Introduction to Pointers

Jajuan Hall — Wed, 18 Aug 2021 01:30:41 +0000

Introduction

A pointer is a memory address. Think of a pointer like a bookmark. A bookmark references a page in a book. A pointer references an address in memory that holds a particular value: string, integer, Boolean, etc. The purpose of pointers is to create data structures such as arrays or graphs. In this post, you will learn how to declare a pointer variable and pointer operations.

Declaring Pointer Variables In C++

Declaring a pointer in C++ is the same as declaring a regular variable, except adding an asterisk behind the variable like the following example.

int* x;

Pointer Operations

To turn a variable into reference, you would need to use the address-of operator (&). Applying the address-of operator to variable y would convert it to a pointer like the example below.

int y = 100;

cout << "Memory Address " << &y << " Value " << y;
//Memory Address 0x7ffe4aa8a4bc Value 100

If you would like to convert a pointer to a regular variable, you need to use the dereference operator (*) like the example below.

int y = 100;
int *x = &y;
cout << "Memory Address " << x  << " Value " << *x;
//Memory Address 0x7fffa5778f94 Value 100

In the example above pointer x points to variable y. The variables hold the same memory address. If the value of x would have change, so does y. Refer to the example below.

int y = 100;
int *x = &y;
*x = 200;
cout << "Value " << y;
//Value 200

Higher-order function in python

Jajuan Hall — Sat, 24 Jul 2021 14:58:40 +0000

Introduction

A Higher-order function is a function that takes another function as a parameter or a function that returns a function. The built-in map, filter, and reduce functions are all examples of Higher-order functions. In this post, you will learn about decorators and nested functions.

Nested Function

To understand Higher-order functions, you need to know about nested functions. A nested function is a function within a function. The purpose of nested functions is to hide functionality from the global scope. The inner function cannot be called outside of the function.

The following is example on how to create a nested function.

def outer_func(msg):

    def inner_func():
        print(msg)

    return inner_func


# Output: Hello Word
hello_word = outer_func("Hello World")
hello_word()

You see, the outer function returns the inner function, and the variable "hello_word" is bound by that function. If you would call the inner function outside of the outer, you will receive an error.

Decorator

A decorator is a simple way to pass a function as a parameter. A benefit of decorators is that it adds functionality to existing functions. Another benefit because it makes your code readable or pythonic.

The following is an example of how to use a decorator.

def double(f):

    def inner_func(*args):

        result = f(*args) * 2

        return  result


    return inner_func


@double
def add(x,y):

    return  x + y

@double
def subtract(x,y):

    return  x - y

#Output: 6
result = add(1,2)

print(result)

#Output: 8
result = subtract(5,1)

print(result)

Just like our previous example, the outer function returns the inner function. The annotation is used to call the outer function while the function below is passed as a parameter. A parameter inside the inner function is the same as a parameter in the function it decorates. Adding a * to your parameter allows your function to take varying inputs.

DEV Community: Jajuan Hall

Introduction to Pointers

Introduction

Declaring Pointer Variables In C++

Pointer Operations

Higher-order function in python

Introduction

Nested Function

Decorator