descending order to easily find the third maximum.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight perl"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;sub &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;third_maximum&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;@ints&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;@_&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;%unique&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;map&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="vg"&gt;$_&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;@ints&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;@distinct&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;sort&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$b&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;=&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$a&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;keys&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;%unique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;@distinct&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;?&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$distinct&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$distinct&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;];&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;h4&gt;
  
  
  Go Implementation
&lt;/h4&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The Go implementation follows a similar logic, using a map to capture unique integers and then sorting them.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;thirdMax&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;ints&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;error&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;ints&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;errors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;New&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"input slice is empty"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;unique&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;make&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;map&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;struct&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{})&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;_&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;num&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;range&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;ints&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;unique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;num&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;struct&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{}{}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;numsSorted&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;make&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;([]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;unique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;num&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;range&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;unique&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;numsSorted&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;append&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;numsSorted&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;num&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;sort&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Slice&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;numsSorted&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;j&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;bool&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;numsSorted&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;numsSorted&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;j&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;})&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;numsSorted&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;numsSorted&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;],&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;numsSorted&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;],&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Jumbled Letters
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The second task involves scrambling the letters of each word in a given text while ensuring that the first and last letters remain in place. Whitespace and punctuation should also be preserved.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Task Description
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Input:&lt;/strong&gt; A text string.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Output:&lt;/strong&gt; A jumbled version of the input text.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Examples
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Input:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;"According to a research at Cambridge University, it doesn't matter in what order the letters in a word are."&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Output:&lt;/strong&gt; (e.g.) &lt;code&gt;"Acordnig to a reserach at Cmbraidge Uinversity, it dsoen't mtater in waht oder the ltteers in a wrod are."&lt;/code&gt;
(The letters in each word are randomly rearranged, with the first and last letters unchanged.)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Solution
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;h4&gt;
  
  
  Perl Implementation
&lt;/h4&gt;

&lt;p&gt;For this task, we define two functions:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;jumble_word: This function takes a word as input and scrambles the letters in the middle, while keeping the first and last letters intact. If the word is 3 letters or fewer, it is returned unchanged. For shuffling he letters we use Perl's &lt;a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/List::Util#shuffle" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;&lt;code&gt;List::Util&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; module.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;jumble_text: This function processes a full text string, splitting it into words while preserving whitespace and punctuation. It applies the jumble_word function to each word, ensuring that only the words are scrambled.
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight perl"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;use&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;List::&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;Util&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;shuffle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;';&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;sub &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;jumble_word&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$word&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;@_&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$word&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;length&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$word&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$middle&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;substr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$word&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;@m_chars&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;split&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;('',&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$middle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="nv"&gt;@m_chars&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;shuffle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;@m_chars&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$subst&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;join&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;('',&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;@m_chars&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="nb"&gt;substr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$word&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$subst&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$word&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;sub &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;jumble_text&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$text&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;@_&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;@tokens&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;split&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sr"&gt;/(\W+|_)/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$text&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$token&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;@tokens&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$token&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=~&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sr"&gt;/^[A-Za-z]+$/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$token&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;jumble_word&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$token&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;join&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;('',&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;@tokens&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h4&gt;
  
  
  Go Implementation
&lt;/h4&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The Go implementation adopts a similar approach, utilizing the &lt;a href="https://pkg.go.dev/math/rand#Shuffle" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;&lt;code&gt;math/rand&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; package for shuffling the letters,&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;package&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;main&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="s"&gt;"math/rand"&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="s"&gt;"regexp"&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="s"&gt;"strings"&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="s"&gt;"time"&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;jumbleWord&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;word&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;word&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;word&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;middle&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;word&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;word&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;chars&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kt"&gt;rune&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;middle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;rand&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Seed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;time&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Now&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;UnixNano&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;())&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;rand&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Shuffle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;chars&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;),&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;j&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;chars&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;],&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;chars&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;j&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;chars&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;j&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;],&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;chars&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;})&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;word&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;])&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;chars&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;word&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;word&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;])&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;jumbleText&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;text&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;re&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;regexp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;MustCompile&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;`(\W+|_)`&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;tokens&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;re&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Split&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;text&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;nonWordTokens&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;re&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;FindAllString&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;text&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;var&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;result&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;token&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;range&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;tokens&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;isAlpha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;token&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;result&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;append&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;result&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;jumbleWord&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;token&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;nonWordTokens&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;result&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;append&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;result&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;nonWordTokens&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;])&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;strings&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Join&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;result&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;""&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;isAlpha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;bool&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;re&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;regexp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;MustCompile&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;`^[A-Za-z]+$`&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;re&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;MatchString&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Conclusion
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In this article, we explored two fun coding challenges: finding the third distinct maximum in an array and scrambling letters in a text. These tasks illustrate how different programming languages approach similar problems, each with its own strengths and methodologies. I hope these examples inspire you to tackle similar challenges and explore the capabilities of Perl and Go further!&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;You can find the complete code, including tests, on &lt;a href="https://github.com/manwar/perlweeklychallenge-club/tree/master/challenge-289/aplgr" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;GitHub&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

</description>
      <category>perl</category>
      <category>go</category>
      <category>programming</category>
      <category>code</category>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Diving Deep: Recursive Solutions for Palindromes and Contiguous Blocks</title>
      <dc:creator>André Plöger</dc:creator>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Sep 2024 20:15:51 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://dev.to/aplgr/diving-deep-recursive-solutions-for-palindromes-and-contiguous-blocks-1pah</link>
      <guid>https://dev.to/aplgr/diving-deep-recursive-solutions-for-palindromes-and-contiguous-blocks-1pah</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;In this article, we will tackle two tasks from the &lt;a href="https://theweeklychallenge.org/blog/perl-weekly-challenge-288/" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Perl Weekly Challenge #288&lt;/a&gt;: finding the closest palindrome and determining the size of the largest contiguous block in a matrix. Both solutions will be implemented recursively in Perl and Go.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Table of Contents
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Closest Palindrome&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Contiguous Block&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Conclusion&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Closest Palindrome
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The first task is to find the closest palindrome that does not include itself.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The closest palindrome is defined as the one that minimizes the absolute difference between two integers.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If there are multiple candidates, the smallest one should be returned.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Task Description
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Input:&lt;/strong&gt; A string, &lt;code&gt;$str&lt;/code&gt;, which represents an integer.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Output:&lt;/strong&gt; The closest palindrome as a string.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Examples
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Input:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;"123"&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Output:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;"121"&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Input:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;"2"&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Output:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;"1"&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;
There are two closest palindromes: &lt;code&gt;"1"&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;"3"&lt;/code&gt;. Therefore, we return the smallest &lt;code&gt;"1"&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Input:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;"1400"&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Output:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;"1441"&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Input:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;"1001"&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Output:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;"999"&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Solution
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;h4&gt;
  
  
  Perl Implementation
&lt;/h4&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In this implementation, we utilize a recursive approach to find the closest palindrome that is not equal to the original number. The recursive function explores both lower and upper bounds around the original number:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;It checks if the current candidates (lower and upper) are valid palindromes (and not equal to the original).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;If neither candidate is valid, the function recursively decrements the lower candidate and increments the upper candidate until it finds a valid palindrome.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;This recursive strategy effectively narrows down the search space, ensuring that we identify the closest palindrome while adhering to the problem's constraints.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight perl"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;sub &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;is_palindrome&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$num&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;@_&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$num&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;eq&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;reverse&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$num&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;sub &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;find_closest&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$lower&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$upper&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;@_&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$lower&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;is_palindrome&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$lower&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;amp;&amp;amp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$lower&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$upper&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;is_palindrome&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$upper&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;amp;&amp;amp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$upper&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;find_closest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$lower&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$upper&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$lower&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$upper&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;sub &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;closest_palindrome&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;@_&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$num&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;find_closest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$num&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$num&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$num&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h4&gt;
  
  
  Go Implementation
&lt;/h4&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The Go implementation follows a similar recursive strategy. It also checks the candidates around the original number, using recursion to adjust the bounds until a valid palindrome is found.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;package&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;main&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="s"&gt;"strconv"&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;isPalindrome&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;num&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;bool&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;reversed&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;original&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;num&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;num&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;digit&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;num&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;reversed&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;reversed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;digit&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;num&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;/=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;original&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;reversed&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;findClosest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;lower&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;upper&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;original&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;switch&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;case&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;isPalindrome&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;lower&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;amp;&amp;amp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;lower&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;strconv&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Itoa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;lower&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;case&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;isPalindrome&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;upper&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;amp;&amp;amp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;upper&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;strconv&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Itoa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;upper&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;case&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;lower&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;findClosest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;lower&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;upper&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;default&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;strconv&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Itoa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;upper&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;closestPalindrome&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;num&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;_&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;strconv&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Atoi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;findClosest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;num&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;num&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;num&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Contiguous Block
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The second task is to determine the size of the largest contiguous block in a given matrix, where all cells contain either &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;o&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A contiguous block consists of elements containing the same symbol that share an edge (not just a corner) with other elements in the block, creating a connected area.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Task Description
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Input:&lt;/strong&gt; A rectangular matrix containing &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;o&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Output:&lt;/strong&gt; The size of the largest contiguous block.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Examples
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Input:&lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight plaintext"&gt;&lt;code&gt;    [
        ['x', 'x', 'x', 'x', 'o'],
        ['x', 'o', 'o', 'o', 'o'],
        ['x', 'o', 'o', 'o', 'o'],
        ['x', 'x', 'x', 'o', 'o'],
    ]
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Output:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;11&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;
  There is a block of 9 contiguous cells containing &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; and a block of 11 contiguous cells containing &lt;code&gt;o&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Input:&lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight plaintext"&gt;&lt;code&gt;    [
        ['x', 'x', 'x', 'x', 'x'],
        ['x', 'o', 'o', 'o', 'o'],
        ['x', 'x', 'x', 'x', 'o'],
        ['x', 'o', 'o', 'o', 'o'],
    ]
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;


&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Output:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;11&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;
  There is a block of 11 contiguous cells containing &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; and a block of 9 contiguous cells containing &lt;code&gt;o&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Input:&lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight plaintext"&gt;&lt;code&gt;    [
        ['x', 'x', 'x', 'o', 'o'],
        ['o', 'o', 'o', 'x', 'x'],
        ['o', 'x', 'x', 'o', 'o'],
        ['o', 'o', 'o', 'x', 'x'],
    ]
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;


&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Output:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;7&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;
  There is a block of 7 contiguous cells containing &lt;code&gt;o&lt;/code&gt;, two other 2-cell blocks of &lt;code&gt;o&lt;/code&gt;, three 2-cell blocks of &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; and one 3-cell block of &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Solution
&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
  
  
  Perl Implementation
&lt;/h4&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In this implementation, we utilize a recursive depth-first search (DFS) approach to determine the size of the largest contiguous block in a matrix. The main function initializes a visited matrix to track which cells have been explored. It iterates through each cell, invoking the recursive DFS function whenever it encounters an unvisited cell.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The DFS function explores all four possible directions (up, down, left, right) from the current cell. It counts the size of the contiguous block by recursively calling itself on neighboring cells that share the same symbol and have not been visited. This recursive method effectively aggregates the size of the block while ensuring that each cell is only counted once.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight perl"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;sub &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;largest_contiguous_block&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$matrix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;@_&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$rows&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;@$matrix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$cols&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;@&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$matrix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]};&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;@visited&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;map&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;x&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$cols&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;..&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$rows&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$max_size&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$r&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;..&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$rows&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$c&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;..&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$cols&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$symbol&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$matrix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;][&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;];&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$size&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;dfs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$matrix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;\&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;@visited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$symbol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$max_size&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$size&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$size&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$max_size&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$max_size&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;sub &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;dfs&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$matrix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$visited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$row&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$col&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$symbol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;@_&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$row&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;||&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$row&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;@$matrix&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;||&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$col&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;||&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$col&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;@&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$matrix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]}&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="o"&gt;||&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$visited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$row&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;][&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$col&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;||&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$matrix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$row&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;][&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$col&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;ne&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$symbol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$visited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$row&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;][&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$col&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$count&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$count&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;dfs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$matrix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$visited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$row&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$col&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$symbol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$count&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;dfs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$matrix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$visited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$row&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$col&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$symbol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$count&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;dfs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$matrix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$visited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$row&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$col&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$symbol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$count&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;dfs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$matrix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$visited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$row&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$col&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$symbol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$count&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h4&gt;
  
  
  Go Implementation
&lt;/h4&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The Go implementation mirrors this recursive DFS strategy. It similarly traverses the matrix and uses recursion to explore contiguous cells with the same symbol.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;package&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;main&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;largestContiguousBlock&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;matrix&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[][]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kt"&gt;rune&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;rows&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;matrix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;rows&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;cols&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;matrix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;])&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;visited&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;make&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;([][]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kt"&gt;bool&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;rows&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;range&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;visited&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;visited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;make&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;([]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kt"&gt;bool&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;cols&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;maxSize&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;r&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;r&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;rows&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;++&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;c&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;c&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;cols&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;++&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;symbol&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;matrix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;][&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;size&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;dfs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;matrix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;visited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;symbol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;size&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;maxSize&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="n"&gt;maxSize&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;size&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;maxSize&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;dfs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;matrix&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[][]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kt"&gt;rune&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;visited&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[][]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kt"&gt;bool&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;row&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;col&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;symbol&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;rune&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;row&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;||&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;row&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;matrix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;||&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;col&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;||&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;col&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;matrix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;])&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;||&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;visited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;row&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;][&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;col&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;||&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;matrix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;row&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;][&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;col&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;symbol&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;visited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;row&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;][&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;col&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;true&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;count&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;count&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;dfs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;matrix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;visited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;row&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;col&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;symbol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;count&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;dfs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;matrix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;visited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;row&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;col&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;symbol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;count&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;dfs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;matrix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;visited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;row&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;col&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;symbol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;count&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;dfs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;matrix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;visited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;row&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;col&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;symbol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;count&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Conclusion
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In this article, we explored two intriguing challenges from the Perl Weekly Challenge #288: finding the closest palindrome and determining the size of the largest contiguous block in a matrix.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;For the first task, both the Perl and Go implementations effectively utilized recursion to navigate around the original number, ensuring the closest palindrome was found efficiently.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In the second task, the recursive depth-first search approach in both languages allowed for a thorough exploration of the matrix, resulting in an accurate count of the largest contiguous block of identical symbols.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;These challenges highlight the versatility of recursion as a powerful tool in solving algorithmic problems, showcasing its effectiveness in both Perl and Go. If you're interested in further exploration or have any questions, feel free to reach out!&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;You can find the complete code, including tests, on &lt;a href="https://github.com/manwar/perlweeklychallenge-club/tree/master/challenge-288/aplgr" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;GitHub&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

</description>
      <category>perl</category>
      <category>go</category>
      <category>programming</category>
      <category>code</category>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exploring Password Strength and Number Validation in Perl and Go</title>
      <dc:creator>André Plöger</dc:creator>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Sep 2024 15:15:41 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://dev.to/aplgr/exploring-password-strength-and-number-validation-in-perl-and-go-529p</link>
      <guid>https://dev.to/aplgr/exploring-password-strength-and-number-validation-in-perl-and-go-529p</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;In this article, I will tackle two challenges from the &lt;a href="https://theweeklychallenge.org/blog/perl-weekly-challenge-287/" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Perl Weekly Challenge #287&lt;/a&gt;: strengthening weak passwords and validating numbers. I will provide solutions for both tasks, showcasing implementations in Perl and Go.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Table of Contents
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Strengthening Weak Passwords&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Validating Numbers&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Conclusion&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Strengthening Weak Passwords
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The first task is to determine the minimum number of changes needed to make a password strong. The criteria for a strong password are:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;It has at least 6 characters.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;It contains at least one lowercase letter, one uppercase letter, and one digit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;It does not contain three consecutive identical characters.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Examples
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Input: &lt;code&gt;"a"&lt;/code&gt; → Output: &lt;code&gt;5&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Input: &lt;code&gt;"aB2"&lt;/code&gt; → Output: &lt;code&gt;3&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Input: &lt;code&gt;"PaaSW0rd"&lt;/code&gt; → Output: &lt;code&gt;0&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Input: &lt;code&gt;"Paaasw0rd"&lt;/code&gt; → Output: &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Input: &lt;code&gt;"aaaaa"&lt;/code&gt; → Output: &lt;code&gt;2&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  The Solution
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;h4&gt;
  
  
  Perl Implementation
&lt;/h4&gt;



&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight perl"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="c1"&gt;#!/usr/bin/perl&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;use&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;strict&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;use&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;warnings&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;use&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;List::&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;Util&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;max&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;';&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Function to count groups of three or more repeating characters&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;sub &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;count_repeats&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;@_&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$repeats&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Find repeating characters and count the required changes&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;while&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$str&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=~&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sr"&gt;/(.)\1{2,}/g&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$repeats&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;length&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="vg"&gt;$&amp;amp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$repeats&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Function to calculate the minimum steps to create a strong password&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;sub &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;minimum_steps_to_strong_password&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;@_&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$length&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;length&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Check if the password contains the required character types&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$has_lower&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$str&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=~&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sr"&gt;/[a-z]/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$has_upper&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$str&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=~&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sr"&gt;/[A-Z]/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$has_digit&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$str&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=~&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sr"&gt;/\d/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Calculate the number of types needed&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$types_needed&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$has_lower&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$has_upper&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$has_digit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$repeats&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;count_repeats&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Return the minimum steps based on the length of the password&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$length&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;?&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;max&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;6&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$length&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$types_needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$types_needed&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$repeats&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;h4&gt;
  
  
  Tests for the Perl Implementation
&lt;/h4&gt;



&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight perl"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;use&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;strict&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;use&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;warnings&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;use&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;Test::&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;More&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="nb"&gt;require&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;./ch-1.pl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;";&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;@tests&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;["&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;",&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;],&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;["&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;aB2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;",&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;],&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;["&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;PaaSW0rd&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;",&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;],&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;["&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;Paaasw0rd&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;",&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;],&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;["&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;aaaaa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;",&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;],&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;foreach&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$test&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;@tests&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$input&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$expected&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;@$test&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$result&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;minimum_steps_to_strong_password&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$input&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="nv"&gt;is&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$result&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$expected&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;Input: '&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;$input&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;");&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="nv"&gt;done_testing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;();&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;h4&gt;
  
  
  Go Implementation
&lt;/h4&gt;



&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;package&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;main&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="s"&gt;"regexp"&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;countRepeats&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;password&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;repeats&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;count&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;password&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;++&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;password&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;password&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;count&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;++&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;else&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;repeats&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;count&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;count&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;repeats&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;count&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;repeats&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;minimumStepsToStrongPassword&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;password&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;length&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;password&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="c"&gt;// Use regex to check for character types&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;hasLower&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;regexp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;MustCompile&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;`[a-z]`&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;MatchString&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;password&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;hasUpper&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;regexp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;MustCompile&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;`[A-Z]`&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;MatchString&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;password&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;hasDigit&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;regexp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;MustCompile&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;`\d`&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;MatchString&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;password&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="c"&gt;// Calculate the number of types needed&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;typesNeeded&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;boolToInt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;hasLower&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;boolToInt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;hasUpper&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;boolToInt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;hasDigit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;repeats&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;countRepeats&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;password&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="c"&gt;// Return the minimum steps based on the length of the password&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;length&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;6&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;max&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;length&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;typesNeeded&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;typesNeeded&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;repeats&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;


&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;boolToInt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;b&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;bool&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;b&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;max&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;b&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;b&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;b&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;h4&gt;
  
  
  Tests for the Go Implementation
&lt;/h4&gt;



&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;package&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;main&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="s"&gt;"testing"&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;TestMinimumStepsToStrongPassword&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;t&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;testing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;T&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;tests&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;struct&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;password&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;expected&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"a"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;},&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"aB2"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;},&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"PaaSW0rd"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;},&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"Paaasw0rd"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;},&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"aaaaa"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;},&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;_&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;test&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;range&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;tests&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;result&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;minimumStepsToStrongPassword&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;test&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;password&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;result&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;test&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;expected&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Errorf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"For password '%s', expected %d but got %d"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;test&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;password&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;test&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;expected&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;result&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;






&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Validating Numbers
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The second task involves validating numbers. The goal is to determine whether a given string represents a valid number. The criteria for a valid number are:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;An integer optionally followed by exponential notation.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;A decimal number optionally followed by exponential notation.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;An integer may optionally have a sign (&lt;code&gt;-&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt;) followed by digits.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Examples
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Input: &lt;code&gt;"1"&lt;/code&gt; → Output: &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Input: &lt;code&gt;"a"&lt;/code&gt; → Output: &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Input: &lt;code&gt;"."&lt;/code&gt; → Output: &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Input: &lt;code&gt;"1.2e4.2"&lt;/code&gt; → Output: &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Input: &lt;code&gt;"-1."&lt;/code&gt; → Output: &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Input: &lt;code&gt;"+1E-8"&lt;/code&gt; → Output: &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Input: &lt;code&gt;".44"&lt;/code&gt; → Output: &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  The Solution
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;h4&gt;
  
  
  Perl Implementation
&lt;/h4&gt;



&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight perl"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="c1"&gt;#!/usr/bin/perl&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;use&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;strict&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;use&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;warnings&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;sub &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;is_valid_number&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;@_&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Regex for valid numbers&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$regex&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sx"&gt;qr{
        ^            # Start of the string
        [+-]?        # Optional sign
        (?:          # Start of the number group
            \d+      # Integer: at least one digit
            (?:      # Start of the optional decimal part
                \.   # Decimal point
                \d*  # Followed by zero or more digits
            )?       # Group is optional
            |        # or
            \.       # Just a decimal point
            \d+      # Followed by one or more digits
        )            # End of the number group
        (?:          # Start of the optional exponent group
            [eE]     # 'e' or 'E'
            [+-]?    # Optional sign
            \d+      # Followed by one or more digits
        )?           # Exponent is optional
        $            # End of the string
    }&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Return 1 for valid, 0 for invalid&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$str&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=~&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$regex&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;?&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;h4&gt;
  
  
  Tests for the Perl Implementation
&lt;/h4&gt;



&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight perl"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="c1"&gt;#!/usr/bin/perl&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;use&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;strict&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;use&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;warnings&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;use&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;Test::&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;More&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="nb"&gt;require&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;./ch-2.pl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;';&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Define test cases&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;@test_cases&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;["&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;",&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;Valid integer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;'],&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;["&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;",&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;Invalid input&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;'],&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;["&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;",&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;Single dot&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;'],&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;["&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;1.2e4.2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;",&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;Invalid exponent&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;'],&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;["&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;-1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;",&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;Valid decimal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;'],&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;["&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;+1E-8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;",&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;Valid scientific notation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;'],&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;["&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;.44&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;",&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;Valid decimal starting with dot&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;'],&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Loop through test cases and run tests&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;foreach&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$case&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;@test_cases&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;my&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$result&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;is_valid_number&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$case&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]);&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="nv"&gt;is&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nv"&gt;$result&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$case&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;],&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nv"&gt;$case&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]);&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="nv"&gt;done_testing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;();&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;h4&gt;
  
  
  Go Implementation
&lt;/h4&gt;



&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;package&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;main&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="s"&gt;"regexp"&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;// isValidNumber checks if the given string is a valid number.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;isValidNumber&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;bool&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;regex&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;`^[+-]?((\d+(\.\d*)?)|(\.\d+))([eE][+-]?\d+)?$`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;matched&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;_&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;regexp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;MatchString&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;regex&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;matched&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;h4&gt;
  
  
  Tests for the Go Implementation
&lt;/h4&gt;



&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;package&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;main&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="s"&gt;"testing"&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;TestIsValidNumber&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;t&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;testing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;T&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;testCases&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;struct&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;input&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;expected&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;bool&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"1"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;true&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;},&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"a"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;false&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;},&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;false&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;},&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"1.2e4.2"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;false&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;},&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"-1."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;true&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;},&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"+1E-8"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;true&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;},&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;".44"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;true&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;},&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;_&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;tc&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;range&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;testCases&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;result&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;isValidNumber&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;tc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;input&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;result&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;tc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;expected&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Errorf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"isValidNumber(%q) = %v; expected %v"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;tc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;input&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;result&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;tc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;expected&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Conclusion
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;These solutions provide effective methods for evaluating password strength and validating the correctness of numbers. The complete code for both tasks is available on &lt;a href="https://github.com/manwar/perlweeklychallenge-club/tree/master/challenge-287/aplgr" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;GitHub&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

</description>
      <category>perl</category>
      <category>go</category>
      <category>programming</category>
      <category>code</category>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>
