DEV Community: bhuvaneswari nandhagopal

While Loop Number Programs in python:

bhuvaneswari nandhagopal — Thu, 11 Jun 2026 11:57:00 +0000

task -1:

no = 1234   
while no >0:
    if no >=10:
     print(no % 100)
    no = no//10

output
34
23
12

task-2:

no = 1234
while no >=10:
   print(no % 100)
   no = no//100

output:
34
12

task -3:(Addition of task-1)

no = 1234
total = 0
while no >= 10:
   total = total + (no % 100)
   no = no // 10

print("total:",total)

output
69

task-4:(Addition of task-2)

no = 1234
total = 0

while no >= 10:
    total = total + (no % 100)
    no = no // 100

print("total:", total)

output
46

task-5:(given numbers 123456---> output 456 123)

no = 123456

while no > 0:
    print(no % 1000)
    no = no // 1000

output
456
123

Behind the Scenes of Tech Company Interviews:

bhuvaneswari nandhagopal — Thu, 11 Jun 2026 08:57:07 +0000

Screening Interviews:
Most companies first conduct a screening interview. This usually happens over the phone or through an online coding platform. Candidates may be asked coding questions, algorithm problems, or technical concepts. Some companies also give homework assignments or coding tests. Most companies get back after about a week with next steps (offer, rejection, further interviews, or just an
update on the process). Some companies respond much sooner (sometimes same day!) and others take
much longer.

On-Site Interviews
If the screening round goes well, candidates are invited for on-site interviews. These interviews usually include 3 to 6 rounds. Topics may include.

Coding problems
Algorithms
System design
Object-oriented design
Behavioral questions There is often a lunch interview where candidates can ask about company culture and work environment.

Microsoft Interview Process:
Microsoft wants smart people. When you complete your interviews with a team, you might speak with a hiring manager.

Amazon:
Amazon's recruiting process typically begins with a phone screen in which a candidate interviews with a
specific team. For four or five interviews with one or
two teams that have selected you based on your resume and phone interviews. Uses a “Bar Raiser” interviewer (very important person)The Bar Raiser is brought in from a different team to keep the bar high. You need to impress both this person
and the hiring manager.

Google:
A Google engineer performs the first phone screen, so expect tough technical questions. Very strong algorithm focus.
Interviewers are typically not given specific focuses, and there is no "structure" or "system" as to what you're asked when. Each interviewer can conduct the interview however she would like. As a web-based company, Google cares about how to design a scalable system. So, make sure you prepare for questions from System Design and Scalability.

Apple Interview:
Much like the company itself, Apple's interview process has minimal bureaucracy. The interviewers will be looking for excellent technical skills, but a passion for the position and the company is also very important. You can expect a mtx of one-on-one and two-on-one interviews. Towards the end of the day, your interviewers will compare notes. If everyone still feels you're a viable candidate, you will have an interview with the director and the VP of the organization to which you're applying.

Facebook Interview:

Once selected for an interview, candidates will generally do one or two phone screens, Phone screens will

be technical and will involve coding, usually an online document editor. During your on-site interview, you will interview primarily with other software engineers, but hiring managers are also involved whenever they are available. Each interviewer is given a"role"during the on-site interviews, which helps ensure that there are no repetitive questions and that they get a holistic picture of a candidate. These roles are:

Behavioral
Coding and Algorithms
Design/Architecture

After your interview, interviewers submit written feedback, prior to discussing your performance with each
other.

Palantir Interview:
The Palantir interview process typically starts with two phone interviews. These interviews are about 30 to
45 minutes and will be primarily technical. You might also be sent a HackerRank coding assessment, which will evaluate your ability to write optimal algorithms and correct code. A coding challenge is a common part of Palantir's process. Although you'll be at your computer and can look up material! as needed, don't walk into this unprepared.

PYTHON FUNCTION

bhuvaneswari nandhagopal — Sun, 07 Jun 2026 09:01:51 +0000

What is function in python?
In Python, a function is a reusable block of code that performs a specific task. Functions help make programs more organized, readable, and easier to maintain.

Defining a Function
You create a function using the def keyword

def greet():
    print("Hello, World!")

Calling a Function
greet()

Output:
Hello, World!

a) Built-in Functions:

Predefined in Python.
Examples: print(), len(), type(), max(), min(), sum().

print(len("Python"))

output:
6

b) User-defined Functions:
Created by the programmer using the def keyword.

def greet(name):
    return f"Hello, {name}!"

print(greet("Bhuvana"))

output
Hello, Bhuvana

Functions without Parameters:

def hello():
    print("hello")

hello()

output
hello

Functions with Parameters:

def add(x,y):
    total = x+y
    print(total)
x=10
y=20
add(x,y)

output
30

Positional Arguments: [TBD]

Arguments are matched by position.

def power(base, exp):
    return base ** exp
print(power(2, 3))

output
8

Keyword Arguments:

Arguments are matched by name.

print(power(exp=3, base=2))

output
8

Default Arguments:

Parameters have default values.

def greet(name="Guest"):
    print(f"Hello, {name}!")
greet()

output
Hello, Guest!

Variable-length Arguments:

*args → Non-keyword variable arguments (tuple)
**kwargs → Keyword variable arguments (dict)

def show_args(*args, **kwargs):
    print(args)
    print(kwargs)

show_args(1, 2, 3, name="Alice", age=25)

output
(1, 2, 3)
{'name': 'Alice', 'age': 25}

Functions that Return a Value

def square(x):
    return x * x

Explanation

def → used to create a function
square → function name
x → input value
x * x → multiply the number by itself
return → gives back the result

Functions that Do Not Return a Value

def display(msg):
    print(msg)
display("hello")

output
hello

Lambda Functions (Anonymous functions)

square = lambda x: x * x
print(square(5))

output
25

Recursive Functions

A function that calls itself.

def factorial(n):
    return 1 if n == 0 else n * factorial(n - 1)
print(factorial(5))

This program finds the factorial of 5.

What is factorial?

multiply numbers from 5 to 1

5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 120

output
120

Reference:

https://www.bing.com/search?q=types+of+functions+in+python&gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIABBFGLABMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEKNTIwNjI1ajBqN6gCCLACAQ&FORM=ANNTA1&PC=U531

ARITHMETIC & LOGICAL OPERATORS:

bhuvaneswari nandhagopal — Wed, 03 Jun 2026 13:53:18 +0000

What is arithmetic operators?
arithmetic operators are symbols used to perform mathematical calculation is programing.

operators Name

Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication / Division // Floor Division % Modulus ** Exponent

Addition:

a=10
b=3
print(a+b)

output
13

Subtraction:

a=10
b=3
print(a-b)

output
7

Multiplication:

a=10
b=3
print(a*b)

output
30

Division:

a=10
b=3
print(a/b)

output
3.333...

Modulus(remainder):

a=10
b=3
print(a%b)

output
1

Floor Division:

a=10
b=3
print(a//b)

output
3

Exponent(power)

a=10
b=3
print(a**b)

`
output
1000

What is logical operators?
Logical operators are use combine condition and true of false.
Logical operators are symbols or keywords used to evaluate and combine boolean expressions, producing a result of either True or False. They are fundamental in decision-making, flow control, and conditional statements in programming, and also form the basis of Boolean logic used in computer circuits.

Common logical operators include:

1.AND (and / &&) – Returns True only if both conditions are true.

2.OR (or / ||) – Returns True if at least one condition is true.

3.NOT (not / !) – Negates the boolean value of an expression.

4.XOR (^) – Returns True if exactly one condition is true.
[TBD]

[TBD]

R E F E R E N C E:

https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=iSHePVXy&id=8D26AF1F2F043CFA01108A954182F2A89DD8F9EE&thid=OIP.iSHePVXysvifAVpWYgvwaAHaFI&mediaurl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.startertutorials.com%2fcorejava%2fwp-content%2fuploads%2f2014%2f10%2fLogical-operators.jpg&exph=450&expw=650&q=logical+operators+images&FORM=IRPRST&ck=DC3FC4E795C4B82C9C8E770D38608CB2&selectedIndex=0&itb=0&idpp=overlayview&ajaxhist=0&ajaxserp=0

https://www.bing.com/search?qs=HS&pq=what+is+lo&sk=CSYN1&sc=16-10&pglt=299&q=what+is+logical+operator&cvid=04e0b6e203d84c4099e8ebf5ce8a7b4d&gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABAAGPkHMgcIABAAGPkHMgYIARBFGDkyBggCEEUYOzIGCAMQABhAMgYIBBAAGEAyBggFEAAYQDIGCAYQABhAMgYIBxBFGD0yBwgIEOsHGEDSAQg5OTA3ajBqN6gCCLACAQ&FORM=ANNTA1&PC=U531&source=chrome.ob

VARIABLE:

bhuvaneswari nandhagopal — Sun, 31 May 2026 08:43:14 +0000

A variable is a named container used to store data values so they can be referenced and manipulated later in the program.

Variable Naming Rules:(Alphanumeric)

1.Variable Name Must Start with a Letter or Underscore:
Correct:

name = "Ram"
_age = 20

Wrong:
1name = "Ram"

2.Variable Name Cannot Contain Spaces:
Wrong:
student name = "Ram"

Correct:
student_name = "Ram"

Use underscore _ instead of spaces.

3.Variable Names Can Contain Letters, Numbers, and Underscore:

Correct:

name1 = "Bhuvana"
student_mark = 95
print(name1, student_mark)

Output:
Bhuvana 95

4.Special Characters Are Not Allowed:
Example:
@,#,!,&...

5.Python Keywords Cannot Be Used as Variable Names:

Wrong:
class = 10
for = 20
(class, for, if, while) are Python keywords.

6.Variable Names Are Case Sensitive:
Example:

name = "Ram"
Name = "Sam"
print(name)
print(Name)

output:
Ram
Sam
name and Name are different variables.

Good Variable Names:

student_name = "Ram"
total_mark = 450
age = 20

Good variable names make programs easy to understand.

Data Types in Variables:
1.Integer
2.String
3.floating-point
4.Boolean

integer:
An integer is a whole number that can be positive, negative, or zero, without any fractional or decimal part.

Example:

age = 20
print(age)

Output:
20

Here, 20 is an integer.

Integers can also be used for mathematical calculations.

Example:

a = 10
b = 20

print(a + b)
print(a - b)
print(a * b)

output:
30
10
200

Integer:
10
25

String:
n Python, a string means text or words. Strings are written inside single quotes ' ' or double quotes " ".

Example:

print("Hello")
print('Hello')

Output:
Hello
Hello

Both single quotes and double quotes work the same way in Python.

name = "Bhuvana"
print(name)

output:
Bhuvana

Wrong Example:
print(Hello)

Correct Example:
print("Hello")

Strings are very important in Python because we use them to store names, messages, sentences, and other text data.

Floating-point:
A floating-point number means a number with a decimal point.

It is also called a float in Python.

Examples:

10.5
3.14
99.9
5.0

These are floating-point numbers because they contain decimal point.
Example:

temp = float(input("enter your body temperature:"))   
if temp > 100:
    print("you have fever.")
else:
    print("you do not have fever")

output:
enter your body temperature:118
you have fever.

*Boolean: *
A Boolean has only two values:

True
False

Boolean is used to check conditions.

True Example:

is_student = True
print(is_student)

output:
True

False Example:

is_raining = False
print(is_raining)

output:
False

Interview Process

bhuvaneswari nandhagopal — Tue, 26 May 2026 15:12:08 +0000

An interview is a meeting where a company asks questions to know about you, your skills, and your knowledge before giving a job.

At most of the top tech companies algorithm and coding problems form the largest component of the interview process.

You should do your best to talk out loud throughout the problem and explain your thought process.

At the end of the interview, the interviewer will walkaway with a gut feel for how you did, A numeric score
might be assigned to your performance, but it's not actually a quantitative assessment.

Do your personality and values fit with the company and team? Did
you communicate well with your interviewer.

The weighting of these areas will vary based on the question, interviewer, role, team, and company. In a
standard algorithm question, it might be almost entirely the first three of those.

Reference:
https://dn720001.ca.archive.org/0/items/4-programming-interviews-exposed-4th-edition/Cracking-the-Coding-Interview-6th-Edition-189-Programm

VON NEUMAN ARCHITECTURE

bhuvaneswari nandhagopal — Mon, 25 May 2026 09:26:20 +0000

What is Von Neuman Architecture?
The Von Neuman Architecture is a computer design model proposed by John Von Neuman
It is describe how a computer store and processed data using the same memory for
1. Data
2. Instructions(programs)
In the same memory this is called the stored program concept.

Von Neuman Architecture - flow chat:

Input unit: i)Transmits data & instructions from the out side world to machine. ii)It is operated by control unit.

Examples of Input Units

Common input units include:

Keyboard:
For typing text and commands.
Mouse:
For pointing, selecting, and navigating on-screen elements.

Scanner:
Converts physical documents into digital form.
Microphone:
Captures audio input.

Touchscreens and stylus pens:
Enable direct interaction with the display.

Memory unit: Used to store data and programs.

Functions:
i) Store input data
ii) Store processing results

Arithmetic Logic Unit: Performs arithmetic and logical operations.

Arithmetic Operation:
Addition(+), Subtraction(-), Multiplication(*), Division(/)

Logical Operations:
And, Or, Not, Comparison

Control Unit(cl): Controls all parts of computer.

Functions:
Fetcher instruction, decodes instructions, excutes instructions.

Output Unit: Displays the processed result to the user.

Examples:
Monitor, printer, speaker.

Registers: Register are very small and very fast memory location inside(CPU).

Work:
i) Store temporary data
ii) Help CPU process data quickly

Examples Of Registers:
i) Program Counter(pc)
ii) Instruction Register(IR)
iii) Memory Address Register(MAR)

INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

bhuvaneswari nandhagopal — Sun, 24 May 2026 15:21:48 +0000

What is python?
Python is general purpose high level programing language.

Who created python?
GUIDO VAN ROSSUM create python. He started developing python in 1989, and the FIRST PUBLIC RELEUSE came in 1991.

Python is multiple paradigm programing language.
Types of multi-paradigm:

Type: Meaning:

Object-Oriented - Program using objects and classes
Procedural - Program written step by step
Functional - Program using functions
Structured - Program written in an organized way
Reflective - Program can check itself

USES OF PYTHON:
TYPES:

Wep Application:
A web application is a software program that runs on a remote server and is accessed through a web browser over the internet. Unlike traditional desktop applications, it doesn’t require installation — users simply open a browser like Chrome, Safari, or Firefox and interact with the app online.
Mobile Application:
A mobile application (or mobile app) is a type of software application specifically designed to run on mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. Unlike web applications that run in web browsers or desktop applications used on desktop computers, mobile apps are tailored to the unique capabilities and constraints of mobile devices.
GAMES:
Python, a game is simply a program that uses Python code to create interactive entertainment — usually involving graphics, sound, and user input.
DATABASE(DB):

In Python, "DB" typically refers to database management and interaction, allowing developers to connect to, query, and manipulate data in various database systems.

What is a Database?

A database is an organized collection of data that can be easily accessed, managed, and updated. In Python, databases can be categorized into two main types:

Relational Databases (RDBMS):

These store data in structured tables with rows and columns, supporting relationships between data entities. Examples include MySQL, PostgreSQL, and SQLite.

Non-relational Databases (NoSQL):
These store data in various formats such as documents, key-value pairs, or graphs, offering more flexibility. Examples include MongoDB and Redis

DATA ANALYSIS AND DATA SCIENCE:

DA stands for Data Analyst, focusing on analyzing and visualizing data, while DS stands for Data Scientist, specializing in advanced analytics, predictive modeling, and machine learning.

INTERNET OF THINGS:

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical devices embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity that allows them to collect, exchange, and act on data autonomously.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE(AI):

AI (Artificial Intelligence) in Python means using Python programming language to create smart programs that can think, learn, and make decisions like humans.

AI = making computers intelligent
Python = a programming language used to build AI applications

references:

chatgpt.com

loops

bhuvaneswari nandhagopal — Fri, 22 May 2026 14:54:38 +0000

INTRODUCTION TO LOOP:

A loop is used to repeat the same code many times.
We use loops for repeated work in programming.

TYPES OF LOOP

for loop
while loop

FOR LOOP:

Used to repeat code a fixed number of times.
Mostly used with range or collection.

what is range?

Used to create a sequence of numbers.
Mostly used in loops.

what is collection?

Collection is a data type used to store multiple values in a single variable.

WHILE LOOP:

A while loop is used to repeat code again and again while the condition is true

Simple Explanation:

i = 1 → start value
i <= 5 → condition
print number
increase i by 1
repeat until condition becomes false

comparision operator

bhuvaneswari nandhagopal — Mon, 18 May 2026 10:28:18 +0000

A comparison operator is a symbol or set of symbols used in programming to compare two values or expressions. The result of this comparison is a Boolean value: either True or False. These operators are essential for decision-making in conditional statements, loops, and other logical constructs.

1.Equal to (==): checks if two values are equal.

x = 5
y = 10
print(x == y) # Output: False

2.Not equal to (!=): checks if two values are not equal.

print(x != y) # Output: True

3.Greater than (>): Checks if the left value is greater than the right value.

print(x > y) # Output: False

4.Less than (<): Checks if the left value is less than the right value.

print(x < y) # Output: True

5.Greater than or equal to (>=): Checks if the left value is greater than or equal to the right value.

x = 5
y = 5
print(x >= y) # Output: True

6.Less than or equal to (<=): Checks if the left value is less than or equal to the right value.

print(x <= y) # Output: True

Importance in Programming

Comparison operators are fundamental for controlling the flow of a program. They are used in if-else statements, loops, and other logical constructs to evaluate conditions and make decisions.

example:

if x < y:
print("x is less than y")
else:
print("x is not less than y")