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    <title>DEV Community: Braily</title>
    <description>The latest articles on DEV Community by Braily (@brailyguzman).</description>
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    <item>
      <title>Go for JavaScripters: Why You Should Learn Golang</title>
      <dc:creator>Braily</dc:creator>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2025 22:27:42 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://dev.to/brailyguzman/go-for-javascripters-why-you-should-learn-golang-1poo</link>
      <guid>https://dev.to/brailyguzman/go-for-javascripters-why-you-should-learn-golang-1poo</guid>
      <description>&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Table of Contents
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
Go for JavaScripters: Why You Should Learn Golang

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Table of Contents&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Introduction&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;What You'll Learn&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Why Learn Go&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Go vs JavaScript: Quick Comparison&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;What is Go Good At?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;When NOT to Use Go&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Core Syntax Overview&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Hello, World!&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Variables&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
Data Types

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Integers&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Key Notes&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Floating Point&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Arrays and Slices&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Arrays&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Slices&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;


&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Structs, Types, Methods, and Interfaces&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;

Strings, Bytes, and Runes

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Strings (Immutable UTF-8)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;[]byte (Raw Bytes)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Runes (Unicode Code Points)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Type Conversions&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Quick Comparison: JavaScript vs Go&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;


&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;

Functions and Control Flow

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Functions&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Returning Multiple Values&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Conditionals&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;


&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Pointers&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Loops&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Using range&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Working with the strings Package&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Concurrency in Go: Goroutines, Channels, WaitGroups, and Mutexes&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Concurrency vs Parallelism&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Goroutines&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Channels&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;WaitGroup&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Mutex&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;defer&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Common Gotchas for JS Devs&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Mini Project: Word Counter CLI&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Go Modules &amp;amp; Project Structure&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Error Handling in Go&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Simple HTTP Server Example&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Next Steps &amp;amp; Resources&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;JavaScript to Go: Quick Reference Cheat Sheet&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Conclusion&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ul&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Introduction
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Are you a JavaScript developer looking to expand your backend skills, or just curious about a language that powers Docker, Kubernetes, and much of the modern cloud? Meet &lt;strong&gt;Go&lt;/strong&gt; (aka Golang): a language created at Google by Ken Thompson, Rob Pike, and Robert Griesemer to make software development fast, fun, and scalable.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Go is designed for simplicity, speed, and reliability. It compiles to a single binary, has a powerful standard library, and makes concurrency (doing many things at once) a breeze. If you love JavaScript's flexibility but crave more performance and predictability, Go is a perfect next step.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  What You'll Learn
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;How Go compares to JavaScript in syntax and philosophy&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Go's type system, variables, and data structures&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;How to handle strings, bytes, and runes (Unicode!)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Using Go's &lt;code&gt;strings&lt;/code&gt; package for text manipulation&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Go's powerful concurrency model (goroutines, channels, and more)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Common pitfalls for JS devs switching to Go&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;How to build and run Go code&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Why Learn Go
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If you're a JavaScript developer looking to level up with a fast, modern language built for performance and scalability, it's time to meet Go.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Go (or Golang)&lt;/strong&gt; is a middle-level programming language created at Google in 2007 by engineers who were tired of waiting around for their code to compile and dealing with overly complex systems. The result? A language that combines the performance of C (low-level) with the simplicity and readability of Python (high-level).&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Go vs JavaScript: Quick Comparison
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;div class="table-wrapper-paragraph"&gt;&lt;table&gt;
&lt;thead&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Feature&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;JavaScript&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Go&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Typing&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Dynamic&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Static&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Compilation&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Interpreted/JIT&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Compiled (to binary)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Concurrency&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Event loop, async/await&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Goroutines, channels&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Deployment&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Needs Node.js runtime&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Single binary&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Error Handling&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;try/catch&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Explicit error returns&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Popular Use Cases&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Web, APIs, scripting&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;APIs, infra, CLI, servers&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  What is Go Good At?
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Go shines when it comes to building fast, scalable backend systems. It's a top choice for writing APIs, web servers, CLI tools, and infrastructure-level software. Tools like &lt;strong&gt;Docker&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;Kubernetes&lt;/strong&gt;, and &lt;strong&gt;Terraform&lt;/strong&gt; are all written in Go, which says a lot about its speed and reliability.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;One of Go's biggest superpowers is &lt;strong&gt;concurrency&lt;/strong&gt;, the ability to run multiple tasks at the same time. In JavaScript, we use &lt;code&gt;async/await&lt;/code&gt; and the event loop to handle asynchronous operations. In Go, we use goroutines, lightweight threads that are easy to spawn and manage.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Go also makes deployment a breeze. While Node.js apps often require npm install, package.json, and a dozen dependencies, Go compiles everything into a single binary file you can just drop on a server and run.&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  When NOT to Use Go
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Go is not ideal for:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Front-end/browser-based development&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Rapid prototyping with lots of UI&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Projects needing generics-heavy data structures (though Go 1.18+ now supports generics, it's not as flexible as TypeScript)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Go might not be ideal for:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Projects that require a lot of dynamic typing or runtime type changes (Go is statically typed and not as flexible as JavaScript or Python for dynamic data structures).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Codebases that rely heavily on advanced generics or metaprogramming (Go's generics are intentionally simple and less expressive than those in TypeScript, Rust, or C++).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Rapid prototyping where developer speed and a huge ecosystem of libraries (like npm for JS or PyPI for Python) are critical. Go's ecosystem is strong but not as broad for every domain.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Projects where you need mature, specialized libraries for things like data science, machine learning, or scientific computing (Go's ecosystem is growing, but not as deep as Python's in these areas).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Teams that require hot-reloading, scripting, or embedding code at runtime (Go is compiled and not designed for scripting or live code changes).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Core Syntax Overview
&lt;/h2&gt;




&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Hello, World!
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;JavaScript:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight javascript"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="nx"&gt;console&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;log&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;Hello, World!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Go:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;package&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;main&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;"fmt"&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;main&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"Hello, World!"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;






&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Variables
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;JavaScript:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight javascript"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="kd"&gt;const&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nx"&gt;name&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;Braily&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="kd"&gt;let&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nx"&gt;age&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="kd"&gt;let&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nx"&gt;city&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;New York&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Go:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;var&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;name&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;"Braily"&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="c"&gt;// Type inference with `var`&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;var&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;age&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;18&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="c"&gt;// Shorthand declaration&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;city&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;"New York"&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Go is statically typed, so once a variable has a type, it can't be reassigned to something else, no switching &lt;code&gt;age&lt;/code&gt; from a number to a string like in JS.&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Data Types
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;h4&gt;
  
  
  Integers
&lt;/h4&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Unlike JavaScript, which uses a single &lt;code&gt;number&lt;/code&gt; type for all integers, Go provides several distinct integer types. Each type has its own range and memory usage, allowing you to choose the most appropriate one for your needs.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="table-wrapper-paragraph"&gt;&lt;table&gt;
&lt;thead&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Type&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Size&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Range (approximate)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;int8&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;8-bit&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;-128 to 127&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;uint8&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;8-bit&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;0 to 255&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;int16&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;16-bit&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;-32,768 to 32,767&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;uint16&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;16-bit&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;0 to 65,535&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;int32&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;32-bit&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;-2.1 billion to 2.1 billion&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;uint32&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;32-bit&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;0 to 4.2 billion&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;int64&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;64-bit&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;-9 quintillion to 9 quintillion&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;uint64&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;64-bit&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;0 to 18 quintillion&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;int&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;platform dependent (usually 32 or 64 bits)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;uint&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;platform dependent (unsigned version of int)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;For example, if you need to store an RGB (Red, Green, Blue) value ranging from 0 to 255, the best choice is &lt;code&gt;uint8&lt;/code&gt; (an unsigned 8-bit integer), since it efficiently covers exactly that range. If you need to store larger values, simply choose an integer type with a bigger bit size, such as &lt;code&gt;uint16&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;uint32&lt;/code&gt;, or &lt;code&gt;uint64&lt;/code&gt;, depending on your requirements.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h5&gt;
  
  
  Key Notes
&lt;/h5&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;code&gt;int&lt;/code&gt; will default to 32 or 64 bits depending on your system.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;code&gt;uint&lt;/code&gt; types don't allow negative numbers but give you more room for positive values.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Go will catch integer overflows at compile time, not at runtime.
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;var&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;intNum&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int16&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;32767&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c"&gt;// Compile-time overflow error&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;This compiles but causes weird behavior:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;var&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;intNum&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int16&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;32767&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;intNum&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;intNum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c"&gt;// Output: -32768 (wraps around!)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;h4&gt;
  
  
  Floating Point
&lt;/h4&gt;

&lt;div class="table-wrapper-paragraph"&gt;&lt;table&gt;
&lt;thead&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Type&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Size&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Precision&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;float32&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;32-bit&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;7 digits (single precision)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;float64&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;64-bit&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;15 digits (double precision — default)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;var&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;price&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;float32&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;19.99&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;var&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;total&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;float64&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;12345678.900000&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;price&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Warning: Precision loss can happen with &lt;code&gt;float32&lt;/code&gt; when dealing with very large or very small decimal values.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h4&gt;
  
  
  Arrays and Slices
&lt;/h4&gt;

&lt;h5&gt;
  
  
  Arrays
&lt;/h5&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In Go, arrays have &lt;strong&gt;fixed sizes&lt;/strong&gt; and contain elements of a single type.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;var&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c"&gt;// &amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; [1 2 3]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;You can also let Go infer the length:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;b&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"Go"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;"is"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;"cool"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;b&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c"&gt;// &amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; [Go is cool]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Key Points&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Arrays are &lt;strong&gt;value types&lt;/strong&gt;. Assigning or passing them copies the whole array.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Their size is part of their type (&lt;code&gt;[3]int&lt;/code&gt; != &lt;code&gt;[4]int&lt;/code&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;h5&gt;
  
  
  Slices
&lt;/h5&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Slices are more flexible and commonly used than arrays.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;nums&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;40&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;nums&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c"&gt;// &amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; [10 20 30 40]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;You can create a slice from an array:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;arr&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;slice&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;arr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c"&gt;// elements [2, 3, 4]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;slice&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;You can also use &lt;code&gt;make&lt;/code&gt; to create a slice with a given length and capacity:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;make&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;([]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c"&gt;// len = 3, cap = 5&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c"&gt;// &amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; [0 0 0]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Slices are &lt;strong&gt;references to arrays&lt;/strong&gt;, so modifying one will affect the original array:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;99&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c"&gt;// [99 2 3]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Append and Slice Tricks&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;append&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c"&gt;// Creates a new array&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c"&gt;// &amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; [1 2 3 4]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;






&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Structs, Types, Methods, and Interfaces
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Go uses structs to group related data together, similar to objects in JavaScript. You can also define methods on types (including structs) to add behavior.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Structs Example:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;type&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Person&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;struct&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Name&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Age&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;main&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;p&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Person&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;"Alice"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Age&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Age&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods Example:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;type&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Person&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;struct&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Name&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;p&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Person&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Greet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;"Hello, "&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Name&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;main&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;p&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Person&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;"Bob"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Greet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;())&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c"&gt;// Output: Hello, Bob&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What are Interfaces?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Interfaces in Go define a set of method signatures (behavior) that a type must implement. Any type that provides those methods "satisfies" the interface, even if it doesn't explicitly declare that it does. This allows you to write flexible and decoupled code, because functions can accept interfaces rather than concrete types. Interfaces are a key part of Go's approach to polymorphism and code reuse.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is Duck Typing?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Duck typing is a concept where the type or class of an object is determined by its behavior (methods and properties), not by explicit inheritance or declaration. The phrase comes from "If it walks like a duck and quacks like a duck, it's a duck." In Go, any type that implements the methods required by an interface is considered to satisfy that interface, even if it doesn't explicitly declare it. This is similar to how JavaScript objects can be passed to functions as long as they have the expected methods or properties.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Interfaces Example (Multiple Types):&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;type&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Greeter&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;interface&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Greet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;type&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Person&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;struct&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Name&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;p&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Person&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Greet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;"Hello, "&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Name&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;type&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Robot&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;struct&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;ID&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;r&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Robot&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Greet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Sprintf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"Beep boop, I am robot #%d"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;ID&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;sayHello&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;g&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Greeter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;g&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Greet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;())&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;main&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;p&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Person&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;"Carol"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;r&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Robot&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;ID&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;42&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;sayHello&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c"&gt;// Output: Hello, Carol&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;sayHello&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c"&gt;// Output: Beep boop, I am robot #42&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;JavaScript Comparison:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;
JavaScript doesn't have interfaces, but you can use objects with the same method signatures (duck typing):&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight javascript"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="kd"&gt;function&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;sayHello&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nx"&gt;greeter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="nx"&gt;console&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;log&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nx"&gt;greeter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;greet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;());&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="kd"&gt;const&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nx"&gt;person&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="na"&gt;name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;Carol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="nf"&gt;greet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;`Hello, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;${&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;this&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nx"&gt;name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;`&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="p"&gt;},&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;};&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="kd"&gt;const&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nx"&gt;robot&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="na"&gt;id&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;42&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="nf"&gt;greet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;`Beep boop, I am robot #&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;${&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;this&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nx"&gt;id&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;`&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="p"&gt;},&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;};&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="nf"&gt;sayHello&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nx"&gt;person&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c1"&gt;// Hello, Carol&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="nf"&gt;sayHello&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nx"&gt;robot&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c1"&gt;// Beep boop, I am robot #42&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;






&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Strings, Bytes, and Runes
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In &lt;strong&gt;JavaScript&lt;/strong&gt;, strings are sequences of UTF-16 code units. This usually feels like characters but isn't always, especially with emojis or characters from other languages.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In &lt;strong&gt;Go&lt;/strong&gt;, strings are &lt;strong&gt;UTF-8 encoded immutable slices of bytes&lt;/strong&gt;. That means:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;A string is a sequence of bytes.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Characters can take up multiple bytes.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Indexing directly gives you a &lt;strong&gt;byte&lt;/strong&gt;, not a character.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;h4&gt;
  
  
  Strings (Immutable UTF-8)
&lt;/h4&gt;



&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;greeting&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;"Hello, 世界"&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;greeting&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;       &lt;span class="c"&gt;// &amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; Hello, 世界&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;greeting&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="c"&gt;// &amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; 13 (bytes, not characters)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Each character in &lt;code&gt;"Hello, 世界"&lt;/code&gt; might take 1-3 bytes.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Strings are immutable. You &lt;strong&gt;can't&lt;/strong&gt; change characters via indexing.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Accessing bytes (not characters)&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;"世界"&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;])&lt;/span&gt;           &lt;span class="c"&gt;// &amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; 228 (byte, not '世')&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;h4&gt;
  
  
  []byte (Raw Bytes)
&lt;/h4&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;A &lt;code&gt;byte&lt;/code&gt; is an alias for &lt;code&gt;uint8&lt;/code&gt;, just a number from 0-255.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;code&gt;[]byte&lt;/code&gt; lets you inspect or manipulate the underlying raw data of a string.
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;word&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;"résumé"&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;b&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kt"&gt;byte&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;word&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;b&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;              &lt;span class="c"&gt;// &amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; [114 195 169 115 117 109 195 169]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;b&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt;         &lt;span class="c"&gt;// &amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; 8&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Compare with JavaScript:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight javascript"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="kd"&gt;const&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nx"&gt;word&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;résumé&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="nx"&gt;console&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;log&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nx"&gt;word&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nx"&gt;length&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c1"&gt;// 6 characters&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="nx"&gt;console&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;log&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nx"&gt;Buffer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nx"&gt;word&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;));&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c1"&gt;// &amp;lt;Buffer 72 c3 a9 73 75 6d c3 a9&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;h4&gt;
  
  
  Runes (Unicode Code Points)
&lt;/h4&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A &lt;code&gt;rune&lt;/code&gt; in Go is an &lt;strong&gt;int32&lt;/strong&gt; representing a full Unicode character, even emojis and symbols from non-Latin scripts.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Useful when dealing with &lt;strong&gt;characters&lt;/strong&gt;, not bytes.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Can handle multi-byte characters like emoji properly.
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;emoji&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;"💖"&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;emoji&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt;       &lt;span class="c"&gt;// &amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; 4 (bytes)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;RuneCountInString&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;emoji&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c"&gt;// &amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; 1&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Use a &lt;code&gt;[]rune&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;strong&gt;see each character&lt;/strong&gt; properly:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;name&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;"résumé💖"&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;runes&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kt"&gt;rune&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;runes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt;       &lt;span class="c"&gt;// &amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; 7&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Printf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"%q&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="se"&gt;\n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;runes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span class="c"&gt;// &amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; ['r' 'é' 's' 'u' 'm' 'é' '💖']&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;h4&gt;
  
  
  Type Conversions
&lt;/h4&gt;



&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;"Go💖"&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;// string → []byte&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;b&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kt"&gt;byte&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;b&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c"&gt;// &amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; [71 111 240 159 146 150]&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;// string → []rune&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;r&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kt"&gt;rune&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c"&gt;// &amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; [71 111 128150]&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;// []rune → string&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c"&gt;// &amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; Go💖&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;h4&gt;
  
  
  Quick Comparison: JavaScript vs Go
&lt;/h4&gt;

&lt;div class="table-wrapper-paragraph"&gt;&lt;table&gt;
&lt;thead&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Concept&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;JavaScript&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Go&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;String&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;"Go💖"&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;"Go💖"&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Char (Unicode)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;code&gt;"💖".charCodeAt(0)&lt;/code&gt; → 55357&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;code&gt;rune('💖')&lt;/code&gt; → 128150&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Byte length&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;code&gt;Buffer.byteLength("💖")&lt;/code&gt; → 4&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;code&gt;len("💖")&lt;/code&gt; → 4&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Char length&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;code&gt;"💖".length&lt;/code&gt; → 2&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;utf8.RuneCountInString&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Char array&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;Array.from("résumé")&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;[]rune("résumé")&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="table-wrapper-paragraph"&gt;&lt;table&gt;
&lt;thead&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th&gt;What you want&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Use this in Go&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;String of text&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;string&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Raw binary data&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;[]byte&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Unicode-safe characters&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;[]rune&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Count visible characters&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;utf8.RuneCountInString(str)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Loop over characters&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;for _, r := range str&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;




&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Functions and Control Flow
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;h4&gt;
  
  
  Functions
&lt;/h4&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;JavaScript:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight javascript"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="kd"&gt;function&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;greet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nx"&gt;name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;Hello &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nx"&gt;name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Go:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;greet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;name&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;"Hello "&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;name&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;In Go, you must declare the type of each parameter and the return value. The function block is enclosed by &lt;code&gt;{}&lt;/code&gt; just like JS.&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;h4&gt;
  
  
  Returning Multiple Values
&lt;/h4&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Go functions can return more than one value, which is commonly used for returning a result and an error.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;divide&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;b&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;float64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kt"&gt;float64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;error&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;b&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Errorf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"cannot divide by zero"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;b&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;result&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;divide&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"Error:"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;else&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"Result:"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;result&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;JavaScript Comparison:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In JavaScript, you might return an object or array to simulate multiple return values:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight javascript"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="kd"&gt;function&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;divide&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nx"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nx"&gt;b&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="k"&gt;if &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nx"&gt;b&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;===&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kc"&gt;null&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;cannot divide by zero&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;];&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nx"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nx"&gt;b&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kc"&gt;null&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;];&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kd"&gt;const&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nx"&gt;result&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nx"&gt;error&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;divide&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;if &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nx"&gt;error&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="nx"&gt;console&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;log&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;Error:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nx"&gt;error&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;else&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="nx"&gt;console&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;log&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;Result:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nx"&gt;result&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;






&lt;h4&gt;
  
  
  Conditionals
&lt;/h4&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Go uses familiar &lt;code&gt;if/else&lt;/code&gt; logic but requires the conditions to evaluate to a &lt;strong&gt;bool&lt;/strong&gt;, no more truthy/falsy magic like in JS.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;age&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;18&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"You're an adult!"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;else&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"You're still a minor!"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;






&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Pointers
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Go uses pointers to reference memory locations, similar to C, but without pointer arithmetic. Pointers are useful for modifying values in place and for efficient memory usage.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Example:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;increment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;n&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;n&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;n&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;num&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;increment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;num&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;num&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c"&gt;// Output: 6&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;code&gt;*int&lt;/code&gt; means "pointer to an int".&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;num&lt;/code&gt; gets the address of &lt;code&gt;num&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;code&gt;*n&lt;/code&gt; dereferences the pointer to access the value.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;JavaScript Comparison:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;
JavaScript does not have pointers, but objects and arrays are passed by reference:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight javascript"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="kd"&gt;function&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;increment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nx"&gt;obj&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="nx"&gt;obj&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nx"&gt;value&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="kd"&gt;let&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nx"&gt;num&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="na"&gt;value&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;};&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="nf"&gt;increment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nx"&gt;num&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="nx"&gt;console&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;log&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nx"&gt;num&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nx"&gt;value&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c1"&gt;// 6&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;






&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Loops
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Go has only one loop keyword: &lt;code&gt;for&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;++&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;You can also use it like a &lt;code&gt;while&lt;/code&gt; loop:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;x&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;x&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;++&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;






&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Using range
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;range&lt;/code&gt; keyword is used to iterate over elements in a variety of data structures, including arrays, slices, maps, and strings. When iterating over a string, &lt;code&gt;range&lt;/code&gt; yields the index and the Unicode code point (rune) at each position.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Example: Iterating over runes in a string&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;"Go💖"&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;r&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;range&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Printf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"Index: %d, Rune: %c, Unicode: %U&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="se"&gt;\n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;This will print each Unicode character (rune) in the string, including multi-byte characters like emojis.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Working with the strings Package
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Go's standard library includes the powerful &lt;code&gt;strings&lt;/code&gt; package for manipulating text. Here are some common tasks:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="s"&gt;"fmt"&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="s"&gt;"strings"&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;main&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;"  Hello, Go!  "&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;strings&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;ToUpper&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt;           &lt;span class="c"&gt;// "  HELLO, GO!  "&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;strings&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;TrimSpace&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt;         &lt;span class="c"&gt;// "Hello, Go!"&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;strings&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Contains&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;"Go"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;span class="c"&gt;// true&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;strings&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;HasPrefix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;"  H"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="c"&gt;// true&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;strings&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;ReplaceAll&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;"Go"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;"Gophers"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c"&gt;// "  Hello, Gophers!  "&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;strings&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Split&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;","&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt;        &lt;span class="c"&gt;// ["  Hello" " Go!  "]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;JavaScript Comparison:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight javascript"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="kd"&gt;const&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nx"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;  Hello, Go!  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="nx"&gt;console&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;log&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nx"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;toUpperCase&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;());&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c1"&gt;// "  HELLO, GO!  "&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="nx"&gt;console&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;log&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nx"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;trim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;());&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c1"&gt;// "Hello, Go!"&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="nx"&gt;console&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;log&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nx"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;includes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;Go&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;));&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c1"&gt;// true&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="nx"&gt;console&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;log&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nx"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;startsWith&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;  H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;));&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c1"&gt;// true&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="nx"&gt;console&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;log&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nx"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;replaceAll&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;Go&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;Gophers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;));&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c1"&gt;// "  Hello, Gophers!  "&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="nx"&gt;console&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;log&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nx"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;split&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;));&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c1"&gt;// ["  Hello", " Go!  "]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;






&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Concurrency in Go: Goroutines, Channels, WaitGroups, and Mutexes
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Go's concurrency model is one of its superpowers. Unlike JavaScript's single-threaded event loop, Go lets you run multiple tasks at the same time using goroutines and channels.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Concurrency vs Parallelism
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Concurrency&lt;/strong&gt; is about dealing with lots of things at once (structuring your program to handle multiple tasks that may not actually run at the same time).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Parallelism&lt;/strong&gt; is about doing lots of things at the same time (actually running on multiple CPU cores).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Go makes it easy to write concurrent code, and if your machine has multiple cores, Go can run goroutines in parallel too.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Goroutines
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A goroutine is a lightweight thread managed by the Go runtime. Just add &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt; before a function call to run it concurrently:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;package&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;main&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="s"&gt;"fmt"&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="s"&gt;"time"&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;sayHello&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"Hello from a goroutine!"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;main&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;go&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;sayHello&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c"&gt;// runs concurrently&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"Main function"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;time&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Sleep&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;time&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Second&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c"&gt;// Give goroutine time to run&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Channels
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Channels let goroutines communicate safely:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;package&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;main&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="s"&gt;"fmt"&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;main&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;ch&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;make&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;chan&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;go&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;ch&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;-&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;"Hello from goroutine"&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}()&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;msg&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;ch&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;msg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;code&gt;ch &amp;lt;- value&lt;/code&gt; sends a value into the channel.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;-ch&lt;/code&gt; receives a value from the channel.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  WaitGroup
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A &lt;code&gt;sync.WaitGroup&lt;/code&gt; lets you wait for a group of goroutines to finish:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;package&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;main&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="s"&gt;"fmt"&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="s"&gt;"sync"&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;worker&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;id&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;wg&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;sync&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;WaitGroup&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;defer&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;wg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Done&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Printf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"Worker %d done&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="se"&gt;\n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;id&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;main&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;var&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;wg&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;sync&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;WaitGroup&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;++&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;wg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Add&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;go&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;worker&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;wg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;wg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Wait&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c"&gt;// Wait for all workers to finish&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"All workers done"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Mutex
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A &lt;code&gt;sync.Mutex&lt;/code&gt; is used to safely share data between goroutines:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;package&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;main&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="s"&gt;"fmt"&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="s"&gt;"sync"&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;main&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;var&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;mu&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;sync&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Mutex&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;count&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;var&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;wg&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;sync&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;WaitGroup&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;1000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;++&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;wg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Add&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;go&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;mu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Lock&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;count&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;++&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;mu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Unlock&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;wg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Done&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;}()&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;wg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Wait&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"Final count:"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;count&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why use a mutex?&lt;/strong&gt; Without it, multiple goroutines could try to update &lt;code&gt;count&lt;/code&gt; at the same time, causing race conditions.&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  defer
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;defer&lt;/code&gt; keyword in Go schedules a function call to run after the function completes, just before it returns. This is especially useful for cleanup tasks like closing files, unlocking mutexes, or printing final messages.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Example: File closing&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;package&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;main&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="s"&gt;"fmt"&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="s"&gt;"os"&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;main&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;os&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Open&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"file.txt"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"Error:"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;defer&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Close&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c"&gt;// Will run at the end of main, even if there's a return or panic&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"File opened!"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="c"&gt;// ... do work with file ...&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Example: Multiple defers&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If you use multiple &lt;code&gt;defer&lt;/code&gt; statements, they run in LIFO (last-in, first-out) order:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;main&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;defer&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"first"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;defer&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"second"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"main body"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="c"&gt;// Output:&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="c"&gt;// main body&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="c"&gt;// second&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="c"&gt;// first&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Common uses:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Closing files or network connections&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Unlocking mutexes&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Logging or printing final messages&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;JavaScript Comparison:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;
JavaScript doesn't have a direct equivalent, but you might use &lt;code&gt;finally&lt;/code&gt; in a &lt;code&gt;try/catch/finally&lt;/code&gt; block for similar cleanup:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight javascript"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;try&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="c1"&gt;// ... work ...&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;finally&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="c1"&gt;// cleanup code&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;






&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Common Gotchas for JS Devs
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;No implicit type coercion:&lt;/strong&gt; Go won't convert types for you. &lt;code&gt;"5" + 1&lt;/code&gt; is an error, not &lt;code&gt;"51"&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Zero values:&lt;/strong&gt; Uninitialized variables have a default value (e.g., &lt;code&gt;0&lt;/code&gt; for int, &lt;code&gt;""&lt;/code&gt; for string, &lt;code&gt;nil&lt;/code&gt; for pointers/slices/maps).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;No exceptions:&lt;/strong&gt; Go uses explicit error returns, not try/catch.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;No variable hoisting:&lt;/strong&gt; All variables must be declared before use.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;No unused imports or variables:&lt;/strong&gt; The compiler will error if you import a package or declare a variable and don't use it.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;No classes:&lt;/strong&gt; Use structs and interfaces instead.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;No method overloading or default parameters.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Mini Project: Word Counter CLI
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Let's build a simple CLI tool that reads a line of text from the user, counts the number of words and unique words, and prints word frequencies. This demonstrates string manipulation, maps, and user input.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;package&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;main&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="s"&gt;"bufio"&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="s"&gt;"fmt"&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="s"&gt;"os"&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="s"&gt;"strings"&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;main&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;reader&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;bufio&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;NewReader&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;os&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Stdin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"Enter a sentence: "&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;line&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;_&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;reader&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;ReadString&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sc"&gt;'\n'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;line&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;strings&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;TrimSpace&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;line&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;words&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;strings&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Fields&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;line&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;wordCount&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;make&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;map&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;_&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;word&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;range&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;words&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;wordCount&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;word&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;++&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Printf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"Total words: %d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="se"&gt;\n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;words&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Printf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"Unique words: %d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="se"&gt;\n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;wordCount&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"Word frequencies:"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;word&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;count&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;range&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;wordCount&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Printf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"%s: %d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="se"&gt;\n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;word&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;count&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why not use &lt;code&gt;fmt.Scanf&lt;/code&gt; for user input?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;code&gt;fmt.Scanf&lt;/code&gt; is best for simple, space-separated input (e.g., numbers or single words), but for names or sentences, &lt;code&gt;bufio.Reader&lt;/code&gt; is preferred because it reads the whole line, including spaces. &lt;code&gt;fmt.Scanf&lt;/code&gt; will only read up to the first space.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Go Modules &amp;amp; Project Structure
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Go uses modules to manage dependencies. To start a new project:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight shell"&gt;&lt;code&gt;go mod init github.com/yourusername/yourproject
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Typical Go project structure:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight plaintext"&gt;&lt;code&gt;myproject/
  go.mod
  main.go
  pkg/      # reusable packages
  internal/ # private packages
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;






&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Error Handling in Go
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Go does not use exceptions. Instead, functions that can fail return an &lt;code&gt;error&lt;/code&gt; as a second return value:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;val&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;strconv&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Atoi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"123"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"Conversion failed:"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;else&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"Value:"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;val&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;






&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Simple HTTP Server Example
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Go makes it easy to spin up a web server:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;package&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;main&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="s"&gt;"fmt"&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="s"&gt;"net/http"&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;handler&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;w&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;http&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;ResponseWriter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;r&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;http&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Request&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Fprintf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;"Hello from Go!"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;main&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;http&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;HandleFunc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"/"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;handler&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"Server running at http://localhost:8080/"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;http&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;ListenAndServe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;":8080"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;






&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Next Steps &amp;amp; Resources
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://gobyexample.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Go by Example&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://go.dev/tour/" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;A Tour of Go&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://go.dev/play//" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Go Playground (try Go online!)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8uiZC0l4Ajw" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Learn GO Fast: Full Tutorial (For non-beginners)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  JavaScript to Go: Quick Reference Cheat Sheet
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;div class="table-wrapper-paragraph"&gt;&lt;table&gt;
&lt;thead&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th&gt;JavaScript Concept&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Go Equivalent&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;code&gt;let&lt;/code&gt; / &lt;code&gt;const&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;code&gt;var&lt;/code&gt; / &lt;code&gt;:=&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Array&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Slice (&lt;code&gt;[]type&lt;/code&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Object&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Struct&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Function&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;func&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Class&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Struct + Methods&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Interface (TypeScript)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Interface&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;code&gt;null&lt;/code&gt; / &lt;code&gt;undefined&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;nil&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;code&gt;Promise&lt;/code&gt; / &lt;code&gt;async/await&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Goroutine + Channel&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Exception (&lt;code&gt;try/catch&lt;/code&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Multiple return values + &lt;code&gt;error&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;finally&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;defer&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;for...of&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;for _, v := range ...&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;for...in&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;for k := range ...&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;Object.keys(obj)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;for k := range map&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;console.log&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;fmt.Println&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Conclusion
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Go is a modern, efficient, and fun language that empowers JavaScript developers to build fast, scalable, and reliable backend systems. With its simple syntax, powerful concurrency model, and robust standard library, Go is a fantastic next step for anyone looking to level up their programming skills.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If you’re comfortable in JavaScript, you’re more ready for Go than you think. The syntax is different, but the logic and problem-solving skills you’ve built in JS will serve you well.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Ready to try Go? Dive into the resources above, experiment with the examples, and start building something awesome. Happy coding! 🚀&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Have questions or feedback? Feel free to reach out or leave a comment!&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</description>
      <category>programming</category>
      <category>go</category>
      <category>javascript</category>
      <category>devops</category>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>
