DEV Community: dongdiri

DAY23: Python day 31

dongdiri — Thu, 15 Feb 2024 11:58:28 +0000

Capstone Project: Flash Card App

This project was the biggest struggle by far, primarily because I was not fully proficient with all the packages.
Here are the things I should remember that may come in handy:

Pandas

when converting list into .csv file, make dataframe first
can specify file location as parameter of to_csv() function

    data = pandas.DataFrame(to_learn)
    data.to_csv("data/words_to_learn.csv")
    new_random_word()

no need to use with or open when there is read_csv() function
dictionary becomes list when used parameter orient="records"

data = pandas.read_csv("data/french_words.csv")
to_learn = data.to_dict(orient="records")

tkinter

can create text within canvas with canvas.create_text()
when creating text inside a canvas, keyword argument to change color is fill

card_title = canvas.create_text(400, 150, fill="black")

to modify things inside canvas, first store as a variable and then use itemconfig() function

canvas.itemconfig(card_title, fill="white")

use canvas.after() function to create timer without using while loop
canvas.after(milliseconds, function): carries out a certain function after given milliseconds -in order to prevent timer overlap, we can create a variable to store it

def new_random_word():
    global flip_timer
    canvas.after_cancel(flip_timer)
    ...
    flip_timer = canvas.after(3000, func=flip_card)
...

flip_timer = canvas.after(3000, func=flip_card)

miscellaneous

.remove() function to delete item from list
can access files that are under the same folder without ./ or ../

DAY22: Python day 30

dongdiri — Thu, 15 Feb 2024 09:07:12 +0000

worked on projects and with a deeper dive into tkinter for the past two days.

catching exceptions

try, except, else, finally keywords
helps prevent error
raise keyword: arbitrarily create error

Json(JavaScript Object Notation)
-json.dump() to add data. Mode should be "w"
-json.load() to read json file as dictionary. Mode should be "r"
-json.update() to update data we got hold of

DAY19: Python day 27

dongdiri — Wed, 14 Feb 2024 01:26:02 +0000

Advanced python arguments

arguments with default values

def function(a=1, b=2, c=3):

unlimited positional arguments

put (*args) when defining the function
creates a tuple
often goes with a loop

unlimtited keyword arguments

put (**kwargs) when defining function
creates a dictionary
use .get() method to access values without error

GUI: graphical user interface

intro to tkinter
widgets: button, entry, label
pack(), grid() functions

DAY18: Python day 26

dongdiri — Mon, 05 Feb 2024 16:31:04 +0000

Python list comprehension

very unique to Python
an alternative to a for loop when working with sequences like list, range, string, tuple
new_list = [new_item for item in list]

numbers = [1, 2, 3]
new_list = [n+1 for n in numbers]

name = "dongdiri"
character_list = [letter for letter in name]

also can add an if statement

character_list = [letter for letter in name if character != "r"

Dictionary comprehension

new_dict = {new_key:new_value for item in list} or {new_key:new_value for (key, value) in dict.items()}
be careful not to forget .items()

Panda .iterrows

loop through rows of a data frame using panda

{row.new_key:row.new_value for (index, row) in data.iterrows()}

End of the lesson project: NATO alphabet converter

#TODO 1. Create a dictionary in this format:
data = pandas.read_csv("nato_phonetic_alphabet.csv")
new_dict = {row.letter: row.code for (index, row) in data.iterrows()}

#TODO 2. Create a list of the phonetic code words from a word that the user inputs.
name = input("enter a word: ").upper()
code_list = [new_dict[letter] for letter in name]
print(code_list)

Today's content was a bit hard to understand-I should take time to review it as well as python dictionaries.

DAY 17: Python day 24 & 25

dongdiri — Sun, 04 Feb 2024 12:36:05 +0000

The file system

create a .txt file
with open("filename.txt) as keyword
open() method creates a new file when it doesn't exist
read and write methods
setting a mode "r"(read), "w"(write), "a"(append)
absolute file path: starts from origin
root: /
relative file path: starts from working directory
one step down: ./
one step up: ../

Intro to CSV(comma-separated values)

csv library

built-in
csv.reader(data)

pandas library

dataframe
series
get data in each column by data.columnname or data["columnname"]. Returns a series
get data in each row by first getting the column value in the row and searching its index.data[data.columnname == item]
turn series into list through to_list
turn list into dataframe through pandas.Dataframe(list)
turn dataframe into csv file through dataframe.to_csv("filename.csv")

DAY15&16: Python day 22 & 23

dongdiri — Sat, 03 Feb 2024 08:16:51 +0000

Created Pong and Crossy Road on each day, respectively.

reviewed concepts:

creating classes
creating class attributes using __init__()
creating class methods using def
inheriting attributes and methods using super().__init()__
event listeners screen.onkey()
distance logic using if statements with object.xcor(), object.ycor()or object.distance()
arbitrarily refreshing screen with screen.tracer(0) and time.sleep()

DAY14:Python day 19, 20, 21

dongdiri — Sun, 28 Jan 2024 15:55:42 +0000

Day 19

event listeners and higher order functions

it a higher-order function (functions that can work with other functions)
in a higher-order function, we don't add () for parameter function, we only pass the name.

high_order_function(function2)

screen.onkey(key="space", fun=move_forward)

creating separate objects from same class that have independent states (attributes, methods)

Day20: making the snake game

update() method to animate

turn off tracer screen.tracer[0]
control by importing time and delay through time.sleep()
then update screen when necessary by screen.update()

how do we turn our snake?

in order to prevent the body from leaving its head, we need to start from the last segment and make each segment occupy the position of its previous segment. The head moves last. This part was hard to come up with myself.
we do this by this for loop:

        for segment_number in range(len(self.segments) - 1, 0, -1):
            new_x = self.segments[segment_number - 1].xcor()
            new_y = self.segments[segment_number - 1].ycor()
            self.segments[segment_number].goto(new_x, new_y)
        self.segments[0].forward(move_distance)

three parameters in range() function are start, stop, and step, respectively. So the order starts from the last, and decrements by 1 until it reaches 0, the head.

Day21: snake game continued

class inheritance

inheriting attributes/methods from parent(superclass)

class child(parent):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

slicing

accessing set of items from one position to another
list[start position: end position: increment]
tip: list[::-1] to reverse the list

DAY13: Python day 18

dongdiri — Thu, 18 Jan 2024 14:48:31 +0000

Exploration of Turtle

successfully built geometric shapes generator, random walk generator, spirograph drawer
I particularly liked the random walk generator the most

timmy = Turtle()
turtle.colormode(255)

direction = [0, 90, 180, 270]
timmy.pensize(10)
timmy.speed(0)
while True:
    r = randint(0, 255)
    g = randint(0, 255)
    b = randint(0, 255)
    timmy.pencolor(r, g, b)
    timmy.setheading(choice(direction))
    timmy.forward(20)

Various ways to import packages

import
from...import
from...import* (not recommended)
import...as... (aliasing)

Python Tuples

like a list but in ()
wrote in stone(immutable)

End of the lesson project: Hirst Painting

import colorgram
from turtle import Turtle, Screen
import turtle
from random import choice
turtle.colormode(255)
# rgb_colors = []
# colors = colorgram.extract('image.jpg', 18 * 20)
# for color in colors:
#     r = color.rgb.r
#     g = color.rgb.g
#     b = color.rgb.b
#     new_color = (r, g, b)
#     rgb_colors.append(new_color)

color_list =[(236, 224, 80), (197, 7, 71), (195, 164, 13), (201, 75, 15), (231, 54, 132), (110, 179, 216), (217, 163, 101), (27, 105, 168), (35, 186, 109), (19, 29, 168), (13, 23, 66), (212, 135, 177), (233, 223, 7), (199, 33, 132), (13, 183, 212), (230, 166, 199), (126, 189, 162), (8, 49, 28), (40, 132, 77), (128, 219, 232), (58, 12, 25), (67, 22, 7), (114, 90, 210), (146, 216, 199), (179, 17, 8), (233, 66, 34), (11, 97, 52), (169, 181, 232), (241, 169, 155), (252, 7, 40), (10, 84, 100), (63, 98, 8), (14, 51, 250), (250, 11, 8)]

timmy = Turtle()
current_x = -200
current_y = -200
timmy.shape("turtle")
timmy.penup()
timmy.hideturtle()
timmy.goto(current_x, current_y)
timmy.pensize(20)

for _ in range(10):
    for _ in range(10):
        timmy.pencolor(choice(color_list))
        timmy.pendown()
        timmy.speed(0)
        timmy.forward(0)
        timmy.penup()
        timmy.forward(50)
    current_y += 50
    timmy.goto(current_x, current_y)


screen = Screen()
screen.exitonclick()

DAY12: Python day 17

dongdiri — Wed, 17 Jan 2024 15:54:24 +0000

Creating my own class

By convention, we use PascalCase for classes, snake_case for everything else
__init__() function to create a constructor(initialize) for a class: must have a self parameter
setting default value inside __init__ function
adding method to class using def keword: also requires self parameter

class User:

    def __init__(self, user_id, username):
        self.id = user_id
        self.username = username
        self.followers = 0
        self.following = 0

    def follow(self, user):
        user.followers += 1
        self.following += 1

user_1 = User("001", "angela")
user_2 = User("002", "matthew")


user_1.follow(user_2)
print(user_1.following)

DAY11: Python day 15 & 16

dongdiri — Mon, 15 Jan 2024 14:11:33 +0000

I entered the intermediate level!
I started using PyCharm–there are now a lot of files and classes, so I cannot attach a code for my project. Instead, I will add some more detail to my notes, as most of the contents should now be unfamiliar and I can revisit them.

Day 16: coffee machine making
First project that I struggled with and spent a lot of time on. I should utilize for() loops better.

Day 17: Object-Oriented Programming(OOP)

an object contains attributes(variables) and methods(functions)
create an object from a class

import turtle
timmy = turtle.Turtle()

tap into an attribute and method of an object by . notation
exploring PyPi and finding Python Packages
install package through preferences --> Python Interpreter --> "+"

DAY10: Python Day 13&14

dongdiri — Wed, 20 Dec 2023 13:59:55 +0000

Debugging
some debugging principles that I really need to follow:

run code often
print() often
debugger: https://pythontutor.com/render.html#mode=edit

Higher-Lower game

import art
from game_data import data
import random 
from replit import clear

#print higher lower logo 
print(art.logo)
#create variable for while loop 
right_answer = True 
current_score = 0

def check_answer(guess, A, B):
  if A > B:
    return guess == "A"
  else: 
    return guess == "B"

def compare(A, B):
  if A["follower_count"]>B["follower_count"]: 
    return A
  else: 
    return B

#pick random two dictionaires from list, store into variables 
A = data[random.randrange(0, 49)]
B = data[random.randrange(0,49)]
#create while loop 
while right_answer: 
  #print compare A: dictionary item 1, dictionary item 2, dictionary item 3
  print(f"Compare A: {A['name']}, {A['description']}, {A['country']}")
  #print vs art
  print(art.vs)
  #print against B: same thing 
  print(f"Against B: {B['name']}, {B['description']}, {B['country']}")
  answer = input("who has more followers? Type A or B: ")
  right_answer = check_answer(answer, A["follower_count"], B["follower_count"])

  clear() 
  print(art.logo)

  #if right answer: 
    #move answer to variable A 
    #pick new dictionary assign variable B
  if right_answer: 
    current_score += 1
    print(f"You're right! current score: {current_score}")
    A = compare(A, B)
    B = data[random.randrange(0, 49)]
print("wrong. Game over")

Code works if there is data in a separate file called game_data.
I felt a strong necessity to get more familiar with creating functions and the return keyword to make the code more concise. I will utilize this more actively in later projects.

DAY 9: Python Day 12

dongdiri — Mon, 18 Dec 2023 16:23:20 +0000

Namespace and scope

function has local scope
blocks like for, while, if do not
can tap into global variable with global keyword within a function (avoid modifying global scope; prone to bugs) -alternatively, use return -CONSTANTS are usually given global scope and are capitalized by convention.

End of the Lesson Project: number guessing game

#Number Guessing Game Objectives:

# Allow the player to submit a guess for a number between 1 and 100.
# Check user's guess against actual answer. Print "Too high." or "Too low." depending on the user's answer. 
# If they got the answer correct, show the actual answer to the player.
# Track the number of turns remaining.
# If they run out of turns, provide feedback to the player. 
# Include two different difficulty levels (e.g., 10 guesses in easy mode, only 5 guesses in hard mode).
import random
run_project = True 

while run_project:
  number = random.randrange(1, 101)
  print("Welcome to the Number Guessing Game!")
  print("I'm thinking of a number between 1 and 100.")
  difficulty = input("Choose a difficulty. Type 'easy' or 'hard':" )
  def game(attempts): 
    for i in range(1, attempts + 1):
      print(f"You have {attempts+1-i} attempts remaining to guess the number.")
      guess = int(input("Make a guess:" ))
      if guess > number:
        print("Too high.")
      elif guess < number: 
        print("Too low.")
      else: 
        print(f"You got it! The answer was {number}.")
        return 
  if difficulty == "easy": 
    game (10)
  elif difficulty == "hard":
    game (5)

  if input("Restart game? 'yes' or 'no'") == "yes":
    run_project = True
  else: 
    run_project = False

As this project was made some scratch, some improvements can be made:

store number of turns as a global variable, which was the whole point of today's lesson
create another function to set the difficulty
do not forget that return exits the function!