DEV Community: Gaurav Maheshwari

PCI Devices in Linux

Gaurav Maheshwari — Sat, 31 Jul 2021 18:11:07 +0000

What are PCI Devices ?

A PCI device is any piece of computer hardware that plugs directly into a PCI slot on a computer's motherboard. PCI, which stands for Peripheral Component Interconnect, was introduced to personal computers by the Intel Corporation in 1993. The technology to operate PCI is integrated into the motherboard of nearly every personal computer manufactured since 1995. A PCI connection on a motherboard can be identified as a long strip of raised copper connectors encased in plastic. This long strip of connectors is usually called a bus.

The PCI bus is not as fast as the system bus. Its primary purpose is to facilitate communication of hardware devices of all types such as audio, video, network or graphics with the microprocessor.

Command to list down all PCI devices in linux system.

The lspci command is used to display detailed information about all PCI buses and devices in the server or desktop or laptop powered by Linux operating system.

lspci –tv command will list down all the PCI as tree structure because of –t and due to -v shows the device vendors and names.

lspci -k shows the kernel driver that is being used to handle the respective PCI device

lspci -m is used If you want to pass the output of the lspci command to a shell script, you may want to use -m option (or -mm option) as shown below.
This option is also helpful when you want to view the subsystem information.

lspci -n If you want to display the PCI vendor code, and the device code only as the numbers, use -n option. This will not lookup the PCI file to get the corresponding values for the numbers.

Note: If you are not able to apply the switches(lspci [<switches>]) install pciutils.

apt install pciutils

Here In the system I have 10 PCI powered by the Linux operating system. 
![lspci](https://dev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/articles/20r1irc930neerpzaybe.PNG
)
1.  **Host Bridge** - The "Host Bridge" is what connects the tree of PCI busses (which are
internally connected with PCI-to-PCI Bridges) to the rest of the
system. 
![host bridge](https://dev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/articles/7s5j3zh7234v79nh4s7h.gif)
2. **ISA Bridge** – ISA Stands for Industry Standard Architecture. PCI to ISA bridge is the most common method of interfacing ISA devices to modern chipsets. In most respects, these devices perform like a standard PCI device.
3. **IDE interface** - Integrated Drive Electronics is for connection of storages devices such as Hard Disk Drives (HDD), Solid State Drives (SSD) and CD/DVD drives to the computer.
4. **VGA compatible controller** - VGA stands for Video Graphics Array. VGA Controller is the digital circuit designed to drive VGA displays.
5. **Ethernet controller** - Ethernet controller allows you to make a wired connection to a computer network. This provides access to the network programs and resources, including a high-speed Internet connection.
6. **System peripheral** - It is any external device that provides input and output for the computer. For example, a keyboard and mouse
7. **Multimedia audio controller** - Multimedia audio controller drivers allow your operating system to communicate with the sound hardware such as your speakers, headphones, etc. Thus, if there is a problem with these drivers, your connected audio devices won't work properly.
8. **USB controller** - USB controller is an interface that allows an enabled piece of hardware to interact and communicate with a particular piece of software.
9. **Bridge** - Bridge is a device that connects a PCI bus to either another PCI bus or a bus of a different standard
10. **SATA controller** - SATA controller is a hardware interface that connects a hard drive to a computer's motherboard and manages or directs the flow of data

How to Write Markdown ?

Gaurav Maheshwari — Sun, 18 Jul 2021 16:15:15 +0000

What is Markdown ?

A scripting language that is very lightweight. Markdown is rapidly used in content writing in some blog post website like this one.

What is Readme.md file ? ( ___.md )

It is a simple plain text file that contain basic information of the files and guides. It's usually used to write basic documentation, most popularly repositories by repository providers like GitHub, GitLab and bitbucket.

Some of the Markdown Editor:
StackEdit
Markdown Editor
Markdown Live Preview

Let's now learn some commands of markdown.

To write normal text : simply write on .md file.

## Heading : '#' is used for heading =>

# Heading 1
## Heading 2
### Heading 3
#### Heading 4
##### Heading 5
###### Heading 6

Heading 1

Heading 2

Heading 3

Heading 4

Heading 5

Heading 6

Italics :

_Italics_ =>
Italics
Bold or Strong Text :

**Bold/Strong** => Bold/Strong
Bold and Italics :

***Bold and Italics*** => Bold and Italics
Scratch any tet :

~~1000~~ => ~~1000~~
Links :

[include title to show on file](include the link here) =>
[Visit My Portfolio](https://gaurav24072002.github.io/) =>
Visit My Portfolio
Images :

![Alternative text for image](include Image link) =>
![Markdown-mark](https://octodex.github.com/images/daftpunktocat-guy.gif) =>
To make any text look like code :

` This is the code format of markdown file `

=> This is the code format of markdown file

## To get all the syntax of a particular programming language :

very name = "Gaurav";
console.log(name);

Blockquotes :

> Blockquotes =>

Blockquotes
Horizontal Line :

*** =>

--- =>

___ =>

## Tables : Tables are available in GitHub Flavored Markdown (GFM). To create a table, separate each column with the pipe symbol | and use three or more hyphens --- to indicate the first row (column headers).

| Tables | Goas | Here |
| --- | --- | --- |
| One | Two | Three |
| Four | Five | Six |

## Lists : > Note : We have indentation in list
Nested List :

* Fruit
    - Second Level
        + Third Level

First Level
- Second Level
  - Third Level

Ordered List => 
    1. List One
    2. List Two
    3. List Three
Unordered List => 
    - List Four
    - List Five

Ordered List =>

List One
List Two
List Three

Unordered List =>

List Four
List Five

Escaping Characters

In case you actually want to use certain literals like * and # without having them formatted, simply prefix a backslash \ before the character or wrap it inside a pair of backticks (similar to inline code).

\# Without the backslash, this would be a level 1 heading!

Summary -

Now that you know how to use Markdown, it's your turn to play around with the syntax, build cool projects with it, and have fun along the way!

Git Config and Git Aliases

Gaurav Maheshwari — Fri, 16 Jul 2021 23:57:18 +0000

Hey Guys🖐!! In this Blog I will tell you about git config command, Git aliases, which allow you to create shortcuts for frequently used Git operations. Becoming familiar with git config and the various Git configuration settings will help you create a powerful, customized Git workflow.
I have posted the video on Git Config and Git Aliases on my YouTube Channel so you can watch that Video for Detailed Explanation through video.
Link To Video - Git Config and Git Aliases

What is Git Config 🤷‍♂️?

The git config command is a convenience function that is used to set Git configuration values on a global or local project level. These configuration levels correspond to .gitconfig text files.
In one line - "The git config command is a function that sets configuration variables"

The git config levels and files

Mainly there are three config levels

--local
When no configuration option is passed git config writes to a local level, by default.The repository of the .git directory has a file that stores local configuration values.

--global
The application of the global level configuration includes the operating system user. Global configuration values can be found in a file placed in a user's home directory.

--system
The System-level configuration includes all users on an operating system and all repositories. System-level configuration is applied across an entire machine. System-level configuration file is located in a git config file of the system root path.

NOTE: the order of priority for configuration levels is: local, global, system. This means when looking for a configuration value, Git will start at the local level and bubble up to the system level.

Configuring Name and Email in Git Bash :

Let's First check whether our name and email are set or not :

git config user.email

git config user.name

If your Email and name are not set you can set them by:

git config user.email "abc@gmail.com"

git config --global user.name "first_name last_name"

Color.Ui✨

Git comes with another property of providing color to the outputs. By default I think it is set to auto.
If your git color ui is not enabled you can enable it by the command :

git config --global color.ui true

To make it set to auto apply this command:

git config --global color.ui auto

For disabling all Git's colored terminal output you can do the following:

git config --global color.ui false

Git Aliases 🎉

Git Aliases are custom shortcuts that define which command will expand to longer or combined commands. Aliases save you the time and energy cost of typing frequently used commands. Git provides its own alias system.
And every developer want his code to be short and clear to make it understand properly and conserve his time so that he can make that time useful to develop other things😋.
Git aliases are stored in Git configuration files.

Example : You do git commit -m "new commit" but with git commit you can do it simply by git cm "new commit"

The general git config command used to configure aliases is:

NOTE: We will set aliases globally because we require alias to be set for our whole Operating System.

Now let's see some git alias:

$ git config --global alias.co checkout
$ git config --global alias.br branch
$ git config --global alias.ci commit
$ git config --global alias.st status

Changing git aliases at any time :

You can Change, Delete or add new aliases by these ways:
Command on git Bash -
Changing or Deleting -

git config --global --unset alias.<alias>

Editing on Vim or VsCode Editors
Changing, Adding or Deleting -

vim ~/.gitconfig

code ~/.gitconfig

To See all your Global config file setups including email, name, color.ui, aliases and more use the command :

cat .gitconfig

Summary👉

I hope this Blog was helpful in improving your Git workflow. If you have any queries or suggestions, let’s discuss in the comment section.
If you all like the content and got to learn something new please give a ❤ and 🦄.
To learn more about Git, GitHub, Git Config or any code related stuff Please go to my YouTube Channel and subscribe if you want more of such learning.
Dedicated video link on this topic - Video Link

Thank You and Happy Learning😎!!

My 3 Month Experience in GSSOC '21

Gaurav Maheshwari — Mon, 05 Jul 2021 10:11:45 +0000

What is Girl Script Summer of Code ?

GirlScript Summer of Code is the 3 month long Open Source program during summers conducted by GirlScript Foundation, started in 2018, with an aim to help beginners get started with Open Source Development while encouraging diversity.

Who can Participate ?

If you have basic git skills or are first timers or even veteran developers, GirlScript Summer of Code would give you a taste of contributing in a long open source projects. Continuously for 3 months you will contribute to your assigned projects under guidance of experienced mentors.

My Experience at GSSOC '21 :

On the day of 29nd Jan, the mentor/participant registration period began. And I got my selection mail on 18th Feb which looks like this :

After the registration closed, the selected list of projects that covered a wide variety of tech stack was announced on the GSSoC website so that going through those several projects and choosing the project which matched my tech stack became more accessible.

From a huge number of projects I worked mainly on three projects which were :

Devternship DevTernShip aims to automate a process that is usually beset by difficulties; The recruitment phase is riddled with disorientation and this makes it difficult for the onboarding interns to make heads or tails of the system. Here's where DevTernShip jumps into the picture - An Internship Onboarding platform with an innovative learning management system and intuitive performance tools, we ensure that all is 'smooth sailing' when it comes to the talent pipeline. Moreover, Augmented efficiency is brought about with a simple and robust UI, thus rendering the experience even more dynamic.
Delhi Tourism
Awesome JavaScript projects

The 3 months passed in contributing these 3 projects but there were others projects also on which I contributed and merge my pull request.
The felling when your Pull Request merges is of another level and it encourages you to work more hard and contribute to other communities as well.

At the end, I only want to say that this was a great learning experience for me. Throughout this wonderful journey, I learnt some new tech stacks, learnt how a community works, and did open source contributions to many communities. I get the guidance of some really great mentors, and connect with many fellow participants.

Thanks to GirlScript Organisation for giving me such a wonderful opportunity.😊

And ya... that's my journey, all the GSSOCER'S tell your experience down in the comment and let's grow our community for a good cause😋
Till then!

Happy Learning!!

How to start Open Source Contribution ?

Gaurav Maheshwari — Mon, 01 Mar 2021 11:07:55 +0000

What is Open Source ??

Open Source does not only mean the free(no cost) software but it is those software's in which you can see the large source code , manipulate it , create it according to the organization need.

You can find sources of many Open Source Software's on GitHub. I'll talk on it later on this blog.

A good analogy to open source is "Your food prepared at home is open-sourced, whereas food available outside your home including packaged food is closed-source."

What are Open Source Software ?

Open source software is software with source code that anyone can inspect, modify, and enhance.

"Source code" is the part of software that most computer users don't ever see; it's the code computer programmers can manipulate to change how a piece of software—a "program" or "application"—works. Programmers who have access to a computer program's source code can improve that program by adding features to it or fixing parts that don't always work correctly.

Some examples of open source software's are : Linux kernel, OpenOffice, Notepad++, VLC Media Player, Python, Ruby, Mozilla Firefox browser, Java , PHP , NVidia, WordPress , JavaScript , Debian ,Drupal , Git(itself) etc.

Pre-requisite knowledge to do Open-Source contribution -

GitHub or GitLab (some knowledge like what is PR , commit , issues etc.)
Git (not mandatory)

And yeh !! you are good to go and contribute in open source....
But it would be better if you have knowledge on one programming language or WebDev.

Why to do Open Source ?

Open Source provides us to experience the professional working system in an I.T company and gives us the feel of real life world by interaction through different people in different parts of the world.
It will introduce you to different technology and different languages and taught you the real applications of concept.

One of the best part of Open Source is that it brings you many Opportunity's to show your skills and many Open Source Programs such as Google Summer of Code(GSOC), Outreachy , Fossasia codeheat, MLH fellowship, Girl Script Summer of Code(GSSOC) etc.

My Experience so far :

According to my experience I feel that if you will once connect to any Open Source Community you will never leave it because it is so encouraging , helpful and here everyone is so active so you can ask any one to clear your doubts or help to review your code.
We have no compitation here you can contribute according to your will or can showcase your projects to the whole world to modify it and if your projects are extraordinary you can get great benefits by showcasing it to the open source community because mostly all the companies from small to big are a part of open source.

So, All The Best for your bright Open source journey 😊

What is GitHub and Git ??

GitHub - It is a provider of Internet hosting for software development and version control using Git. It offers the distributed version control and source code management (SCM) functionality of Git.

Git - Git is a free and open source distributed version control system designed to handle everything from small to very large projects with speed and efficiency.

Git Bash looks like this -

I will make another Blog on How to use Git and all the commands required to do open source contribution.

Let's start our journey to first commit and pull request -

Before starting lets learn about some basic terminology of GitHub and Git:

Commit : In Git, commit is the term used for saving changes. Git does not add changes to a commit automatically. You need to indicate which file and changes need to be saved before running the Git commit command.

Pull Request : Pull Requests are the heart of collaboration on GitHub. When you open a pull request, you’re proposing your changes and requesting that someone review and pull in your contribution and merge them into their branch. Pull requests show diffs, or differences, of the content from both branches.The changes, additions, and subtractions are shown in green and red.

Repository : Project or the folder/place where your project is kept.

Pull : Get changes from remote repository to your local machine, the opposite to push.

Push : Upload Git commits to a remote repository.

After learning the basics from here you can go to GitHub Guides to learn -

How to do create a repository .
How to create a branch.
How to do commit.
How to Open Pull Request.
How to Merge our Pull Request.

It's a very good website from where I also learned Git and GitHub.
I will also make a blog on the proper use of Git and GitHub but this Blog was to introduce you with Open Source.