What should we know about the Python Packages?

Kamil R Aliyev — Sat, 08 Aug 2020 12:30:33 +0000

!!! note Package --- just a special type of module, it can contain other modules, even packages
!!!

>>> import urllib
>>> import urllib.request
>>> type(urllib)
<class 'module'>
>>> type(urllib.request)
<class 'module'>

urllib.request is nested in urllib
in this case: urllib is a package and urllib.request is a module

>>> urllib.__path__
['/usr/lib/python3.7/urllib']
>>> urllib.request.__path__
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: module 'urllib.request' has no attribute '__path__'
>>>

__path__ is attribu list of file system path indicating where urllib lives and searches to find nested modules

This is a nature of distinction of packages and modules:

packages are generally represented by directories.
modules represented by single files.

How python locates packages?

When we are asking python to load a package, it looks to your file sys. and loads corresponding code.
How python knows where to look?
The answer is python checks path attribute of the standard sys librariy

>>> sys.path
['', '/usr/lib/python37.zip', '/usr/lib/python3.7', '/usr/lib/python3.7/lib-dynload', '/home/kamil/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages', '/usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages', '/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages']

When we are asking python to import package it starts checking through the directories in sys.path.

sys.path

>>> import sys
>>> sys.path
['', '/usr/lib/python37.zip', '/usr/lib/python3.7', '/usr/lib/python3.7/lib-dynload', '/home/kamil/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages', '/usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages', '/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages']

It can be even bigger, it depends on how and how many third party packages we are installed.

>>> sys.path[0]
'' #It is empty when we run python without argument $python3
>>>

!!! note sys.path[0] --- instructs python to first look in the current directory
!!!

PYTHONPATH

Environment variable listing path added to the sys.path

Format of PYTHONPATH is the PATH variable of your system:

Windows: it is a semicolon seperated list of directories
Linux and MacOS: it is a colon(:) seperated list of directories

$ export PYTHONPATH=not_searched 
$ python3
>>> import sys
>>> [ p in sys.path if not_searched in p]
[path to not_searched]

Basic Package Usage

How are the packages implemented?

To create a normal package, you simply creating normal python source file and make sure that it is on sys.path.

sys.path/mypackage(your package dir)/__init__.py

!!! note __init__ file is often called package init file, is what makes the package a module.
!!!

Let's go the our project directory:

mkdir reader --- make a directory
touch reader/__init__.py --- initialize module
python3 --- open REPL
import reader As we expected it will import it as module

>>> import reader
>>> type(reader)
<class 'module'>
>>> reader.__file__
'/home/kamil/my_projects/project/reader/__init__.py'

Lets create our module named reader.py in our reader package

touch reader.py
add the code below to reader.py:

  class Reader:

    def __init__(self, filename):
      self.filename = filename
      self.f = open(filename, "rt")

    def read(self):
      return self.f.read()

    def close(self):
      return self.f.close()

run REPL:

>>> from reader.reader import Reader
>>> Reader("reader/reader.py")
<reader.reader.Reader object at 0x7fe18e924ed0>
>>> ra = Reader("reader/reader.py")
>>> ra.read
<bound method Reader.read of <reader.reader.Reader object at 0x7fe18e92b1d0>>
>>> ra.read()
"class Reader:\n    def __init__(self,filename):\n        self.filename = filename\n        self.f = open(self.filename, 'rt')\n    \n    def close(self):\n        return self.f.close()\n\n    def read(self):\n        return self.f.read()"
>>> ra.close()

in order to get rid of second reader in our import
in init file:
```
  from reader import Reader
```
- That's all.
- Packages are Modules that contains other modules.
- Packages are generally implemented as directories containing a special __init__.py file
- The __init__.py file is executed when the package is imported
- Packages contain sub packages which themselves are implemented wit __init__.py files in directories.

Notes on Git Basics

Kamil R Aliyev — Fri, 07 Aug 2020 22:01:34 +0000

Basic Commands

    $ git --version # Git version
    $ git init  # Initialize Local Git Repo
    $ git add <file/files/. > # Adding file/files/all to the staging area or index
    $ git rm --cached <file/files/. > # Remove file or files from the staging area
    $ git status # Check Status of Working Tree ( show differences between working tree and the staging area)
    $ git commit # Commit Changes to the Index
    $ git push # push to remote repos
    $ git pull # pull latest from remote  repo
    $ git clone # Clone repo into new directory

Some Config Options

$ git config --global user.name 'Your Name'
$ git config --global user.email 'your email'

Examples

    $ git add *.html # add all html files to the stage
    $ git commit -m 'short message' # commiting with short message

`.gitignore` file

 $ touch .gitignore

/dir_name
file.txt 
*.txt

Branching

Creating Branch

        $ git branch BranchName

Changing Branch

    $ git chechkout BranchName

Merging

    $ git merge BranchName

Git adding remote

    $ git remote add origin https://github.com/tratata
    $ git remote
    $ git push -u  origin master
    $ git pull

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