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    <title>DEV Community: bao001 xiao</title>
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      <title>How to Build an AI Training Data Pipeline with the Web to Markdown/JSON API</title>
      <dc:creator>bao001 xiao</dc:creator>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Aug 2026 06:52:23 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://dev.to/bao001_xiao_37db0a18ce6b2/how-to-build-an-ai-training-data-pipeline-with-the-web-to-markdownjson-api-2d3e</link>
      <guid>https://dev.to/bao001_xiao_37db0a18ce6b2/how-to-build-an-ai-training-data-pipeline-with-the-web-to-markdownjson-api-2d3e</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;Every AI engineer knows the bottleneck: &lt;strong&gt;getting clean, structured training data from the web&lt;/strong&gt;. Whether you're fine-tuning an LLM, building a RAG application, or curating a domain-specific dataset, extracting web content into usable formats is a constant headache. You deal with messy HTML, JavaScript-rendered pages, rate limits, and boilerplate that pollutes your training corpus.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Enter the &lt;a href="https://rapidapi.com/xiaobao882026/api/web-to-markdown-json-api" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Web to Markdown/JSON API&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; — a lightweight, no-nonsense service that converts any webpage into clean Markdown or structured JSON in a single API call. In this tutorial, I'll show you how to build a complete AI training data pipeline using it.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Why Your LLM Data Pipeline Needs This
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;When curating training data for language models, three things matter most:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Clean text&lt;/strong&gt; — No HTML tags, no nav bars, no cookie banners. Just the content.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Consistent format&lt;/strong&gt; — Every document in your pipeline should have the same structure.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Reproducibility&lt;/strong&gt; — You need to re-scrape sources when content updates.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The Web to Markdown/JSON API gives you all three. It strips away the cruft, normalizes the output, and the deterministic endpoint means the same URL always produces the same structure.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  The API at a Glance
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;div class="table-wrapper-paragraph"&gt;&lt;table&gt;
&lt;thead&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Detail&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Value&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Endpoint&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;POST https://web2md-api-production-d822.up.railway.app/extract&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Free Tier&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;50 requests/day&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;RapidAPI&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="https://rapidapi.com/xiaobao882026/api/web-to-markdown-json-api" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Web to Markdown/JSON API&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Request body:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight json"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt;
  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nl"&gt;"url"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer_(machine_learning_model)"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt;
  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nl"&gt;"format"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;"markdown"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt;
  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nl"&gt;"max_length"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;50000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Response (Markdown mode):&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight json"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt;
  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nl"&gt;"title"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;"Transformer (machine learning model)"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt;
  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nl"&gt;"content"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;"# Transformer (machine learning model)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="se"&gt;\n\n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;The **transformer** is a deep learning architecture..."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt;
  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nl"&gt;"url"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer_(machine_learning_model)"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt;
  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nl"&gt;"format"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;"markdown"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt;
  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nl"&gt;"length"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;28456&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Three format options: &lt;code&gt;markdown&lt;/code&gt; (headers, lists, code blocks intact), &lt;code&gt;json&lt;/code&gt; (structured with sections), and &lt;code&gt;text&lt;/code&gt; (plain, stripped-down).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Step 1: Building the Ingestion Pipeline
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Let's build a Python pipeline that fetches web pages, stores them as clean Markdown, and prepares them for fine-tuning. First, install dependencies:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight shell"&gt;&lt;code&gt;pip &lt;span class="nb"&gt;install &lt;/span&gt;requests tqdm datasets
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Now, the core ingestion script:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight python"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;requests&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;time&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;pathlib&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Path&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;typing&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Optional&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;API_URL&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;https://web2md-api-production-d822.up.railway.app/extract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;extract_webpage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;markdown&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;max_length&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;50000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Optional&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;dict&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]:&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"""&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Extract a single webpage into clean Markdown or JSON.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"""&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;resp&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;requests&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;post&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;API_URL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;format&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;max_length&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;max_length&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;},&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;timeout&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;resp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;status_code&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;200&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;resp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="nf"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Failed &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;resp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;status_code&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="bp"&gt;None&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;build_training_corpus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;urls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;list&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;],&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;output_dir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;./training_data&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="nb"&gt;format&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;markdown&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;delay&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;float&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mf"&gt;1.0&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;list&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;dict&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]:&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"""&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Ingest a list of URLs and save as clean documents.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"""&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;output_path&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nc"&gt;Path&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;output_dir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;output_path&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;mkdir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;parents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="bp"&gt;True&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;exist_ok&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="bp"&gt;True&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;documents&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[]&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;enumerate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;urls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;):&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="nf"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;urls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;] Extracting: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;80&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;result&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;extract_webpage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;format&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

        &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;result&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;and&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;result&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;get&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;):&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;doc&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;source&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;title&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;result&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;get&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;title&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;""&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;),&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;result&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;],&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;length&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;result&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;get&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;length&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;documents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;append&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;doc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

            &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Save individual file
&lt;/span&gt;            &lt;span class="n"&gt;safe_name&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;replace&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;https://&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;""&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;replace&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;_&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)[:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;120&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;ext&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;format&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;else&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;md&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;file_path&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;output_path&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;04&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;_&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;safe_name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;ext&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;file_path&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;write_text&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;result&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;],&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;encoding&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;utf-8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

        &lt;span class="n"&gt;time&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;sleep&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;delay&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Respect rate limits
&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Save manifest
&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;span class="n"&gt;manifest&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;total_documents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;documents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;),&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;total_chars&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;sum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;length&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;d&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;documents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;),&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;format&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;format&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;sources&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;source&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;d&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;documents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;output_path&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;manifest.json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;write_text&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;dumps&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;manifest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;indent&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="nf"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="se"&gt;\n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Done! &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;documents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt; documents saved to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;output_dir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;documents&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Example usage
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;__name__&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;__main__&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;urls&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_Is_All_You_Need&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.03762&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;https://huggingface.co/blog/llama2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;https://lilianweng.github.io/posts/2023-01-27-the-transformer-family-v2/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="nf"&gt;build_training_corpus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;urls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Run it and watch your &lt;code&gt;training_data/&lt;/code&gt; directory fill with clean, ready-to-use Markdown files — no HTML soup in sight.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Step 2: Preparing for LLM Fine-Tuning
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Now that we have clean documents, let's format them for fine-tuning with Hugging Face's &lt;code&gt;datasets&lt;/code&gt; library:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight python"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;datasets&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Dataset&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;pathlib&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Path&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;prepare_finetuning_dataset&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;input_dir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;./training_data&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;instruction_template&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="bp"&gt;None&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Dataset&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"""&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Convert ingested Markdown files into a HuggingFace Dataset for fine-tuning.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"""&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;instruction_template&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;is&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="bp"&gt;None&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;instruction_template&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;You are a knowledgeable AI assistant. Read the following document &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;and answer questions about it accurately.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="se"&gt;\n\n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Document:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="se"&gt;\n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;{content}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;records&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[]&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;md_file&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;sorted&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nc"&gt;Path&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;input_dir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;glob&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;*.md&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)):&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;md_file&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;read_text&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;encoding&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;utf-8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;records&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;append&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;({&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;source&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;md_file&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;instruction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;instruction_template&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;format&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;),&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;length&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;})&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Filter out very short or empty documents
&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;span class="n"&gt;records&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;r&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;r&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;records&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;length&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;500&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;dataset&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Dataset&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;from_list&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;records&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;dataset&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Load and inspect
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;dataset&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;prepare_finetuning_dataset&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;./training_data&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="nf"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Dataset size: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;dataset&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt; documents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="nf"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Total tokens (approx): &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;sum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;dataset&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;length&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;])&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;//&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Push to HuggingFace Hub (uncomment when ready)
# dataset.push_to_hub("your-username/your-domain-corpus")
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Step 3: Building a RAG Ingestion Pipeline
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;For Retrieval-Augmented Generation, the JSON format shines. Here's how to build a chunking pipeline:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight python"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;requests&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;langchain.text_splitter&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;ingest_for_rag&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;urls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;list&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;],&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;chunk_size&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;list&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;dict&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]:&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"""&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Fetch webpages as JSON and split into RAG-ready chunks.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"""&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;text_splitter&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nc"&gt;RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;chunk_size&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;chunk_size&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;chunk_overlap&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;200&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;separators&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="se"&gt;\n\n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="se"&gt;\n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;""&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;all_chunks&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[]&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;urls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;resp&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;requests&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;post&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;https://web2md-api-production-d822.up.railway.app/extract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;format&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;max_length&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;50000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;resp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;status_code&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;200&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="k"&gt;continue&lt;/span&gt;

        &lt;span class="n"&gt;data&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;resp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;data&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;

        &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# If JSON-format, content may be a dict with sections
&lt;/span&gt;        &lt;span class="n"&gt;text&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;isinstance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;else&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;dumps&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

        &lt;span class="n"&gt;chunks&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;text_splitter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;split_text&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;text&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;chunk&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;chunks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;all_chunks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;append&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;({&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;source&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;title&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;data&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;get&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;title&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;""&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;),&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;chunk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;chunk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;chunk_length&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;chunk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="p"&gt;})&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;all_chunks&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Each chunk is now ready to be embedded and stored in your vector database (Pinecone, Weaviate, ChromaDB, etc.).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Why Not Scrape It Yourself?
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;You could write your own scraper with BeautifulSoup and Trafilatura. But then you'd need to:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Handle JavaScript-rendered pages (headless browser overhead)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Deal with different site structures (no two websites use the same HTML)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Manage proxies and IP rotation for scale&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Maintain extraction logic as sites change their markup&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The API abstracts all of that. One endpoint. Predictable output. &lt;strong&gt;50 free requests per day&lt;/strong&gt; to test and prototype — more than enough for most experimentation.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Real-World Use Cases
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Here's how developers are already using this API:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="table-wrapper-paragraph"&gt;&lt;table&gt;
&lt;thead&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Use Case&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Format&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Why It Works&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Domain-specific LLM fine-tuning&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Markdown&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Clean docs without boilerplate improve training quality&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;RAG knowledge bases&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;JSON&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Structured sections make chunking smarter&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Competitive intelligence&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Text&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Monitor competitor pages with diffable plain text&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Academic research corpora&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Markdown&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ArXiv papers → readable training data&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Website change monitoring&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Text&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Compare extracted text to detect content updates&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Production Tips
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Batch responsibly&lt;/strong&gt;: The free tier gives you 50 requests/day. Space them out with &lt;code&gt;time.sleep(1)&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Validate URLs&lt;/strong&gt;: Pre-check that URLs return 200 before sending them to the API.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Deduplicate&lt;/strong&gt;: Hash your extracted content and skip near-duplicates (common across doc pages).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Store raw responses&lt;/strong&gt;: Always save the full API response — you might want to re-chunk later.
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight python"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;deduplicate_documents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;documents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;list&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;dict&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;])&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;list&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;dict&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]:&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"""&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Remove near-duplicate documents using content hashing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"""&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;hashlib&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;seen&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;set&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;unique&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[]&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;doc&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;documents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;h&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;hashlib&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;md5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;doc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;][:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;1000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;].&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;encode&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;hexdigest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;h&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;not&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;seen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;seen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;add&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;unique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;append&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;doc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;unique&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Getting Started
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Head to the &lt;a href="https://rapidapi.com/xiaobao882026/api/web-to-markdown-json-api" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;RapidAPI page&lt;/a&gt; and subscribe (free tier available).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Copy the endpoint: &lt;code&gt;https://web2md-api-production-d822.up.railway.app/extract&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Run the pipeline script above against your target URLs.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Build your dataset, embed your chunks, or feed it into your fine-tuning job.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The API handles the messy part of web data extraction so you can focus on what actually matters: &lt;strong&gt;training better models and shipping faster&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Got a cool use case? Drop a comment below — I'd love to see what datasets you're building!&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</description>
      <category>webdev</category>
      <category>api</category>
      <category>tutorial</category>
      <category>python</category>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How to Build an AI Training Data Pipeline with the Web to Markdown/JSON API</title>
      <dc:creator>bao001 xiao</dc:creator>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jul 2026 12:45:44 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://dev.to/bao001_xiao_37db0a18ce6b2/how-to-build-an-ai-training-data-pipeline-with-the-web-to-markdownjson-api-2l4f</link>
      <guid>https://dev.to/bao001_xiao_37db0a18ce6b2/how-to-build-an-ai-training-data-pipeline-with-the-web-to-markdownjson-api-2l4f</guid>
      <description>&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Introduction
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Building high-quality training datasets for Large Language Models (LLMs) and other AI systems is one of the hardest unsolved problems in machine learning. The web is the largest corpus of human knowledge ever assembled — but turning raw HTML into clean, structured training data? That's where most pipelines break down.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Enter the &lt;strong&gt;Web to Markdown/JSON API&lt;/strong&gt;: a zero-configuration service that converts any webpage into pristine Markdown or structured JSON in a single HTTP request. No headless browsers, no BeautifulSoup regex nightmares, no DOM traversal. Just clean content.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In this tutorial, you'll build a complete &lt;strong&gt;AI training data pipeline&lt;/strong&gt; that:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Crawls a list of seed URLs and extracts clean text at scale&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Deduplicates and normalizes content across sources&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Outputs data in formats ready for fine-tuning (JSONL for OpenAI, Parquet for Hugging Face)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Respects rate limits and robots.txt&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;By the end, you'll have a reusable pipeline you can point at any domain to harvest clean training data.&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  The API at a Glance
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Endpoint:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;POST https://web2md-api-production-d822.up.railway.app/extract&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Request body:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight json"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt;
  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nl"&gt;"url"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;"https://example.com"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt;
  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nl"&gt;"format"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;"markdown"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt;
  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nl"&gt;"max_length"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;50000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Formats supported:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;code&gt;markdown&lt;/code&gt; — Clean, readable Markdown with headers, lists, and code blocks preserved&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;code&gt;json&lt;/code&gt; — Structured JSON with title, content, and metadata separated&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;code&gt;text&lt;/code&gt; — Plain text with all markup stripped&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Free tier:&lt;/strong&gt; 50 requests/day&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;RapidAPI:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href="https://rapidapi.com/xiaobao882026/api/web-to-markdown-json-api" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;web-to-markdown-json-api&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;json&lt;/code&gt; format is particularly valuable for training pipelines — it separates metadata from content, making it easy to filter, tag, and structure your dataset.&lt;/p&gt;


&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Step 1: Setting Up the Pipeline Skeleton
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Create a project structure:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight shell"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;mkdir &lt;/span&gt;ai-data-pipeline &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;amp;&amp;amp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;cd &lt;/span&gt;ai-data-pipeline
&lt;span class="nb"&gt;mkdir&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nt"&gt;-p&lt;/span&gt; data/&lt;span class="o"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;raw,deduped,output&lt;span class="o"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="nb"&gt;touch &lt;/span&gt;pipeline.py config.py
pip &lt;span class="nb"&gt;install &lt;/span&gt;requests tqdm xxhash
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Here's our configuration (&lt;code&gt;config.py&lt;/code&gt;):&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight python"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="c1"&gt;# config.py
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;os&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;API_ENDPOINT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;https://web2md-api-production-d822.up.railway.app/extract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;RAPIDAPI_KEY&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;os&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;getenv&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;RAPIDAPI_KEY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;""&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;RAPIDAPI_HOST&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;web-to-markdown-json-api.p.rapidapi.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Pipeline settings
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;MAX_LENGTH&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;50000&lt;/span&gt;          &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Max chars per extraction
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;MIN_CONTENT_LENGTH&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;200&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Skip pages with less content than this
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;RETRIES&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;                 &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Retry on failure
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;REQUEST_DELAY&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mf"&gt;1.5&lt;/span&gt;         &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Seconds between requests (be polite!)
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;OUTPUT_FORMAT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;jsonl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# jsonl or parquet
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Seed URLs — replace with your target domain list
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;SEED_URLS&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;https://realpython.com/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;






&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Step 2: The Core Extractor
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;This is where the Web to Markdown/JSON API shines. Instead of wrestling with HTML parsers, we get clean structured data in one call:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight python"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="c1"&gt;# pipeline.py
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;time&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;hashlib&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;pathlib&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Path&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;datetime&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;datetime&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;requests&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;tqdm&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;tqdm&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;config&lt;/span&gt;


&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;extract_url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;format&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;dict&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;|&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="bp"&gt;None&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"""&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;
    Extract clean content from a URL using the Web to Markdown/JSON API.
    Returns parsed JSON or None on failure.
    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"""&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;attempt&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;range&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;config&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;RETRIES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;):&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;try&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Direct endpoint (free tier, no API key needed for 50/day)
&lt;/span&gt;            &lt;span class="n"&gt;resp&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;requests&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;post&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="n"&gt;config&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;API_ENDPOINT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="n"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
                    &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
                    &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;format&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;format&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
                    &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;max_length&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;config&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;MAX_LENGTH&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="p"&gt;},&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="n"&gt;timeout&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="n"&gt;headers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Content-Type&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;application/json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;resp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;raise_for_status&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;data&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;resp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;

            &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Enrich with pipeline metadata
&lt;/span&gt;            &lt;span class="n"&gt;data&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;_pipeline&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;source_url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;extracted_at&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;datetime&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;utcnow&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;().&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;isoformat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(),&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;content_hash&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;hashlib&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;sha256&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
                    &lt;span class="n"&gt;data&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;get&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;""&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;encode&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="p"&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;hexdigest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(),&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;content_length&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;data&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;get&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;""&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;data&lt;/span&gt;

        &lt;span class="k"&gt;except&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;requests&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;exceptions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;RequestException&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;as&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;attempt&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;config&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;RETRIES&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="n"&gt;wait&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;**&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;attempt&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Exponential backoff
&lt;/span&gt;                &lt;span class="nf"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;  Retry &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;attempt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;config&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;RETRIES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt; for &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="n"&gt;time&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;sleep&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;wait&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="k"&gt;else&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="nf"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;  Failed to extract &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="bp"&gt;None&lt;/span&gt;


&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;run_extraction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;urls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;list&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;],&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;output_dir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;data/raw&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"""&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Extract content from URLs and save individual JSON files.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"""&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;output_path&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nc"&gt;Path&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;output_dir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;output_path&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;mkdir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;parents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="bp"&gt;True&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;exist_ok&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="bp"&gt;True&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;successful&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;tqdm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;urls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;desc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Extracting&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;):&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;data&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;extract_url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;format&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

        &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;data&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;and&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;data&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;_pipeline&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;][&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;content_length&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;config&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;MIN_CONTENT_LENGTH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;fname&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;data&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;_pipeline&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;][&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;content_hash&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;][&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;.json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="k"&gt;with&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;open&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;output_path&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;fname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;as&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="n"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;dump&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;data&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;ensure_ascii&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="bp"&gt;False&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;indent&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;successful&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;

        &lt;span class="n"&gt;time&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;sleep&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;config&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;REQUEST_DELAY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="nf"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Extracted &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;successful&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;urls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt; pages successfully&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;successful&lt;/span&gt;


&lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;__name__&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;__main__&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="nf"&gt;run_extraction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;config&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;SEED_URLS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Run it:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight shell"&gt;&lt;code&gt;python pipeline.py
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Output:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight plaintext"&gt;&lt;code&gt;Extracting: 100%|████████████| 3/3 [00:12&amp;lt;00:00,  4.12s/it]
Extracted 3/3 pages successfully
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Each extracted page lands in &lt;code&gt;data/raw/&lt;/code&gt; as a clean JSON file with structured content and pipeline metadata.&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Step 3: Deduplication and Quality Filtering
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Real-world crawls produce duplicates. Two URLs might point to the same content, or pages might be near-identical boilerplate. Here's a dedup module using MinHash:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight python"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="c1"&gt;# dedup.py
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;xxhash&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;pathlib&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Path&lt;/span&gt;


&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;compute_minhash&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;text&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;shingle_size&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;num_hashes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;128&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;list&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]:&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"""&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Compute MinHash signature for near-duplicate detection.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"""&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;words&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;text&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;lower&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;().&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;split&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;words&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;shingle_size&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;num_hashes&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;shingles&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;join&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;words&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;shingle_size&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;])&lt;/span&gt; 
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;range&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;words&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;shingle_size&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;signatures&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[]&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;seed&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;range&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;num_hashes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;):&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;min_hash&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;xxhash&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;xxh32&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;shingle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;seed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;seed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;intdigest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; 
            &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;shingle&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;shingles&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;signatures&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;append&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;min_hash&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;signatures&lt;/span&gt;


&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;estimate_jaccard&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;sig1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;list&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;],&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;sig2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;list&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;])&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;float&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"""&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Estimate Jaccard similarity from two MinHash signatures.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"""&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;matches&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;sum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;b&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;zip&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;sig1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;sig2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;b&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;matches&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;sig1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;


&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;deduplicate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;raw_dir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;data/raw&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;threshold&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;float&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mf"&gt;0.85&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;list&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Path&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]:&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"""&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Remove near-duplicate documents. Returns paths to keep.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"""&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;raw&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nc"&gt;Path&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;raw_dir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;docs&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[]&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;fpath&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;sorted&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;raw&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;glob&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;*.json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)):&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;with&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;open&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;fpath&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;as&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;doc&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;load&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;text&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;doc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;get&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;""&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;sig&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;compute_minhash&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;text&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;docs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;append&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;((&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;fpath&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;doc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;sig&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;keep&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[]&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;discarded&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;fpath_i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;doc_i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;sig_i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;enumerate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;docs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;):&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;is_dup&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="bp"&gt;False&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;_&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;_&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;sig_j&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;keep&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;estimate_jaccard&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;sig_i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;sig_j&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;threshold&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="n"&gt;is_dup&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="bp"&gt;True&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="k"&gt;break&lt;/span&gt;

        &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;is_dup&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;discarded&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;else&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;keep&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;append&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;((&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;fpath_i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;doc_i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;sig_i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="nf"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Dedup: kept &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;keep&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;, removed &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;discarded&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt; near-duplicates&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;item&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;item&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;keep&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;


&lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;__name__&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;__main__&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;kept&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;deduplicate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="nf"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Final dataset size: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;kept&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt; documents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;






&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Step 4: Exporting to Training Formats
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Different fine-tuning frameworks expect different formats. Here's how to export for the two most common targets:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  OpenAI Fine-Tuning (JSONL)
&lt;/h3&gt;



&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight python"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="c1"&gt;# export.py
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;pathlib&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Path&lt;/span&gt;


&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;export_openai_jsonl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;input_dir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;data/raw&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;output_file&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;data/output/training_data.jsonl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;system_prompt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;You are a helpful assistant.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;):&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"""&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Convert extracted documents to OpenAI chat-format JSONL.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"""&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;output_path&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nc"&gt;Path&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;output_file&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;output_path&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;parent&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;mkdir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;parents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="bp"&gt;True&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;exist_ok&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="bp"&gt;True&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;count&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;with&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;open&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;output_path&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;as&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;out&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;fpath&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;sorted&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nc"&gt;Path&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;input_dir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;glob&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;*.json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)):&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="k"&gt;with&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;open&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;fpath&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;as&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="n"&gt;doc&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;load&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

            &lt;span class="n"&gt;title&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;doc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;get&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;title&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Untitled&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;doc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;get&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;""&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

            &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;100&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="k"&gt;continue&lt;/span&gt;

            &lt;span class="n"&gt;excerpt&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;4000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;

            &lt;span class="n"&gt;record&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;messages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;
                    &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;role&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;system_prompt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;},&lt;/span&gt;
                    &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;role&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Explain this about &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;title&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="se"&gt;\n\n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;excerpt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;},&lt;/span&gt;
                    &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;role&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;assistant&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Summary of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;title&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="se"&gt;\n\n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;excerpt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

            &lt;span class="n"&gt;out&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;write&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;dumps&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;record&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="se"&gt;\n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;count&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="nf"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Exported &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;count&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt; records to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;output_file&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;count&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Hugging Face Datasets (Parquet)
&lt;/h3&gt;



&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight python"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;export_parquet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;input_dir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;data/raw&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;output_file&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;data/output/dataset.parquet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;):&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"""&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Export extracted data as a Parquet file for Hugging Face datasets.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"""&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;try&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;pandas&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;as&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;pd&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;except&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;ImportError&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="nf"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Install pandas and pyarrow: pip install pandas pyarrow&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;records&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[]&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;fpath&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;sorted&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nc"&gt;Path&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;input_dir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;glob&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;*.json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)):&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;with&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;open&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;fpath&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;as&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;doc&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;load&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

        &lt;span class="n"&gt;records&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;append&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;({&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;doc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;_pipeline&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;][&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;source_url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;],&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;title&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;doc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;get&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;title&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;""&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;),&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;doc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;get&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;""&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;),&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;content_hash&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;doc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;_pipeline&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;][&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;content_hash&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;],&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;content_length&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;doc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;_pipeline&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;][&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;content_length&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;],&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;extracted_at&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;doc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;_pipeline&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;][&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;extracted_at&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;],&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;})&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;df&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;pd&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nc"&gt;DataFrame&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;records&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;df&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;to_parquet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;output_file&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;index&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="bp"&gt;False&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="nf"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Exported &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;df&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt; records to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;output_file&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;






&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Step 5: Scaling Up with Sitemaps
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;For real datasets, you need more than a handful of seed URLs. Here's a sitemap-powered crawler:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight python"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="c1"&gt;# crawler.py
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;xml.etree.ElementTree&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;as&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;ET&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;requests&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;pipeline&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;extract_url&lt;/span&gt;


&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;fetch_sitemap_urls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;sitemap_url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;list&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]:&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"""&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Parse a sitemap.xml and return all URLs.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"""&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;resp&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;requests&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;get&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;sitemap_url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;timeout&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;resp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;raise_for_status&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;root&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;ET&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;fromstring&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;resp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;ns&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;sm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Handle sitemap index files
&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;span class="n"&gt;sitemap_refs&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;root&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;findall&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;sm:sitemap/sm:loc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;ns&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;sitemap_refs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;all_urls&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[]&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;ref&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;sitemap_refs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;all_urls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;extend&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;fetch_sitemap_urls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;ref&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;text&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;all_urls&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Regular sitemap
&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;span class="n"&gt;urls&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;loc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;text&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;loc&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;root&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;findall&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;sm:url/sm:loc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;ns&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)]&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;urls&lt;/span&gt;


&lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;__name__&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;__main__&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;urls&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;fetch_sitemap_urls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;https://docs.python.org/3/sitemap.xml&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="nf"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Found &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;urls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt; URLs in sitemap&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;






&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Step 6: Full Pipeline Orchestration
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Tie everything together with a main orchestration script:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight python"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="c1"&gt;# run_pipeline.py
#!/usr/bin/env python3
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"""&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;
Full AI training data pipeline using Web to Markdown/JSON API.

Usage:
    python run_pipeline.py --urls urls.txt --format jsonl
    python run_pipeline.py --sitemap https://docs.python.org/3/sitemap.xml
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"""&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;argparse&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;pathlib&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Path&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;pipeline&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;run_extraction&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;dedup&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;deduplicate&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;export&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;export_openai_jsonl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;export_parquet&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;crawler&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;fetch_sitemap_urls&lt;/span&gt;


&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;main&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;():&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;parser&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;argparse&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nc"&gt;ArgumentParser&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;description&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;AI Training Data Pipeline&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;group&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;parser&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;add_mutually_exclusive_group&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;required&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="bp"&gt;True&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;group&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;add_argument&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;--urls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;help&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;File with one URL per line&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;group&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;add_argument&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;--sitemap&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;help&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Sitemap URL to crawl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;parser&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;add_argument&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;--format&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;choices&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;jsonl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;parquet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;],&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;default&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;jsonl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;parser&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;add_argument&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;--max-pages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;type&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;default&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;100&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;parser&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;add_argument&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;--output&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;default&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;data/output/training_data&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;args&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;parser&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;parse_args&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Step 1: Collect URLs
&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;args&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;urls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;with&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;open&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;args&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;urls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;as&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;urls&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;line&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;strip&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;line&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;line&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;strip&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()]&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;else&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;urls&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;fetch_sitemap_urls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;args&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;sitemap&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;urls&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;urls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;args&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;max_pages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="nf"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Collected &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;urls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt; URLs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Step 2: Extract content
&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;span class="n"&gt;extracted&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;run_extraction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;urls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;extracted&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="nf"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;No pages extracted. Exiting.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Step 3: Deduplicate
&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;span class="n"&gt;kept&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;deduplicate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Step 4: Export
&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;args&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;format&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;jsonl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="nf"&gt;export_openai_jsonl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;output_file&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;args&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;output&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;.jsonl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;else&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="nf"&gt;export_parquet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;output_file&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;args&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;output&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;.parquet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="nf"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Pipeline complete! Output: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;args&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;output&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;args&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;format&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;


&lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;__name__&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;__main__&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="nf"&gt;main&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Run the full pipeline:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight shell"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="c"&gt;# From a URL list&lt;/span&gt;
python run_pipeline.py &lt;span class="nt"&gt;--urls&lt;/span&gt; seed_urls.txt &lt;span class="nt"&gt;--format&lt;/span&gt; jsonl &lt;span class="nt"&gt;--max-pages&lt;/span&gt; 50

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# From a sitemap&lt;/span&gt;
python run_pipeline.py &lt;span class="nt"&gt;--sitemap&lt;/span&gt; https://docs.python.org/3/sitemap.xml &lt;span class="nt"&gt;--format&lt;/span&gt; parquet
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;






&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Why This API Over Traditional Scraping?
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Here is a quick comparison of approaches for AI training data extraction:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="table-wrapper-paragraph"&gt;&lt;table&gt;
&lt;thead&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Approach&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Setup Time&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Maintainability&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Content Quality&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Cost&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;BeautifulSoup + requests&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Hours per site&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Brittle&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Manual cleaning needed&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Free&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Playwright/Selenium&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Hours&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Moderate&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Good but includes boilerplate&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Free (compute)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Scrapy spiders&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Hours per site&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Better but needs XPath/CSS&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Variable&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Free&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Web to Markdown/JSON API&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Minutes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Excellent&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Excellent — clean output&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Free (50/day)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The API eliminates the entire HTML-to-clean-text pipeline, which is typically 60-70% of the engineering effort in building a training dataset from web content.&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Best Practices
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Respect robots.txt&lt;/strong&gt;: Always check a site's robots.txt before crawling at scale.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rate limit aggressively&lt;/strong&gt;: The free tier gives you 50 requests/day. Space them out.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Filter aggressively&lt;/strong&gt;: Not all web content is training-worthy. Set &lt;code&gt;MIN_CONTENT_LENGTH&lt;/code&gt; high (500+ chars) and consider language detection.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Deduplicate ruthlessly&lt;/strong&gt;: The web is full of mirrors and syndicated content. MinHash + content hashing catches most duplicates.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Version your datasets&lt;/strong&gt;: Tag each export with a timestamp and source domain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Use JSON format for pipelines&lt;/strong&gt;: The &lt;code&gt;json&lt;/code&gt; format separates metadata from content — essential for filtering, tagging, and structuring.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Going Further
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Add language detection&lt;/strong&gt; with &lt;code&gt;fasttext&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;langdetect&lt;/code&gt; for multilingual datasets&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Integrate with Hugging Face Datasets&lt;/strong&gt; via &lt;code&gt;datasets.Dataset.from_parquet()&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Add quality scoring&lt;/strong&gt; using textstat readability metrics or perplexity filtering&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Schedule with cron/APScheduler&lt;/strong&gt; for continuous dataset updates&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Use RapidAPI integration&lt;/strong&gt; for higher rate limits: &lt;a href="https://rapidapi.com/xiaobao882026/api/web-to-markdown-json-api" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;web-to-markdown-json-api on RapidAPI&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Conclusion
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The Web to Markdown/JSON API turns the hardest part of AI data pipeline engineering — extracting clean content from the chaotic web — into a single API call. Combined with the deduplication and export modules we built above, you have a production-ready pipeline that can feed clean training data into any fine-tuning workflow.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;API Endpoint:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;POST https://web2md-api-production-d822.up.railway.app/extract&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Free Tier:&lt;/strong&gt; 50 requests/day — more than enough to prototype and test your pipeline.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Try it out, build your dataset, and ship that fine-tuned model.&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Questions or feedback? Drop a comment below!&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</description>
      <category>webdev</category>
      <category>api</category>
      <category>tutorial</category>
      <category>python</category>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How to Monitor Website Changes with the Web to Markdown/JSON API</title>
      <dc:creator>bao001 xiao</dc:creator>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Jul 2026 12:11:23 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://dev.to/bao001_xiao_37db0a18ce6b2/how-to-monitor-website-changes-with-the-web-to-markdownjson-api-3ekm</link>
      <guid>https://dev.to/bao001_xiao_37db0a18ce6b2/how-to-monitor-website-changes-with-the-web-to-markdownjson-api-3ekm</guid>
      <description>&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Introduction
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Keeping track of changes on websites—whether it's competitor pricing, job listings, government policy updates, or product release notes—is a common need for developers and businesses alike. But writing a full-blown web scraper from scratch for every site you want to monitor? That's brittle, time-consuming, and often breaks the moment the target site tweaks its layout.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Enter the &lt;strong&gt;Web to Markdown/JSON API&lt;/strong&gt;: a simple, powerful API that converts any webpage into clean, structured Markdown or JSON in a single request. It handles all the messy HTML parsing, boilerplate stripping, and formatting so you can focus on what actually matters—detecting changes and acting on them.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In this tutorial, you'll build a &lt;strong&gt;website change monitor&lt;/strong&gt; in Python that:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Fetches any web page as clean Markdown via the API&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Compares snapshots over time to detect meaningful changes&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Sends email alerts when something important shifts&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Runs on a cron schedule for fully automated monitoring&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Let's dive in.&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  The API at a Glance
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Endpoint:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;POST https://web2md-api-production-d822.up.railway.app/extract&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Request body:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight json"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt;
  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nl"&gt;"url"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;"https://example.com"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt;
  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nl"&gt;"format"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;"markdown"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt;
  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nl"&gt;"max_length"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;50000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Formats supported:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;markdown&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;json&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;text&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Free tier:&lt;/strong&gt; 50 requests per day&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;RapidAPI page:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href="https://rapidapi.com/xiaobao882026/api/web-to-markdown-json-api" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;web-to-markdown-json-api&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;This API does one thing and does it well: give it a URL, and it returns the page's meaningful content stripped of navigation, ads, and scripting cruft. Exactly what you need for change detection—no BeautifulSoup or regex wrestling required.&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Step 1: Fetching a Page Snapshot
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Create a file called &lt;code&gt;monitor.py&lt;/code&gt;. We'll start with a function that takes a URL and returns the clean Markdown content:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight python"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;requests&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;API_ENDPOINT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;https://web2md-api-production-d822.up.railway.app/extract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;fetch_snapshot&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;format&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;markdown&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;max_length&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;50000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;resp&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;requests&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;post&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;API_ENDPOINT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;format&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;format&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;max_length&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;max_length&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;},&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;timeout&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;resp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;raise_for_status&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;data&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;resp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;data&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;get&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;markdown&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;or&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;data&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;get&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;""&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Quick test
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;__name__&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;__main__&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;fetch_snapshot&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;https://example.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="nf"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;500&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;])&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="nf"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="se"&gt;\n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;--- Total length: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt; characters&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Run it and you'll see clean, readable Markdown instead of raw HTML—a huge win before we even start the monitoring logic.&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Step 2: Storing and Comparing Snapshots
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;To detect changes, we need to store previous snapshots and compare them against new ones. We'll use a simple JSON file as our snapshot database:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight python"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;hashlib&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;os&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;datetime&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;datetime&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;SNAPSHOT_FILE&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;snapshots.json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;load_snapshots&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;dict&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;os&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;path&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;exists&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;SNAPSHOT_FILE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;):&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;with&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;open&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;SNAPSHOT_FILE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;as&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;load&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;save_snapshots&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;snapshots&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;dict&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;):&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;with&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;open&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;SNAPSHOT_FILE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;as&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;dump&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;snapshots&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;indent&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;default&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;compute_hash&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;hashlib&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;sha256&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;encode&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;utf-8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;hexdigest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;compare_snapshot&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;new_content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;):&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;snapshots&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;load_snapshots&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;new_hash&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;compute_hash&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;new_content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;not&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;snapshots&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;snapshots&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;hash&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;new_hash&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;timestamp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;datetime&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;now&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;().&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;isoformat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(),&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;length&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;new_content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="nf"&gt;save_snapshots&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;snapshots&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="bp"&gt;None&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Baseline established
&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;old&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;snapshots&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;old&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;hash&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;new_hash&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="bp"&gt;None&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# No change
&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;length_delta&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;new_content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;old&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;get&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;length&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;snapshots&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;hash&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;new_hash&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;timestamp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;datetime&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;now&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;().&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;isoformat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(),&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;length&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;new_content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="nf"&gt;save_snapshots&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;snapshots&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;previous_checked&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;old&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;timestamp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;],&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;length_delta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;length_delta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;length_delta_pct&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;round&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;length_delta&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;old&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;length&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;])&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;100&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;old&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;length&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;else&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;This gives us hash-based equality checks (fast and reliable) plus a quick size-delta metric.&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Step 3: Detecting Meaningful Changes
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Not all changes matter. A page might change its timestamp, or a random ad insertion could shift content slightly. Let's add smart thresholds:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight python"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;CHANGE_THRESHOLD&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mf"&gt;0.02&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# 2% content change before we alert
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;detect_meaningful_change&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;new_content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;):&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;diff&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;compare_snapshot&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;new_content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;diff&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;is&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="bp"&gt;None&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="bp"&gt;None&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;abs_pct&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;abs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;diff&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;length_delta_pct&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;])&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;abs_pct&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;CHANGE_THRESHOLD&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;100&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="nf"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Change too small (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;abs_pct&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;%), skipping alert for &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="bp"&gt;None&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;diff&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Tune &lt;code&gt;CHANGE_THRESHOLD&lt;/code&gt; per URL—higher for noisy pages, lower for pages where every word counts.&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Step 4: Sending Email Alerts
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;When a meaningful change is detected, fire off an email using Python's built-in &lt;code&gt;smtplib&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight python"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;smtplib&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;email.mime.text&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;MIMEText&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;SMTP_HOST&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;smtp.gmail.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;SMTP_PORT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;587&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;SMTP_USER&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;alerts@yourdomain.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;SMTP_PASS&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;your-app-password&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;ALERT_EMAIL&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;you@yourdomain.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;send_alert&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;change&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;dict&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;):&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;subject&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Web Change Detected: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;change&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;body&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;A change was detected on a monitored page.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="se"&gt;\n\n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;URL: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;change&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="se"&gt;\n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Last checked: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;change&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;previous_checked&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="se"&gt;\n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Size change: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;change&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;length_delta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt; chars &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;change&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;length_delta_pct&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;%)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="se"&gt;\n\n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;See: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;change&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="se"&gt;\n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;msg&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nc"&gt;MIMEText&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;body&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;msg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Subject&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;subject&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;msg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;From&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;SMTP_USER&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;msg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;To&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;ALERT_EMAIL&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;with&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;smtplib&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nc"&gt;SMTP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;SMTP_HOST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;SMTP_PORT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;as&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;server&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;server&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;starttls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;server&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;login&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;SMTP_USER&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;SMTP_PASS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;server&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;send_message&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;msg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="nf"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Alert sent for &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;change&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;






&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Step 5: Putting It All Together
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The main monitoring loop—feed it a list of URLs and it checks them all:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight python"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;time&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;MONITORED_URLS&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;https://example.com/pricing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;https://example.com/changelog&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;https://example.com/jobs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;run_monitor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;urls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;list&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]):&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="nf"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Starting monitor for &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;urls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt; URLs &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;at &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;datetime&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;now&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;().&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;isoformat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;urls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;try&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="nf"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Checking: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;fetch_snapshot&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;change&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;detect_meaningful_change&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

            &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;change&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="nf"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
                    &lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;  -&amp;gt; CHANGE DETECTED! &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;
                    &lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Size delta: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;change&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;length_delta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt; chars&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# send_alert(change)  # Uncomment when SMTP configured
&lt;/span&gt;            &lt;span class="k"&gt;else&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="nf"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;  -&amp;gt; No meaningful change&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

            &lt;span class="n"&gt;time&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;sleep&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Respect free tier limits
&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;except&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;Exception&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;as&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="nf"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sa"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;  -&amp;gt; ERROR for &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="si"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="nf"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;Monitor run complete.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;__name__&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;__main__&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="nf"&gt;run_monitor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;MONITORED_URLS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;






&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Step 6: Scheduling with Cron
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Once working, schedule it to run daily:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight shell"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="c"&gt;# Every day at 8 AM&lt;/span&gt;
0 8 &lt;span class="k"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;cd&lt;/span&gt; /path/to/project &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;amp;&amp;amp;&lt;/span&gt; python3 monitor.py &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; monitor.log 2&amp;gt;&amp;amp;1

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# Every 6 hours for fast-moving pages&lt;/span&gt;
0 &lt;span class="k"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;/6 &lt;span class="k"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;cd&lt;/span&gt; /path/to/project &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;amp;&amp;amp;&lt;/span&gt; python3 monitor.py &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; monitor.log 2&amp;gt;&amp;amp;1
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;With the free tier (50 requests/day), monitor 40-45 URLs daily with a safety buffer.&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Advanced Ideas
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  1. Diff Highlighting
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Store full Markdown content and use &lt;code&gt;difflib&lt;/code&gt; for human-readable diffs:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight python"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;difflib&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;generate_diff&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;old&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;new&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="se"&gt;\n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;join&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;difflib&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;unified_diff&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;old&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;splitlines&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(),&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;new&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;splitlines&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(),&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;lineterm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;""&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  2. Per-URL Thresholds
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Some pages change frequently, others rarely:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight python"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;URL_CONFIG&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;https://example.com/news&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;threshold&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mf"&gt;0.10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;},&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;https://example.com/terms&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;threshold&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mf"&gt;0.01&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;},&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  3. JSON Format for Structured Data
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Switch &lt;code&gt;format&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;"json"&lt;/code&gt; when monitoring structured fields:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight python"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;resp&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;requests&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;post&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;API_ENDPOINT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;https://example.com/product/123&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;format&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;max_length&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;20000&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="c1"&gt;# resp.json() returns structured data with title, content, metadata
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  4. LLM-Powered Summaries
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Pipe the Markdown diff into an LLM and ask for a one-paragraph summary of what changed. Turns raw deltas into actionable intelligence.&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Why This API Over DIY Scraping?
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;div class="table-wrapper-paragraph"&gt;&lt;table&gt;
&lt;thead&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Aspect&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Web to Markdown/JSON API&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;DIY Scraping&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Setup time&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1 API call&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Hours of BeautifulSoup + custom parsing&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Maintenance&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Handled by the API&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;You fix it every site redesign&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Content quality&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Clean Markdown, boilerplate stripped&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Raw HTML to parse yourself&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Multiple formats&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Markdown, JSON, plain text&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;You implement each&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rate limiting&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Free tier included&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;You write retry logic&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Wrapping Up
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;With under 100 lines of Python and the Web to Markdown/JSON API, you have a fully automated website change monitor that:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Fetches clean, readable content from any URL&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Compares snapshots and detects meaningful changes&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Alerts by email when something shifts&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Runs on autopilot via cron&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;This pattern is production-ready for monitoring competitor pricing, government notices, job boards, documentation updates, and anything else on the web that matters.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Try It Now
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Grab a key on &lt;a href="https://rapidapi.com/xiaobao882026/api/web-to-markdown-json-api" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;RapidAPI&lt;/a&gt; or hit the endpoint directly:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight shell"&gt;&lt;code&gt;curl &lt;span class="nt"&gt;-X&lt;/span&gt; POST https://web2md-api-production-d822.up.railway.app/extract &lt;span class="se"&gt;\&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="nt"&gt;-H&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"Content-Type: application/json"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="se"&gt;\&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="nt"&gt;-d&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s1"&gt;'{"url": "https://example.com", "format": "markdown", "max_length": 50000}'&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;The first 50 requests each day are free. Go build something useful!&lt;/p&gt;

</description>
      <category>webdev</category>
      <category>api</category>
      <category>tutorial</category>
      <category>python</category>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How to Extract Clean Content From Any URL in 3 Lines of Python</title>
      <dc:creator>bao001 xiao</dc:creator>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jul 2026 13:45:16 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://dev.to/bao001_xiao_37db0a18ce6b2/how-to-extract-clean-content-from-any-url-in-3-lines-of-python-16bc</link>
      <guid>https://dev.to/bao001_xiao_37db0a18ce6b2/how-to-extract-clean-content-from-any-url-in-3-lines-of-python-16bc</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;Have you ever needed to grab the actual content from a web page — without all the ads, nav bars, and JavaScript junk?&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Whether you're building an AI training pipeline, a reading app, or a data scraper, extracting clean text from arbitrary URLs is a universal pain point.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Here's the fastest way I've found.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  The Problem
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Most websites are 70% boilerplate. Headers, footers, sidebars, cookie banners, popups. If you just use &lt;code&gt;requests.get()&lt;/code&gt; and parse the HTML, you get garbage:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight python"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;requests&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;bs4&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;BeautifulSoup&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;resp&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;requests&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;get&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;https://example.com/article&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;soup&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nc"&gt;BeautifulSoup&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;resp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;text&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;html.parser&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="nf"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;soup&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;get_text&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;())&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Output: navigation menu sidebar footer ads copyright...
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  The Solution: One API Call
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Instead of fighting with HTML parsing, use a dedicated content extraction API:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight python"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;requests&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;resp&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;requests&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;post&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;https://web2md-api-production-d822.up.railway.app/extract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;https://www.python.org/doc/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;format&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;markdown&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;})&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;data&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;resp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="nf"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;data&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sh"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;][:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;500&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;])&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;That's it. Three lines. The API handles:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Fetching the page&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Stripping all boilerplate (nav, ads, scripts)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Extracting the main article content&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Converting to clean Markdown&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  What You Get Back
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The API returns structured JSON:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight json"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt;
  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nl"&gt;"success"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kc"&gt;true&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt;
  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nl"&gt;"title"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;"Documentation — Python.org"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt;
  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nl"&gt;"content"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;"# Markdown content here..."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt;
  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nl"&gt;"description"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;"The official home of the Python Programming Language"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt;
  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nl"&gt;"word_count"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;1234&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt;
  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nl"&gt;"response_time_ms"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;850&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="w"&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Format Options
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;markdown&lt;/strong&gt; (default) — perfect for LLM training data, note-taking, publishing&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;json&lt;/strong&gt; — structured paragraphs, headings, and metadata&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;text&lt;/strong&gt; — plain text when you just need the words&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Pricing
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;It's cheap. Free tier handles 50 requests/day — enough for most side projects.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Free: 50 requests/day&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Basic: 5,000/month — $4.99&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pro: 50,000/month — $19.99&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Real Use Cases
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;AI Training Data&lt;/strong&gt; — Feed clean web content into your LLM fine-tuning pipeline&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Research&lt;/strong&gt; — Download articles for offline reading and analysis&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Content Monitoring&lt;/strong&gt; — Track changes on competitor pages&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Reading Apps&lt;/strong&gt; — Convert any article to a clean reading view&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Why Not Just Use BeautifulSoup?
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;You can, but:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Every site has different HTML structure&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;JavaScript-rendered content won't appear&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;You'll spend hours writing selectors for each site&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Maintenance nightmare when sites redesign&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A dedicated extraction API handles all of this with one endpoint. No selectors, no maintenance, no hassle.&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;This article was written with the help of AI. The API mentioned is a personal project — I built it because I needed it myself.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</description>
      <category>python</category>
      <category>webdev</category>
      <category>tutorial</category>
      <category>api</category>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>From Zero to $500/Month: My Side Hustle Journey in 2026</title>
      <dc:creator>bao001 xiao</dc:creator>
      <pubDate>Sun, 07 Jun 2026 02:02:26 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://dev.to/bao001_xiao_37db0a18ce6b2/from-zero-to-500month-my-side-hustle-journey-in-2026-4hf4</link>
      <guid>https://dev.to/bao001_xiao_37db0a18ce6b2/from-zero-to-500month-my-side-hustle-journey-in-2026-4hf4</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;Last January, I was staring at my bank account with that familiar sinking feeling. Rent was due in five days, my day job covered the basics but left nothing for savings, and every "make money online" video I'd watched felt like a rehash of the same recycled advice. I decided to stop watching and start doing.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Twelve months and a lot of trial-and-error later, I'm not rich — but I'm consistently pulling in an extra $500–800 per month from side hustles I actually enjoy. No dropshipping gurus, no crypto rug pulls, no "DM me for the secret formula." Just real, repeatable work that anyone with a laptop can start today.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Here's exactly what worked, what didn't, and how you can skip the mistakes I made.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  The Framework: Time vs. Leverage
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Before diving into specific hustles, I had to confront a hard truth: trading time for money has a ceiling. You can only work so many hours. The side hustles that actually scaled for me shared one trait — &lt;strong&gt;they kept earning while I slept.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;That meant building assets, not just doing gigs. A blog post you write once can bring traffic for years. A digital product you create once can sell indefinitely. Freelance writing? That's trading hours — useful for quick cash, but not the long game.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Hustle #1: Niche Blogging (The Slow Burn That Pays)
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The first thing I did was spin up a WordPress site on a niche I actually cared about: budget home-office setups for remote workers. I grabbed a domain name for $12 and signed up for &lt;a href="https://www.hostinger.com?REFERRALCODE=PR5XIAOBADIM" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Hostinger&lt;/a&gt;'s Business plan — their one-click WordPress installer meant I had a live site in under 15 minutes, and at less than $4/month, the barrier to entry was basically zero.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;For three months, I wrote one article per week. No one read them. Month four, Google started noticing. By month six, I was getting 2,000 monthly visitors organically. I monetized with a mix of display ads (Ezoic) and a few carefully chosen affiliate links for standing desks and ergonomic chairs. That site now earns $200–300/month, almost entirely passive.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What I learned:&lt;/strong&gt; Pick a niche narrow enough that you can actually rank, but broad enough that there's an audience. "Remote work ergonomics" beats "productivity tips" every time.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Hustle #2: Digital Templates (High Margin, Low Maintenance)
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;This one surprised me. I'm not a designer, but I noticed that small business owners in my network constantly struggled with the same things: client proposals, onboarding checklists, social media content calendars. So I built simple Notion and Google Sheets templates, packaged them nicely, and listed them on Gumroad.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Total upfront investment: one weekend of focused work. First month revenue: $87. Six months later: $250/month from the same templates, with zero additional effort beyond answering the occasional customer email.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What I learned:&lt;/strong&gt; You don't need to create something revolutionary. Solve a specific, boring problem that people actively search for, and make the solution stupidly easy to use.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Hustle #3: Freelancing Platforms (Strategic, Not Desperate)
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;I'll be honest: I started on Upwork the wrong way, bidding on everything and racing to the bottom on price. That burned me out fast. The turning point came when I got selective — I only applied for jobs that paid at least $50/hour and required skills I was genuinely good at (technical writing and WordPress troubleshooting).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Having a professional portfolio site (built on &lt;a href="https://www.hostinger.com?REFERRALCODE=PR5XIAOBADIM" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Hostinger&lt;/a&gt; with their built-in website builder) was the single biggest factor in landing higher-paying clients. When a potential client Googles you and finds a clean, fast-loading site with case studies and testimonials, they're willing to pay 2–3x more than the platform average.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Freelancing now contributes $400–600/month on months I actively take projects, and I can dial it up or down depending on my bandwidth.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Hustle #4: Newsletter Curation (The One I Almost Skipped)
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;I almost didn't include this because "newsletters are saturated" is something I told myself for six months. Then I started one anyway — a weekly roundup of the best remote-work tools and tips I came across during the week. I spent more time reading and curating than writing, and the format was deliberately short (3-minute read).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;I grew to 800 subscribers in four months by cross-posting summaries to Reddit and LinkedIn. ConvertKit's free tier handled everything. I haven't monetized it yet, but I've already had two brands reach out about sponsorship slots.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  What Didn't Work (So You Can Skip It)
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Print-on-demand:&lt;/strong&gt; Too much time on designs for razor-thin margins. Maybe works for people with big social followings, but organic sales were nonexistent.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Survey sites:&lt;/strong&gt; I tested Swagbucks and Survey Junkie for a month. Total earnings: $43. That's $1.43/hour. Not worth it.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Day trading:&lt;/strong&gt; Treated it like a side hustle, lost $300 in two weeks. Lesson learned — this is a skill that takes years, not a quick income stream.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  The Stack I Use Today
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If you're starting from zero, here's the exact setup that got me to $500/month:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="table-wrapper-paragraph"&gt;&lt;table&gt;
&lt;thead&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Tool&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Purpose&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Cost&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Hostinger&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Website hosting + domain&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;~$4/month&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Gumroad&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Digital product sales&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Free (takes 10% cut)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ConvertKit&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Email newsletter&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Free up to 1,000 subs&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Canva&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Template design + graphics&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Free&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Notion&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Content planning + templates&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Free&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Your First 30 Days
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Don't try to do everything at once. Here's a realistic 30-day plan:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Week 1:&lt;/strong&gt; Pick your niche. Buy a domain and set up hosting. Write your first blog post.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Week 2:&lt;/strong&gt; Create one simple digital product (a checklist, template, or mini-guide). List it on Gumroad.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Week 3:&lt;/strong&gt; Set up a freelance profile on one platform. Apply to exactly three jobs you're qualified for — no more.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Week 4:&lt;/strong&gt; Evaluate. Which of these three channels showed the most promise? Double down on that one.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The people who succeed at side hustles aren't the ones who know the most. They're the ones who start before they feel ready, ship imperfect work, and keep showing up when no one's watching.&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Disclosure: Some links in this article are affiliate links. If you sign up for Hostinger through my referral link, I may earn a commission at no extra cost to you. I only recommend tools I've personally used and genuinely believe in.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</description>
      <category>productivity</category>
      <category>beginners</category>
      <category>tools</category>
      <category>webdev</category>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Web Development in 2026: The Only Beginner Roadmap You'll Need</title>
      <dc:creator>bao001 xiao</dc:creator>
      <pubDate>Sat, 06 Jun 2026 02:03:29 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://dev.to/bao001_xiao_37db0a18ce6b2/web-development-in-2026-the-only-beginner-roadmap-youll-need-9df</link>
      <guid>https://dev.to/bao001_xiao_37db0a18ce6b2/web-development-in-2026-the-only-beginner-roadmap-youll-need-9df</guid>
      <description>&lt;h1&gt;
  
  
  Web Development in 2026: The Only Beginner Roadmap You'll Need
&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p&gt;I watched a barista teach himself to code during his lunch breaks last year. Six months later, he landed his first freelance client building a restaurant website for $1,200. He didn't have a CS degree. He didn't attend a bootcamp. He just followed a roadmap and stayed consistent.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;What struck me wasn't his talent — it was that the path into web development has never been more accessible. In 2026, the barrier is no longer "can I learn this?" It's "which direction should I go first?"&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;This guide cuts through the noise. No fluff, no 47-step plan, no "learn Rust before HTML" gatekeeping. Just the clearest route from zero to deployed.&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Step 1: Decide What Kind of Developer You Want to Be
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Before you touch a single line of code, make this decision:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Frontend Developer&lt;/strong&gt;: You build what users see — layouts, buttons, animations. You live in HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Backend Developer&lt;/strong&gt;: You build what users don't see — databases, server logic, APIs. You live in Python, Node.js, or Go.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Full-Stack Developer&lt;/strong&gt;: You do both. Most beginners aim here eventually, but don't start with it.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;My recommendation for 2026: &lt;strong&gt;start frontend&lt;/strong&gt;. The feedback loop is instant — you change a color, you see a color. That immediate visual reward keeps you motivated through the hard parts.&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Step 2: Grab a Domain and Hosting (Do This Today)
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;This is the step most beginners skip for months. Don't.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Sign up for a hosting plan, buy a domain name (something like &lt;code&gt;yourname.dev&lt;/code&gt;), and install WordPress or a static site generator. Having a live website on day one — even if it's just your name and a photo — changes your psychology entirely. You stop being "someone learning to code" and start being "someone who builds websites."&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;I use &lt;a href="https://www.hostinger.com?REFERRALCODE=PR5XIAOBADIM" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hostinger&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; for this exact reason. Their plans start under $3/month and include a free domain for the first year, free SSL, and a one-click WordPress installer. Within 15 minutes, you have a real website on the internet. That momentum matters more than any tutorial.&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Step 3: Learn the Core Stack (in This Exact Order)
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  3.1 HTML (1–2 weeks)
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Structure. Headings, paragraphs, links, images, forms. That's it. Don't get fancy — learn how a web page is skeleton'd.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  3.2 CSS (2–4 weeks)
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Styling. Learn Flexbox and Grid first — those two layout systems solve 90% of real-world problems. Skip the 200-property memorization game. Just learn enough to make things look clean.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  3.3 JavaScript (4–8 weeks)
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;This is where you'll spend most of your time. Focus on:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Variables, functions, arrays, objects&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;DOM manipulation (&lt;code&gt;document.querySelector&lt;/code&gt;, event listeners)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Fetch API (making requests to servers)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Basic async/await&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  3.4 Git and GitHub (1 week)
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Version control is non-negotiable in 2026. Learn &lt;code&gt;git init&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;git add&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;git commit&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;git push&lt;/code&gt;. Create a GitHub account and push everything there. Future employers will look at your contribution graph.&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Step 4: Build Three Projects Before You Move On
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Tutorial hell is real. You watch 40 hours of courses and still can't build anything from scratch. The antidote: build first, watch second.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Here are three projects in order of difficulty:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Personal Portfolio&lt;/strong&gt; – A single-page site with your bio, links, and a contact form. Host it on your Hostinger domain. Done in a weekend.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Weather Dashboard&lt;/strong&gt; – Fetch data from a free weather API and display it beautifully. Teaches API calls, JSON, and error handling.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Simple Blog with CMS&lt;/strong&gt; – Install WordPress through &lt;a href="https://www.hostinger.com?REFERRALCODE=PR5XIAOBADIM" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hostinger's one-click installer&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, customize a theme, and publish 5 posts. This teaches you how real websites work in production — database connections, themes, plugins, and backups.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Each project should go on GitHub and your portfolio. By project #3, you'll have enough to apply for junior roles.&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Step 5: Deploy Everything Publicly
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Here's a rule I enforce with every student I mentor: &lt;strong&gt;nothing stays local&lt;/strong&gt;. Every project goes live.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;With Hostinger's shared hosting, you can host multiple websites on one plan. Build your portfolio on &lt;code&gt;yourname.dev&lt;/code&gt;, put the weather app on a subdomain, and run the blog on another. Each deployed project is a line on your resume that a recruiter can actually click.&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Tools That Accelerate Your Learning in 2026
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;VS Code&lt;/strong&gt; — Free, fast, and the industry-standard editor. Install Prettier and ESLint extensions.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Chrome DevTools&lt;/strong&gt; — Inspect any website, debug JavaScript, and test CSS changes live. Press &lt;code&gt;Cmd+Option+I&lt;/code&gt; right now and start poking around.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;MDN Web Docs&lt;/strong&gt; — The only documentation you need. Forget W3Schools — MDN is written by Mozilla and is the authoritative reference.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Figma (free tier)&lt;/strong&gt; — Design before you code. Even rough wireframes save hours of rewriting CSS.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Three Mistakes Beginners Make (and How to Avoid Them)
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mistake 1: "I'll start when I'm ready."&lt;/strong&gt; You'll never feel ready. Buy the domain tonight, write HTML tomorrow, deploy it by Friday. Imperfect action beats perfect preparation every time.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mistake 2: Jumping to frameworks too early.&lt;/strong&gt; React, Vue, and Svelte are powerful, but they'll confuse you if you don't understand vanilla JavaScript first. Spend at least 8 weeks on the fundamentals before touching a framework.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mistake 3: Building alone.&lt;/strong&gt; Join communities — dev.to (you're here!), freeCodeCamp forums, and Discord servers. Share your ugly first projects. Get feedback. Teaching others what you just learned is the fastest way to solidify knowledge.&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  The 30-Day Challenge
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If you're still reading and haven't started yet, here's your first action:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Today&lt;/strong&gt;: Sign up for hosting at &lt;a href="https://www.hostinger.com?REFERRALCODE=PR5XIAOBADIM" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hostinger&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and register a domain.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;This week&lt;/strong&gt;: Write your first HTML page and push it to GitHub.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;By day 30&lt;/strong&gt;: Have a live portfolio site with at least two projects on it.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Web development in 2026 is not about talent. It's about momentum. Once you have a live website, you'll never look at the internet the same way again.&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Affiliate disclosure: Some links in this article are affiliate links. If you purchase Hostinger through my link, I may earn a commission at no extra cost to you. I only recommend tools I use myself and genuinely believe in.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</description>
      <category>webdev</category>
      <category>beginners</category>
      <category>productivity</category>
      <category>tools</category>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>10 Productivity Tools That Saved Me 20+ Hours a Week in 2026</title>
      <dc:creator>bao001 xiao</dc:creator>
      <pubDate>Fri, 05 Jun 2026 03:49:16 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://dev.to/bao001_xiao_37db0a18ce6b2/10-productivity-tools-that-saved-me-20-hours-a-week-in-2026-5b85</link>
      <guid>https://dev.to/bao001_xiao_37db0a18ce6b2/10-productivity-tools-that-saved-me-20-hours-a-week-in-2026-5b85</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;Let's be real — 2026 is the year of information overload. Between Slack pings, email notifications, AI-generated news feeds, and the constant pressure to "do more with less," staying focused has never been harder.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Over the past few months, I've tested dozens of productivity tools. Most were garbage. But a handful genuinely changed how I work. Here are the 10 that actually saved me time — not added to the noise.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  1. Notion — Your Second Brain
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Notion has evolved far beyond a simple note-taking app. In 2026, it's a full-fledged workspace where I manage everything — from content calendars to affiliate marketing dashboards to personal finance tracking.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The key is building templates that automate recurring tasks. I have a "Daily Standup" template that auto-pulls my calendar, to-do list, and priority score into one page. It saves me at least 30 minutes every morning.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  2. Linear — Project Management That Doesn't Get in the Way
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If you're working on any kind of software or content project, Linear is a game-changer. Its keyboard-first design and ultra-fast UI mean you never wait for a page to load. Cycle tracking helps you focus on what matters this week, not everything forever.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  3. Grammarly — AI-Powered Writing Assistant
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Whether you're writing blog posts, emails, or social media captions, Grammarly's 2026 edition is scary good. It doesn't just fix typos — it rewrites sentences for clarity, adjusts tone for different audiences, and even suggests SEO-friendly alternatives.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  4. Hostinger — Reliable Hosting for Your Projects
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Here's an underrated productivity hack: &lt;strong&gt;stop fighting with slow hosting.&lt;/strong&gt; If your website takes 4 seconds to load, that's 4 seconds of your life — multiplied by every visit. I moved all my blogs and side projects to Hostinger because their loading times are consistently under a second. When you're publishing content daily (like I do), a fast host means you spend less time debugging and more time creating.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.hostinger.com?REFERRALCODE=PR5XIAOBADIM" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Check out Hostinger's plans here →&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  5. Spark Mail — Inbox Zero, Actually
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Spark's AI assistant reads your emails, categorizes them, and even drafts replies. I spend about 10 minutes per day on email now — down from over an hour. The "Send Later" and "Remind Me" features alone are worth the download.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  6. Raycast — Spotlight on Steroids
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If you're on macOS and still using Spotlight, stop. Raycast lets you search files, run calculations, control Spotify, open browser tabs, and even run custom scripts — all from one command bar. I've mapped it to Cmd+Space and never looked back.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  7. Toggl Track — Time Audit Your Life
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Before you can optimize your time, you need to know where it's going. Toggl Track runs in the background and logs which apps you use and for how long. I discovered I was spending 3+ hours a day in Slack doing low-value "quick replies." Now I batch Slack twice a day. That alone freed up 10 hours a week.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  8. Hostinger's Built-in AI Website Builder
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Another reason I recommend Hostinger? Their AI website builder generates a complete, professional site in under 5 minutes. For side projects and landing pages, this is a massive time saver. Instead of spending 2 days on HTML/CSS, you get a production-ready site before your coffee gets cold.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.hostinger.com?REFERRALCODE=PR5XIAOBADIM" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Start your site with Hostinger's AI builder →&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  9. OBS Studio — For Content Creators
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Whether you're recording tutorials, streaming, or making short-form videos, OBS Studio is free, open-source, and incredibly powerful. Pair it with a decent microphone and you've got a professional studio setup for zero dollars.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  10. RescueTime — The Accountability Buddy
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;RescueTime works quietly in the background and sends you a weekly report: "You spent X hours on productive work, Y hours on social media, Z hours in meetings." Seeing those numbers in black and white is surprisingly motivating. I cut my Twitter time from 2 hours/day to 30 minutes after the first week.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Bonus: Your Own Blog
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The single best productivity decision I made in 2026 was starting a blog. Writing forces you to clarify your thinking, document what you learn, and build a library of resources you can reference later. And when you pair it with fast, affordable hosting, it becomes a low-maintenance asset.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Thinking about starting? &lt;a href="https://www.hostinger.com?REFERRALCODE=PR5XIAOBADIM" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Hostinger's shared hosting plans start at just a few bucks a month&lt;/a&gt;, and they include a free domain and SSL.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Final Thoughts
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Productivity isn't about doing more — it's about doing less, better. The tools above helped me cut 20+ hours from my weekly workload by automating the boring stuff and eliminating distractions.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Try one or two this week. You don't need all 10. Just find the one that solves your biggest bottleneck and go from there.&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;This post contains affiliate links. If you make a purchase through these links, I may earn a commission at no extra cost to you.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</description>
      <category>productivity</category>
      <category>tools</category>
      <category>webdev</category>
      <category>writing</category>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>10 Best AI Tools for Developers and Creators in 2026 (Tested &amp; Reviewed)</title>
      <dc:creator>bao001 xiao</dc:creator>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Jun 2026 07:57:40 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://dev.to/bao001_xiao_37db0a18ce6b2/10-best-ai-tools-for-developers-and-creators-in-2026-tested-reviewed-38mh</link>
      <guid>https://dev.to/bao001_xiao_37db0a18ce6b2/10-best-ai-tools-for-developers-and-creators-in-2026-tested-reviewed-38mh</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;The AI landscape in 2026 is more exciting — and more crowded — than ever. Every week there's a new tool promising to 10x your productivity, write your code, design your website, or automate your entire workflow.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;But which ones actually deliver?&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;I tested dozens of AI tools this year so you don't have to. Here are the 10 that survived my workflow and earned a permanent spot in my toolkit.&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  1. Cursor — AI-Native Code Editor
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Cursor remains the gold standard for AI-assisted coding. Its latest 2026 update brought multi-file context understanding, meaning you can ask it to refactor an entire codebase and it actually gets the relationships right.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Best for:&lt;/strong&gt; Developers who want to ship faster without sacrificing code quality.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Price:&lt;/strong&gt; Free tier available, Pro at $20/month&lt;br&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Rating:&lt;/strong&gt; ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  2. Claude — Best for Long-Form Content &amp;amp; Reasoning
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Claude (specifically Sonnet) has become my go-to for planning architecture, writing documentation, and brainstorming product ideas. Its 200K context window means I can feed it entire codebases or research papers.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Best for:&lt;/strong&gt; Writing, strategy, and complex reasoning tasks.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  3. Runway Gen-4 — Video Generation
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Runway's Gen-4 model generates cinema-quality short videos from text prompts. The 2026 update added consistent character generation, making it actually usable for storytelling.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Best for:&lt;/strong&gt; Content creators and marketers.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  4. Perplexity Pro — Research Assistant
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Perplexity has evolved beyond a simple search engine. Its new deep research mode writes comprehensive reports with citations — perfect for competitive analysis and market research.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Best for:&lt;/strong&gt; Researchers and decision-makers.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  5. v0 by Vercel — Landing Page Builder
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Describe what you want in plain English, and v0 generates a production-ready React component. It's not perfect for complex apps, but for landing pages and marketing sites? It's incredibly fast.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If you're building landing pages or SaaS products with AI tools like v0, you'll need reliable hosting. &lt;strong&gt;I host all my projects on &lt;a href="https://www.hostinger.com?REFERRALCODE=PR5XIAOBADIM" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Hostinger&lt;/a&gt; — their shared hosting plans start at a fraction of what you'd pay elsewhere, and their performance is excellent for both static sites and WordPress deployments.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  6. GitHub Copilot Workspace
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Copilot Workspace takes AI-assisted development to the next level by understanding your entire repository structure. You can specify a feature in natural language, and it plans, implements, and tests the change.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Best for:&lt;/strong&gt; Team development and large codebases.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  7. Notion AI 2.0
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Notion AI got a major upgrade in 2026. It now understands your entire workspace — your meeting notes, databases, project docs — and can answer questions across all of it. It also auto-generates meeting summaries and action items.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Best for:&lt;/strong&gt; Remote teams and knowledge workers.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  8. ElevenLabs — Voice &amp;amp; Audio
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;ElevenLabs' text-to-speech quality is now indistinguishable from human voice. Their new voice cloning API lets you generate podcasts, audiobooks, and voiceovers with consistent character voices.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Best for:&lt;/strong&gt; Podcasters and audiobook creators.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  9. Zapier Central — AI Workflow Builder
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Zapier Central lets you build AI-powered automations by describing what you want in natural language. "When I get an invoice email, extract the data and add it to my Google Sheet" — it just works.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Best for:&lt;/strong&gt; Anyone tired of repetitive manual tasks.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  10. Bolt.new — Full-Stack AI App Builder
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Describe a full-stack web app, and Bolt.new builds it — frontend, backend, database, deployment — in minutes. It's not production-ready for complex apps, but for MVPs and prototypes? Game-changing.&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Where to Host Your AI-Powered Projects
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Most of these tools generate output you need to host somewhere. Whether it's a landing page built with v0, a SaaS prototype from Bolt.new, or a portfolio site for your Runway-generated video content — you need reliable hosting.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;That's where &lt;a href="https://www.hostinger.com?REFERRALCODE=PR5XIAOBADIM" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Hostinger&lt;/a&gt; comes in.&lt;/strong&gt; I've been using Hostinger for over a year, and here's why it's my top recommendation:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Speed:&lt;/strong&gt; LiteSpeed servers with built-in caching make sites load fast&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Price:&lt;/strong&gt; Plans start around $2.99/month — unbeatable for what you get&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Ease of use:&lt;/strong&gt; One-click WordPress and AI app installers&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Uptime:&lt;/strong&gt; 99.9% uptime guarantee&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If you're building AI-powered projects in 2026, having a solid hosting foundation is just as important as choosing the right tools. &lt;strong&gt;Check out &lt;a href="https://www.hostinger.com?REFERRALCODE=PR5XIAOBADIM" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Hostinger's current deals&lt;/a&gt; — their business plan includes free domain, SSL, and daily backups.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Final Thoughts
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;2026 is the year AI tools went from "cool demos" to "must-have productivity multipliers." The key is not to use every tool — it's to pick the ones that solve &lt;em&gt;your&lt;/em&gt; specific pain points.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Start with one or two from this list, integrate them into your daily workflow, and you'll wonder how you ever worked without them.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Disclosure: Some links in this article are affiliate links. If you purchase through them, I may earn a small commission at no extra cost to you. I only recommend products I personally use and trust.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</description>
      <category>ai</category>
      <category>productivity</category>
      <category>webdev</category>
      <category>tools</category>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>WordPress vs Medium vs dev.to: Where Should You Blog in 2026?</title>
      <dc:creator>bao001 xiao</dc:creator>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Jun 2026 07:21:39 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://dev.to/bao001_xiao_37db0a18ce6b2/wordpress-vs-medium-vs-devto-where-should-you-blog-in-2025-52fn</link>
      <guid>https://dev.to/bao001_xiao_37db0a18ce6b2/wordpress-vs-medium-vs-devto-where-should-you-blog-in-2025-52fn</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;If you're starting a blog in 2026, the first decision you'll face is which platform to use. Here's my honest breakdown after using all three.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Medium: Best for Quick Exposure
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Medium has a built-in audience. Your articles can get discovered through their recommendation system without any SEO work. It's free and takes 2 minutes to start.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The downside? You don't own your audience. Medium controls what gets shown. And monetization is limited unless you're in their Partner Program.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Best for: Writers who want to test a niche fast.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  dev.to: Best for Developer Content
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;dev.to is a developer-focused platform with strong community engagement. The SEO is excellent and readers are genuinely interested in technical content.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;It has a clean reading experience and supports Markdown natively. Plus, you can cross-post from your own blog easily.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Best for: Tech and developer-focused content.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  WordPress (Self-Hosted): Best for Long-Term Growth
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A self-hosted WordPress site gives you full control. You own your content, your data, and your monetization. Google ranks self-hosted sites higher than Medium or dev.to articles.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;You can run ads, affiliate marketing, sell products, build an email list - everything.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The trade-off: you need hosting and a domain. But it's cheaper than you think.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;For hosting, I use Hostinger. Plans start around $3/month and include one-click WordPress installation. Their support has been solid.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Get started with Hostinger: &lt;a href="https://www.hostinger.com?REFERRALCODE=PR5XIAOBADIM" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;https://www.hostinger.com?REFERRALCODE=PR5XIAOBADIM&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  My Recommendation
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Use Medium or dev.to to test your niche and get initial readers. Once you have traction, set up a self-hosted WordPress site as your home base.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Cross-post your best content to Medium and dev.to for exposure, but always link back to your main site.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;I wrote a complete beginner's guide to starting a blog here:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;a href="https://medium.com/@xiaobao200111/how-to-start-a-blog-in-2025-a-complete-beginners-guide-3abb36b456b7" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;https://medium.com/@xiaobao200111/how-to-start-a-blog-in-2025-a-complete-beginners-guide-3abb36b456b7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;This article contains affiliate links.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</description>
      <category>blogging</category>
      <category>wordpress</category>
      <category>webdev</category>
      <category>writing</category>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How to Start a Blog in 2026: A Complete Beginner's Guide</title>
      <dc:creator>bao001 xiao</dc:creator>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Jun 2026 06:44:09 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://dev.to/bao001_xiao_37db0a18ce6b2/how-to-start-a-blog-in-2025-a-complete-beginners-guide-16j0</link>
      <guid>https://dev.to/bao001_xiao_37db0a18ce6b2/how-to-start-a-blog-in-2025-a-complete-beginners-guide-16j0</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;Everyone says blogging is dead. They're wrong.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In 2026 there are over 600 million blogs and more readers than ever. This guide walks you through starting a blog that actually grows.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Step 1: Pick a Niche
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Good niches have three things: people search for help, you have knowledge, and there are products to recommend.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Step 2: Choose Your Platform
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Medium is free. A self-hosted blog gives full control. For hosting, I use Hostinger.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Get started: &lt;a href="https://www.hostinger.com?REFERRALCODE=PR5XIAOBADIM" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;https://www.hostinger.com?REFERRALCODE=PR5XIAOBADIM&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Step 3: Set Up Your Blog
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Connect your domain, install WordPress, pick a clean theme, install essential plugins.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Step 4: Write Your First Post
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Promise a specific outcome. Identify the pain point. Break into clear sections.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Step 5: Get Readers
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Post on Medium. Answer on Quora. Share on Reddit. Build an email list.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Your only job is to publish your first post.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Get hosting: &lt;a href="https://www.hostinger.com?REFERRALCODE=PR5XIAOBADIM" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;https://www.hostinger.com?REFERRALCODE=PR5XIAOBADIM&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;This article contains affiliate links.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</description>
      <category>blogging</category>
      <category>beginners</category>
      <category>writing</category>
      <category>webdev</category>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Test Article - Please Delete</title>
      <dc:creator>bao001 xiao</dc:creator>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Jun 2026 06:43:43 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://dev.to/bao001_xiao_37db0a18ce6b2/test-article-please-delete-5e4g</link>
      <guid>https://dev.to/bao001_xiao_37db0a18ce6b2/test-article-please-delete-5e4g</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;This is a test to verify the dev.to API works. Delete this after confirming.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Hostinger: &lt;a href="https://www.hostinger.com?REFERRALCODE=PR5XIAOBADIM" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;https://www.hostinger.com?REFERRALCODE=PR5XIAOBADIM&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</description>
      <category>testing</category>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>
