DEV Community: Mercy

What Is Exception Propagation in Java?

Mercy — Thu, 20 Mar 2025 22:06:20 +0000

Exception handling is crucial in Java to prevent application crashes caused by unhandled exceptions. Java provides built-in exception classes for handling common runtime errors. But have you ever heard of Exception propagation, a key concept, that involves forwarding an exception up the call stack until a handler is found? If no handler exists, the JVM terminates the program.

In this article, we will explore how exception propagation works in Java, its rules, and examples to help you understand this concept better. Then, we will answer a question to show your understanding of this article.

Exception Propagation 🤔?

Exception propagation is a mechanism in Java where an exception is passed from the method in which it occurred to the calling methods in the call stack until it is caught and handled.
In Java, when an exception occurs in a method, the method can either handle it using a try-catch block or propagate it to the calling method.
If the exception is not handled in the current method, it is automatically propagated to the method that called it. This process continues up the call stack until the exception is either caught and handled or reaches the main method. If the exception reaches the main method and is still unhandled, the program terminates, and the JVM prints the stack trace.

Key Points about Exception Propagation:

Checked vs. Unchecked Exceptions:

Checked Exceptions: These are exceptions that are checked at compile-time. If a method throws a checked exception, it must either handle it using a try-catch block or declare it in the method signature using the throws keyword.

Unchecked Exceptions: These are exceptions that are not checked at compile-time (e.g., RuntimeException and its subclasses). They are automatically propagated without requiring explicit declaration.

Call Stack:
The call stack is the sequence of method calls that lead to the point where the exception occurred. When an exception is propagated, it moves up the call stack.

Default Propagation:

By default, exceptions are propagated automatically in Java unless they are caught and handled.

How Exception Propagation Works

Let’s look at an example to understand how exception propagation works in Java.

Example 1: Propagation of Unchecked Exceptions

public class ExceptionPropagationExample {

    void method1() {
        // Exception occurs here
        int result = 10 / 0; // ArithmeticException
    }

    void method2() {
        method1(); // Exception propagates to method2
    }

    void method3() {
        try {
            method2(); // Exception propagates to method3
        } catch (ArithmeticException e) {
            System.out.println("Exception caught in method3: " + e.getMessage());
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ExceptionPropagationExample obj = new ExceptionPropagationExample();
        obj.method3(); // Exception is handled in method3
    }
}

Explanation:
In method1, an ArithmeticException occurs due to division by zero.
Since method1 does not handle the exception, it propagates to method2.
method2 also does not handle the exception, so it propagates to method3.
In method3, the exception is caught and handled using a try-catch block.

The program does not terminate, and the output is:
Exception caught inmethod3:/ by zero

Example 2: Propagation of Checked Exceptions
For checked exceptions, the method must either handle the exception or declare it using the throws keyword.

import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;

public class CheckedExceptionPropagation {

    void readFile() throws FileNotFoundException {
        FileInputStream file = new FileInputStream("nonexistent.txt"); // FileNotFoundException
    }

    void processFile() throws FileNotFoundException {
        readFile(); // Exception propagates to processFile
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        CheckedExceptionPropagation obj = new CheckedExceptionPropagation();
        try {
            obj.processFile(); // Exception propagates to main
        } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
            System.out.println("Exception caught in main: " + e.getMessage());
        }
    }
}

Explanation:
The readFile method attempts to open a file that does not exist, causing a FileNotFoundException.
Since readFile does not handle the exception, it declares it using the throws keyword, propagating it to processFile.
processFile also declares the exception, propagating it to the main method.
In the main method, the exception is caught and handled.

The output is:
Exception caught in main: nonexistent.txt (No such file or directory)

Rules for Exception Propagation

Unchecked Exceptions:

Unchecked exceptions are automatically propagated without requiring explicit declaration.
They can be caught and handled at any level in the call stack.

Checked Exceptions:

Checked exceptions must be either handled using a try-catch block or declared using the throws keyword in the method signature.
If a checked exception is not handled or declared, the code will not compile.

Method Overriding:

When overriding a method in a subclass, the overriding method cannot throw a checked exception that is broader than the exception thrown by the overridden method.

When to Use Exception Propagation

Exception propagation is useful in scenarios where:

The method where the exception occurs is not the appropriate place to handle it.
You want to centralize exception handling in a higher-level method.
You need to log or transform the exception before handling it.

But wait 🥵, excessive propagation can make debugging difficult, so it’s important to strike a balance between propagating and handling exceptions. Obviously 😀, I will go with exception handling properly and leave this time-wasting propagation thing.

🤌 Exception propagation is a powerful feature in Java that allows exceptions to be forwarded up the call stack until they are handled. By understanding how propagation works for both checked and unchecked exceptions, you can design more robust and maintainable applications. Remember to handle exceptions at the appropriate level and avoid unnecessary propagation to ensure your code remains clean and efficient. Here is a link to join the discussion about exception propagation.

Let's try something fun. Now that you have read the article and have some knowledge of exception propagation, answer this question to test your understanding.

CHOOSE TWO ANSWERS FROM THE BELOW ANSWERS.

1. The application will crush.
2. The code on line 29 will be executed.
3. The code on line 5 of class A will be executed.
4. The code on line 5 of class B will be executed.
5. The exception will be propagated back to line 27.

Languages you need to master to become a professional programmer.

Mercy — Tue, 25 Feb 2025 07:18:55 +0000

Becoming a developer in various fields such as web development, game development, data analysis, desktop development, embedded systems programming, or mobile app development requires proficiency in specific programming languages. Here's a comprehensive overview of the essential languages for each field:

Web Development

Web development involves creating websites and web applications, which can be divided into frontend (client-side) and backend (server-side) development.

**Essential Languages for Web Development
**HTML/CSS: These are not programming languages but are crucial for structuring and styling web pages. HTML defines the structure, while CSS controls the layout and visual aspects.

JavaScript: Used for both frontend and backend development, JavaScript is essential for creating interactive web pages and dynamic content. It can also be used on the server side with Node.js.

Python: A popular choice for backend development, Python is used with frameworks like Django and Flask for building robust web applications.

PHP: A server-side scripting language ideal for creating dynamic web pages and interacting with databases.

Java: Often used for large-scale web applications and enterprise systems.

Frameworks and Tools

Next.js, Angular, Vue.js: Popular JavaScript frameworks for frontend development. React is phased out by the way it was a great framework to start with.

Node.js, Express: Used for backend development with JavaScript.

Django, Flask: Python frameworks for backend development.

Game Development

Game development involves creating games for PCs, consoles, or mobile devices. It requires a strong understanding of programming principles and game engines.

Essential Languages for Game Development

C++: The most common language for game development due to its performance and control over hardware resources.
C#: Used with Unity, a popular game engine for developing cross-platform games.
Java: Sometimes used for Android game development.
JavaScript: Used with frameworks like Phaser for creating browser-based games.

Game Engines

Unity: Supports C# and is widely used for cross-platform game development.
Unreal Engine: Uses C++ and is known for high-performance graphics.
Godot: An open-source engine that supports C#, GDScript, and C++.

Data Analysis
Data analysis involves working with data to extract insights and patterns. It often requires proficiency in statistical programming languages.

Essential Languages for Data Analysis

Python: The most popular language for data analysis, thanks to libraries like Pandas, NumPy, and TensorFlow.
R: A language specifically designed for statistical computing and data visualization.
SQL: Essential for managing and querying databases.

Libraries and Tools
Pandas, NumPy, Matplotlib: Python libraries for data manipulation and visualization.

TensorFlow, PyTorch: Used for machine learning tasks.
ggplot2, dplyr: R libraries for data visualization and manipulation.

Desktop Development

Desktop development involves creating applications for Windows, macOS, or Linux.

Essential Languages for Desktop Development
C++: Used for building high-performance desktop applications.
Java: Often used for cross-platform desktop applications.
C#: Used with the .NET framework for Windows desktop applications.
Python: Can be used with frameworks like PyQt or wxPython for cross-platform desktop apps.

Frameworks and Tools

Qt: A cross-platform framework that supports C++ and Python.

.NET: A framework for building Windows applications using C#.

wxWidgets: A cross-platform library for building desktop applications.

Embedded Systems Programming

Embedded systems programming involves developing software for devices like microcontrollers, robots, or automotive systems.

Essential Languages for Embedded Systems
C: The most common language for embedded systems due to its efficiency and low-level memory management.

C++: Also widely used for more complex embedded systems.

Assembly: Sometimes used for very low-level programming.

Microcontrollers and Boards

Arduino: Uses C/C++ and is popular for DIY projects.

Raspberry Pi: Supports various languages, including Python and C++.

Mobile App Development
Mobile app development involves creating applications for Android or iOS devices.

Essential Languages for Mobile App Development
Java or Kotlin: Used for Android app development.

Swift or Objective-C: Used for iOS app development.

JavaScript: Can be used with frameworks like React Native for cross-platform development.

Dart: Used with Flutter for cross-platform app development.

Frameworks and Tools

Android Studio: For Android app development using Java or Kotlin.

Xcode: For iOS app development using Swift or Objective-C.

React Native, Flutter: Cross-platform frameworks for developing mobile apps.

A combination of these languages and tools can help you excel in multiple development fields:

Understanding the strengths and specific features of each language and toolset will help you choose the most appropriate ones for your projects. 👏 Thank you for taking the time to read my article. I hope you find it helpful.

iPhone 17 design may be drastically different

Mercy — Wed, 19 Feb 2025 14:00:09 +0000

Speculation is rife that the iPhone 17 would sport a drastically new design from its predecessors, and the "iPhone 17 Air" might just be the thinnest iPhone ever. In this article I want to tell you about the rumored new design:

iPhone 17 Air:
Ultra-thin design: It is anticipated the phone will measure 5.5 mm to 6 mm in thickness.

Single rear camera: One of the most important features of iPhone 17 is that it is said to be the only one containing a 48-megapixel single-camera within a rectangular camera bar. The camera bar might have the same design as Google's Pixel phones. A microphone and LED flash unit are expected to appear on the right side.

Disadvantages: The slim design may limit the hardware, for example, it could omit the optical zoom, decrease the speaker or front camera performance, there could be no Sim card tray, no speaker on the bottom, and most probably a smaller battery. Besides that, it may not have an ultra-wide camera and 5G support via mmWave.

Chipset: The iPhone 17 Air is allegedly running a A19 chip, the basic one

The Pro/Pro Max iPhone 17:

Horizontal Camera Bar: There are rumors that the iPhone 17 Pro variants will have a bigger horizontal camera bar. According to certain sources, there should be a rectangular bar across the rear of the gadget.

Material Change: The iPhone 17 Pro may go from titanium to a design that is partially made of aluminum and glass.

Smaller Dynamic Island: Metalens technology may enable the iPhone 17 Pro Max to have a smaller Dynamic Island with more compact Face ID components.

narrower Bezels: According to reports, the iPhone 17 Pro will have narrower bezels.

Additional Things to Think About:

Release Date: It is projected that the iPhone 17 series will be released in September.

Plus Model Replacement: It is anticipated that the iPhone 17 Air will take the place of the Plus model in the iPhone lineup.

Post what you think about this iPhone 17 in the comments ⬇️

How to avoid cyber attach

Mercy — Fri, 07 Feb 2025 09:37:09 +0000

Market Trends in AI And CyberSecurity in 2025.

Mercy ・ Feb 7

#career #ai #cybersecurity #careerdevelopment

Market Trends in AI And CyberSecurity in 2025.

Mercy — Fri, 07 Feb 2025 08:13:43 +0000

Artificial intelligence is revolutionizing the world of cybersecurity and has brought about many changes in the market in the last two years. The global market for AI is expected to grow at an annual growth rate of 36.6% between 2025 and 2030. This growth is evidence of the growing importance of AI in various industries including cybersecurity. The combination of AI and cybersecurity is generating new strategies for identifying, preventing and responding to threats that are vital for companies to counter the ever evolving cyber threats.

AI Powered Cybersecurity

Threat Prediction and Prevention: AI is revolutionizing cybersecurity to enable proactive threat prediction and prevention. AI can predict the likely threats based on patterns and past threats, which can help businesses to identify and address the vulnerabilities before they are exploited.
This approach is most valuable for detecting zero day vulnerabilities and predicting future attack scenarios to provide organizations with an opportunity to prepare and respond to the risks.

AI Agents: By 2025, AI in cybersecurity will shift to an agent based approach from the current chatbot model. These AI agents are capable of performing mundane as well as difficult tasks including IT support and workflow management thus improving the communication and performance in the workplace.

Defending Against Advanced Persistent Threats: Cyber attacks are increasing in numbers and advancing in complexity, making AI systems critical for breach detection, abnormal event, and automated cybersecurity response systems.

The AI algorithms can reveal even the faintest signs of a threat from network traffic log, system log, user behaviour records, and threat intelligence sources which would most likely be missed by a human analyst.

Passwordless Security: As the use of this technology improves, the use of passkeys is bound to grow as businesses will adopt their more secure versions. New features like conditional creation and related origins support will enable less problematic user interaction which will encourage adoption of passkeys within to replace more traditional authentication methods.

AI Transforms Industries

Scientific Breakthroughs Through AI: AI is bringing a transformation in scientific research, health innovation, and even sustainability. It is propelling innovation in forecasting weather, constructing drugs, and many more. In 2025, AI is expected to improve productivity singlehandedly while solving problems like climate change and public health issues.

AI Companions: AI companions such as Microsoft Copilot are reshaping day-to-day living by executing tasks prioritization, news summarization, and even providing visuals support.
You can summarise your emails with Microsoft Copilot. Tools like Copilot Vision can interpret and comment on what users view on the internet, subsequently improving user productivity and engagement.

Sustainable AI Development: Organizations like Microsoft are pushing forward with green AI development by building datacenters that do not use any water for cooling purposes and run on carbon-free energy. Microsoft plans to become a carbon negative, water positive, zero waste company by 2030.

Market Growth and Adoption

Market Size: The market for AI in cybersecurity is anticipated to rise to $102 billion by 2030, a dramatic increase from the $28 billion it was expected to be in 2024. This shift shows how important using AI technology is in addressing security challenges these days.

AI Adoption: The adoption of AI technology is growing, as 55% of companies have implemented it with another 45% planning to use it.
Globally, the AI market is expected to expand by 38% during 2025 because many companies start using AI for improving customer relations and operational efficiency.

Difficulties And Considerations

Artificial Intelligence: Technology is growing rapidly and so is the need to ensure that artificial intelligence is used for good. This involves tackling issues such as the potential for AI accuracy issues, as well as the prevention of abuse of AI generated material.

Human Supervision: With the advancement in AI technologies, humans need to remain in control to make sure the benefits are inclusively and responsibly distributed1. A necessary debate will focus on how to limit the agents’ freedom and still keep humans in charge.

Cyber Crime Expenditures: The expenditure of cyber crime globally is expected to exceed $10.5 trillion per year by 2030. This challenges how effective cybersecurity solutions can counter these attacks while receiving a sophisticated boost from AI technologies.

List music that helps you to maintain focus

Mercy — Wed, 05 Feb 2025 15:18:38 +0000

Listing a collection of music that helps you stay focused when studying

Mercy ・ Feb 5

#productivity #career #careerdevelopment #discuss

What is your go-to collection of study music

Mercy — Wed, 05 Feb 2025 15:17:03 +0000

Listing a collection of music that helps you stay focused when studying

Mercy ・ Feb 5

#productivity #career #careerdevelopment #discuss

Listing a collection of music that helps you stay focused when studying

Mercy — Wed, 05 Feb 2025 15:07:30 +0000

👋 Hey folks, how are you doing all today? Today let's list down our study collections that help us stay focused when studying. Maybe your collection might inspire someone here. Back then, I used to listen to music when studying but I would always end up dancing to the lyrics which slowed down my productivity. I searched for some collections to stay focused and. I realised that when studying, you do not need a song or a track that has lyrics. Obviously, you will end up being distracted by the lyrics.

Lyrics come with different emotions. Some of the time you will end up being depressed because you are using a depressing track to study. I found the solution for my studying and that is Lofi Beats

I also use this YouTube channel for my study music. I usually use this list here when starting to study because it totally distracts my mind from everything else and stay focused.

What is your go-to music for study? Please share in the comments let's promote focus⬇️

Check the trends to follow in 2025

Mercy — Tue, 04 Feb 2025 09:43:43 +0000

Front-End Development Trends in 2025.

Mercy ・ Feb 4

#career #careerdevelopment #productivity #ai

Front-End Development Trends in 2025.

Mercy — Tue, 04 Feb 2025 08:04:25 +0000

The front-end development field looks like it is undergoing major changes powered by novel technologies as well as changing user standards. This article uncovers the major trends that define the future of front-end development and in the process provides insights for developers, businesses, and tech enthusiasts.

1. The Rise of Artificial Intelligence

Front-end development industry is headed towards the future; you cannot resist change with technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI) that bring faster user experience and boost productivity. Through this AI, the processing of code is now faster leading to less code cleaning, and refactoring is becoming better and time effective for us developers. Examples are AI-powered platforms like Cursor prompt enhancements based on user behavior and do the repetitive tasks themselves, thus freeing developers to concentrate on much more intricate issues.
Because as AI is integrated in the development process, developers need to be updating their skills to be able to work as a whole with these new tools. That would mean continuous learning as the main skillset of a developer is essential. As AI is integrated into the development process, relationship building is not being left behind. Developers need to adapt their skills to AI to enable their collaboration to evolve to a higher level which leads to continuous learning.

2. No-Code and Low-Code Platforms

These tools give individuals who have very little coding knowledge the ability to create professional-looking web applications using their simple drag-and-drop interfaces. Developers of such platforms are not only accelerating innovation but are also able to enjoy a more streamlined workflow by virtually automating repetitive tasks

This transformation producing a new way of devices which are called "citizen developers", who are able to create their own researches without much knowlede in the field of technology.

3. Progressive Web Apps (PWAs)

Progressive Web Apps (PWAs) are changing the game of user interfaces, merging web and mobile applications. PWAs are similar to native apps in their functionalities such as offline usage, push notifications, and very quick load times are very user-friendly provided they may be used through a browser. Since the utilities of PWAs are more and more significant from time to time, this technology will be the deciding factor for front-end developers to secure the delivery smooth user experience on various devices.

4. Enhanced User Experience (UX) and Accessibility
With the digital space becoming more competitive, concentrating on the user experience is the dominant tool for driving traffic. Thus, developers should concentrate on intuitive interfaces that ease the use of these interfaces making them suitable to the various needs of different users; the development of accessible sites and information for people with disabilities is the way to go. However, the acquisition of a profound accessibility policy helps in further decision making by the producers elsewhere.

5. Microservices Architecture
Today, microservices architecture is one of the most frequent developments of diverse and high-performance applications. In the process of constructing smaller independent services, teams can efficiently innovate and gain immediate benefits from the applications they provide. This new direction brings more variability into the development phase and allows developers to get the taste of a new feature without involving the whole application.

6. Component-Based Design Systems
The design trend that moves to the component-based design system is a noteworthy shift in user interface development. For example, React and Vue.js display reusable components as one of the basic functionalities that will simplify the process of software development.
The provision of libraries like JavaScript can push for this kind of development (Eymer et al., 2017). Thus, in 2025, construction workers will need these versions of the libraries to guarantee efficient software development as well as the follow-up of cross-applicability rules.

7. Voice User Interfaces (VUIs)
The integration of Voice User Interfaces into web applications is getting more important because of the development of voice-activated devices. A VUI is a system where users can communicate hands-free with applications by using their natural language speech. To enable voice interaction which is one of the features that improve accessibility and usability, the designers must familiarize themselves with voice recognition APIs that are used for voice accessibility and design the interfaces. I created mine called speech-to-text transcription Find more about it here

8. Sustainable Development Practices
Developers are concentrating on building eco-friendly digital solutions as the global problem of pollution requires personal solutions for programmers. To name a few, they are efficient coding, reducing/limiting how many API calls you make and cutting down on resource consumption. Developing sustainable practices on the front-end like having large images optimized is helping developers to contribute to the efforts of the globe in terms of its sustainability as well as to improve application performance.

9. The Role of Augmented Reality (AR)
Augmented Reality is now sticking around in the web world as a special feature moving to blending as an integral web application tool. The forecasts show that by 2025 AR applications will be able to develop augmented reality experiences where digital content will intermingle with the physical world31. In setting trends, a developer may want to consider working with tools such as AR.js and Three.js to integrate AR elements that improve the user experience and make the project interactive.

10. Continuous Learning and Adaptation
Given the rapid changes in technology, continuous learning will be central to the growth of front-end developers in 2025. Developers who are actively informed about what is trending, which frameworks and best practices to embrace gain a significant lasting advantage in the industry.
Engaging in online communities, workshops, and hackathons can help to enhance and leverage skills to the point of higher chances of career success.

Conclusion
Front-end development in 2025 foresees paradigmatic changes that will be spurred by AI involvement, no-code solutions, great UX, and sustainable development. Adopting the trends and upgrading their abilities constantly, the developers can design applications that are not only user-friendly but also are resource-efficient and carbon neutral. It's quite clear that front-end development has moved on from merely writing code; it's all about creativity and foresight to please all digital users regardless of the platforms.

DEV Community: Mercy

What Is Exception Propagation in Java?

Exception Propagation 🤔?

Key Points about Exception Propagation:

How Exception Propagation Works

Rules for Exception Propagation

When to Use Exception Propagation

CHOOSE TWO ANSWERS FROM THE BELOW ANSWERS.

Languages you need to master to become a professional programmer.

Web Development

Frameworks and Tools

Game Development

Essential Languages for Game Development

Game Engines

Desktop Development

Frameworks and Tools

Embedded Systems Programming

Microcontrollers and Boards

Frameworks and Tools

iPhone 17 design may be drastically different

How to avoid cyber attach

Market Trends in AI And CyberSecurity in 2025.

Mercy ・ Feb 7

Market Trends in AI And CyberSecurity in 2025.

AI Powered Cybersecurity

AI Transforms Industries

Market Growth and Adoption

Difficulties And Considerations

List music that helps you to maintain focus

Listing a collection of music that helps you stay focused when studying

Mercy ・ Feb 5

What is your go-to collection of study music

Listing a collection of music that helps you stay focused when studying

Mercy ・ Feb 5

Listing a collection of music that helps you stay focused when studying

Check the trends to follow in 2025

Front-End Development Trends in 2025.

Mercy ・ Feb 4

Front-End Development Trends in 2025.

How is your personal and professional growth journey in this 2025

How is your personal and professional growth journey 2025

Mercy ・ Feb 3

How is your personal and professional growth journey 2025

A Roadmap to Personal and Professional Growth for 2025.

Mercy ・ Jan 26