DEV Community: Mohammed Sharaqi

Graphing CLT-Central Limit Theorem- by using Pandas and Matplotlib

Mohammed Sharaqi — Tue, 17 Feb 2026 17:12:18 +0000

Statistics cares about the central tendency and to answer the question that says, "How is our data going to be distributed?" You need to have an idea about the center, how each value varies from the center, and the outliers. In addition, to get information about the center, you have to focus on three factors: mean, median, and mode. Mean is a single numerical figure that represents the center of an entire distribution of data. The median is the middle value in a set of data. Mode is the value that is most repeated in the set of data. However, knowing the center is not the only case to finalize your thought about what the shape of our distribution is going to be; so besides having an idea about the center, we need to get two additional ideas that tell us the kurtosis, the "tailedness," or the peak of the distribution. It tells you how much of your data sits in the tails versus the center, and skewness describes the asymmetry of the distribution; in other words, it tells you which way the "tail" of the graph is leaning.

if you got lost, here is the questions you can answer once you have a these three values:

Where is it? (Mean)
Is it lopsided? (Skewness)
Is it pointy or flat? (Kurtosis)

But what about the second momentum or variance?

well, variance is good to understand a crucial information about your graph, it basically tells you How much is the crowd huddling or spreading out? this why we need to calculate the Standard deviation and variance to tell us how each individual are spred out or how each value is far away from the center. While:

Low Variance: The data points are very close to the mean. The graph looks like a tall, narrow spike.
High Variance: The data points are spread far from the mean. The graph looks wide and stretched out.

Congrats, dear reader, I’ve deceived you by giving you this information to describe a unique distribution while you can only find this distribution only in the textbook; to be honest with you, my faculty has said that “it’s hard to get normal distribution [easily] in real life.” This is why I have to introduce you to the Central Limit Theory as a method to overcome real-life situations and somehow force your problem to be normally distributed so you can get the advantages of normally distributed graphs.

💡
Not all population are distributed normally; But with CLT we can have N number samples that their means or “sample mean” is equal to population mean and they’re normally distributed.

So, What is the idea of CLT?

Imagine you have a population; it doesn’t matter either if it’s normally distributed or not, and you know the mean beside its standard deviation. Then, you start having N numbers of samples from your population; After that, you can calculate their mean, and you’ll notice something weird. The mean of the samples is going to be the same as the mean of the population. And more other properties below the image:

Your sample mean is equal to your population mean.

But please note that we’re speaking about sample mean, not population mean. We’ll use this idea when we’re going to calculate the probability of the problems. The formula is changing depend on whether you’re dealing with mean or sample mean.

The standard deviation of the sample means will be smaller than the standard deviation of the population, and it will be equal to the population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size. And you have to specify it by saying “Standard Error”.

$$\text{Standard Error (SE)} = \frac{σ} { \sqrt{n}}$$

Also there are some condition for this theory:

Now, for the central limit theorem to work the way we expect, there are a few conditions to consider:

Sufficiently large sample size: The sample size has to be large enough. A sample size of 30 or more is usually considered good. But if the population we’re sampling from is skewed or has many outliers, we may need a bigger sample to see that nice, bell-shaped curve show up.

Independent and Identically Distributed (i.i.d.) samples: The samples we take need to be independent and identically distributed(i.i.d.). This means each sample is chosen randomly and comes from the same population. If that’s not true, then the results may not be reliable.

Finite population variance: The population we’re sampling must have a finite variance. If the data comes from a distribution with infinite variance, like the Cauchy distribution, the CLT won’t apply to those.

the source

Example, The following example illustrates these two properties. Suppose a professor gave an 8-point quiz to a small class of four students. The results of the quiz were 2, 6, 4, and 8. For the sake of discussion, assume that the four students constitute the population.

before solving this question, here’s the algorithm that i’m going to follow to show that the sample mean is equal to your population mean.

finding the mean and the STD of the population.
take samples with replacement from my population and calculate the mean to:
1. proof that the sample mean is equal to the population’s mean
2. the sample mean is going to be distributed as normal although the population dataset hasn’t distributed as normal

The mean of the population is

$$\mu = \frac{\sum X}{N} = \frac{20}{4} = 5$$

and STD is

Here is a Step-by-Step Arithmetic for getting STD:

Calculate Deviations:

* $$2 - 5 = -3$$

* $$4 - 5 = -1$$

* $$6 - 5 = 1$$

* $$8 - 5 = 3$$

Square the Deviations:

* $$(-3)^2 = 9$$

* $$(-1)^2 = 1$$

* $$(1)^2 = 1$$

* $$(3)^2 = 9$$

Sum the Results:

$$SS = 9 + 1 + 1 + 9 = 20$$

This is the graph that shows our data; look at how our data is not normally distribution.

let us take samples from the population, and remember, our sample mean data is going to be normal as much as our N is getting bigger and bigger. Our samples is going to be a set of two different numbers and we’re going to have the mean of each set:

Sample	Mean (\bar{x})	Sample	Mean (\bar{x})
2, 2	2	6, 2	4
2, 4	3	6, 4	5
2, 6	4	6, 6	6
2, 8	5	6, 8	7
4, 2	3	8, 2	5
4, 4	4	8, 4	6
4, 6	5	8, 6	7
4, 8	6	8, 8	8

A frequency distribution of sample means is as follows:

X	f	f⋅X
2	1	2×1=2
3	2	3×2=6
4	3	4×3=12
5	4	5×4=20
6	3	6×3=18
7	2	7×2=14
8	1	8×1=8
Total	∑f=16	∑(f⋅X)=80

So, the mean is x¯=80/16=5

and this is the distribution of the mean sample, and as you see it’s approaching the normal distribution.

Let’s do some python stuff

Before we can start, you can find the project here on Kaggle (it includes the CSV file and the code there).

Let’s study a new case to get a better understanding. What if we increase the number of samples? Like, instead of the scores being {2,4,6,8}, let’s make it {2,4,6,8,10,12} so we can have three numbers in each sample. For pairing off the values, we need to ask ChatGPT to do it because we are going to see that the number of samples is going to be 216 sets or samples.

here is the output:

Starting with 2	Starting with 4	Starting with 6
(2, 2, 2) (2, 2, 4) (2, 2, 6) (2, 2, 8) (2, 2, 10) (2, 2, 12)	(4, 2, 2) (4, 2, 4) (4, 2, 6) (4, 2, 8) (4, 2, 10) (4, 2, 12)	(6, 2, 2) (6, 2, 4) (6, 2, 6) (6, 2, 8) (6, 2, 10) (6, 2, 12)
(2, 4, 2) (2, 4, 4) (2, 4, 6) (2, 4, 8) (2, 4, 10) (2, 4, 12)	(4, 4, 2) (4, 4, 4) (4, 4, 6) (4, 4, 8) (4, 4, 10) (4, 4, 12)	(6, 4, 2) (6, 4, 4) (6, 4, 6) (6, 4, 8) (6, 4, 10) (6, 4, 12)
(2, 6, 2) (2, 6, 4) (2, 6, 6) (2, 6, 8) (2, 6, 10) (2, 6, 12)	(4, 6, 2) (4, 6, 4) (4, 6, 6) (4, 6, 8) (4, 6, 10) (4, 6, 12)	(6, 6, 2) (6, 6, 4) (6, 6, 6) (6, 6, 8) (6, 6, 10) (6, 6, 12)
(2, 8, 2) (2, 8, 4) (2, 8, 6) (2, 8, 8) (2, 8, 10) (2, 8, 12)	(4, 8, 2) (4, 8, 4) (4, 8, 6) (4, 8, 8) (4, 8, 10) (4, 8, 12)	(6, 8, 2) (6, 8, 4) (6, 8, 6) (6, 8, 8) (6, 8, 10) (6, 8, 12)
(2, 10, 2) (2, 10, 4) (2, 10, 6) (2, 10, 8) (2, 10, 10) (2, 10, 12)	(4, 10, 2) (4, 10, 4) (4, 10, 6) (4, 10, 8) (4, 10, 10) (4, 10, 12)	(6, 10, 2) (6, 10, 4) (6, 10, 6) (6, 10, 8) (6, 10, 10) (6, 10, 12)
(2, 12, 2) (2, 12, 4) (2, 12, 6) (2, 12, 8) (2, 12, 10) (2, 12, 12)	(4, 12, 2) (4, 12, 4) (4, 12, 6) (4, 12, 8) (4, 12, 10) (4, 12, 12)	(6, 12, 2) (6, 12, 4) (6, 12, 6) (6, 12, 8) (6, 12, 10) (6, 12, 12)

Starting with 8	Starting with 10	Starting with 12
(8, 2, 2) (8, 2, 4) (8, 2, 6) (8, 2, 8) (8, 2, 10) (8, 2, 12)	(10, 2, 2) (10, 2, 4) (10, 2, 6) (10, 2, 8) (10, 2, 10) (10, 2, 12)	(12, 2, 2) (12, 2, 4) (12, 2, 6) (12, 2, 8) (12, 2, 10) (12, 2, 12)
(8, 4, 2) (8, 4, 4) (8, 4, 6) (8, 4, 8) (8, 4, 10) (8, 4, 12)	(10, 4, 2) (10, 4, 4) (10, 4, 6) (10, 4, 8) (10, 4, 10) (10, 4, 12)	(12, 4, 2) (12, 4, 4) (12, 4, 6) (12, 4, 8) (12, 4, 10) (12, 4, 12)
(8, 6, 2) (8, 6, 4) (8, 6, 6) (8, 6, 8) (8, 6, 10) (8, 6, 12)	(10, 6, 2) (10, 6, 4) (10, 6, 6) (10, 6, 8) (10, 6, 10) (10, 6, 12)	(12, 6, 2) (12, 6, 4) (12, 6, 6) (12, 6, 8) (12, 6, 10) (12, 6, 12)
(8, 8, 2) (8, 8, 4) (8, 8, 6) (8, 8, 8) (8, 8, 10) (8, 8, 12)	(10, 8, 2) (10, 8, 4) (10, 8, 6) (10, 8, 8) (10, 8, 10) (10, 8, 12)	(12, 8, 2) (12, 8, 4) (12, 8, 6) (12, 8, 8) (12, 8, 10) (12, 8, 12)
(8, 10, 2) (8, 10, 4) (8, 10, 6) (8, 10, 8) (8, 10, 10) (8, 10, 12)	(10, 10, 2) (10, 10, 4) (10, 10, 6) (10, 10, 8) (10, 10, 10) (10, 10, 12)	(12, 10, 2) (12, 10, 4) (12, 10, 6) (12, 10, 8) (12, 10, 10) (12, 10, 12)
(8, 12, 2) (8, 12, 4) (8, 12, 6) (8, 12, 8) (8, 12, 10) (8, 12, 12)	(10, 12, 2) (10, 12, 4) (10, 12, 6) (10, 12, 8) (10, 12, 10) (10, 12, 12)	(12, 12, 2) (12, 12, 4) (12, 12, 6) (12, 12, 8) (12, 12, 10) (12, 12, 12)

Let’s importing Pandas and Matplotlib

import pandas as pd #importing pandas
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt #importing matplotlib

Then we can access the samples_and_means.csv from Kaggle and use it to graph the values.

data=pd.read_csv("/kaggle/input/sample-mean-of-the-our-samples/samples_and_means.csv")
df=pd.DataFrame(data)
# Store the series and count the values and reset the index to access it in graphing steps, also we have to sort the value by the mean.
counts = df["Mean"].value_counts().reset_index().sort_values("Mean")
counts
# Visualize using the index and values
counts.plot(kind="bar",x="Mean",y="count",color="salmon")
plt.xlabel('Category')
plt.ylabel('Frequency')
plt.show()

And this the output here.

Final thought.

We can see that the graph is becoming normally distributed and since we’ve reached this conclusion, so solving problems become more easier. Also here why it’s important in statistics field:

Predictability from Chaos: No matter how "weird" or skewed your original population distribution is, the distribution of the sample means will always pull toward a Normal Distribution (a bell curve) as your sample size (n) increases.
The Center Holds: The mean of all your sample means will be exactly equal to the original population mean.
Reduced Risk: As you take larger samples, the spread (Standard Error) of those sample means gets smaller, making your estimates much more precise.

Before you go, i’ve built this series to share my journey in learning data science so you may subscribe if you’re interesting to know my journey. thanks.

https://mosharaqi.hashnode.dev/series/data-science

If you think i’m mistaken please don’t hesitate to reach me out on my LinkedIn

https://www.linkedin.com/in/mosharaqi

first day- while I trying to learn data science.

Mohammed Sharaqi — Mon, 10 Jul 2023 02:47:06 +0000

this article part from my journey to learn data science, I hope gain knowledge by end this journey. i wish get job, too
I don't have any idea about what data science except is that it's a programming field.

let me write down what I've gotten today, Today I've learned about what is data science, along with, the difference between a data scientist, data engineer, data analyst and machine learning scientist.

I used to think these several work job titles are the same and there are no differences in real life, but you can give these titles another try.

Data Engineer Job

Information architects
Build data pipelines and storage solutions
Maintain data access

Data engineering tools

SQL :To store and organize data
Java, Scala, or Python :Programming languages to process data
Shell Command line :to automate and run tasks
Cloud computing :AWS, Azure, Google Cloud Platform

Data analyst Job

Perform simpler analyses that describe data
Create reports and dashboards to summarize data Clean data for analysis

Data analyst tools

SQL :Retrieve and aggregate data
Spreadsheets (Excel or Google Sheets) :Simple analysis
BI tools (Tableau, Power BI, Looker) :Dashboards and visualizations
May have: Python or R :Clean and analyze data

Data scientist Job

Versed in statistical methods
Run experiments and analyses for insights
Traditional machine learning

Data scientist tools

SQL
:Retrieve and aggregate data
Python and/or R
:Data science libraries, e.g., pandas(Python) and tidyverse(R)

this image below from the data camp (platform that I've learned with)

this article the 1st of my journey to learn data science beside to help other people by share my journey, until now I've didn't face any problem or issues. but one day we will get it. this my journey to become software engineer or scientist (I've not chosen, yet)

while you learn coding, how keep what you learning

Mohammed Sharaqi — Thu, 02 Jun 2022 12:16:07 +0000

while you learning you might be at a critical point regarding how to keep what you learned yesterday and learn a new Topic, without returning to the last videos and learning again.
that 4 steps, hope to help you.

problem-solving
create projects
read articles
community
share knowledge

problem-solving

A problem is a chance for you to do your best.

~Duke Ellington

problem-solving most way to improve your thinking skill in coding especially you thinking true and fast.
not thinking, but technical side too that's make solving problems most way to keep what you learn.
problem-solving maybe is hard when you start solving, but nobody born expert.
you should try solving, steps by steps many times don't give up.
You're supposed to solve the easiest problem for the hardest problem, that's like stairs.

remember, if problem is hard that's mean you in right way.

We can not solve our problems with the same level of thinking that created them

~Albert Einstein

create projects

most people when I say create projects think to create big projects to help more people.
that has bits wrong. because you might create a project that helps just you or help many peoples.

this image explain what mean behind doing.

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ok, how to get idea to creating projects?

I remember first project I created, is tool help me to search in text file with single function. that's made me happy regardless of few lines But it's help me many of time.
another programmers made small ATM.

This steps help you to get ideas.

Cloning is a real project.
existing tutorials online.
ask your monitor, he can help you to find Ideas.
Don't forget to let the environment inspire you.

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we learn by doing, not by learning how to do

read articles

when you learn you will face two ways to learn.

learn from videos (that's included Youtube channels, lectures like MIT opensource, EDX, Coursera, and Udemy.) this video can help you
learn from reading (that's included books, articles, white papers, and documents)

I'm not here to compare learn from videos and learn from reading

while you learn special topics, read this topic on, W3school
or another sites. that made you more understand topic, more knowledge.
freecodecamp how to read to become a better developer

community

You can receive help from the community through tweets and posts while you're still learning.

to motivate yourself, that can help you
The benefits are both cognitive and emotional.
Improve Confidence
Increase Achievement and Stay Active in contribute in Group Projects.source

I love this quote

“I alone cannot change the world, but I can cast a stone across the waters to create many ripples.” – Mother Teresa

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how to get into community?

from social media

sharing knowledge

Sharing knowledge helps you preserve what you learn and help others learn what they don't know.

Knowledge is power. Sharing knowledge is the key to unlocking that power.

Ok, why you should sharing knowledge?

this article can help you

where you can share knowledge

many tools help you to share knowledge like social media posts or threads
And once you've done some writing, you can apply to publications like hashnode's and share your knowledge with the large community they've built as well.

best way to learn coding? learn from youtube, books, udemy, and offline?

Mohammed Sharaqi — Mon, 16 May 2022 11:31:40 +0000

when I started learning programming, I used youtube to learn programming.
but now I learn from ink & paper. I Feel books like the ocean opposite youtube like a lake.🤣

what's your opinion?

why you should start learn programming Today

Mohammed Sharaqi — Thu, 12 May 2022 16:41:14 +0000

Everybody in this country should learn how to program a computer… because it teaches you how to think ~ steve jobs

programming is the first/last choice for anybody who wants to build tools that make complicated things easy for everybody can use this tool or software.

all paragraphs in this article are Personal reasons and some resources about why you should learn to program?

wait 🛑

I’m not your parents who say “you should learn something, or we will take a stand with you”.

or not your teacher in glasses, saying " you should learn something to pass my exam".

I’m just a person who learns to code. so to understand the reasons, complete this article to understand the point of my view and create your view.

hold on, wait 🚨

what the points we will talk about in the article

What is Technology?
Technology with company and economies.
change in the world based on Technology.
easy to learn.
salary.
Express your creativity.
easy to work.

### why this point especially? 🥇
When I started writing this article I focused on economies, companies, and employment. I believe technology is inseparable from us.

In our lives, we are always connected with technology and we can’t disconnect or live without technology for 10 MIN. technology is everywhere.

So, in 1988 came a new word is " ubiquitous computing " include :

PC
Laptop
smartphone
wearable devices
sensors (for example, on fleet management and pipeline components, lighting systems, appliances).

## So, what is the Technology ? 🤔
Technology is the continually developing result of accumulated knowledge and application in all techniques, skills, methods, and processes used in industrial production and scientific research (Wikipedia)

What is the relation between technology and companies?

if you start to think about companies you will see statistics in the world about the Top 10 companies in the world.
fortunately, technology company ranked top 10 on the list.

Technology helps businesses in a number of ways that generally center on doing things bigger, better or faster than you could without technology. Different industries and companies rely on technology in different ways, but some benefits of technology in business include improved communication, optimized production, inventory management and financial record-keeping.
source

the first stage is when a person-businessman builds a company, that searches for a problem that he can solve. most problem you can solve it manually, but with programming you can solve it fast, better and more broadly.

So In 2022 you can’t start a startup without IT. The top 10 companies are IT.
IT company is the fastest business grow up in world. you can see image below source

IT is a tightly integrated part of the business- the goals technology seeks to accomplish are often the same as the company itself. What it comes down to is that IT initiatives should align with business goals to provide the context and channels for organization-wide success.

(Tech Blog) to read more about this topic

The worldwide information technology industry has almost reached $5 trillion in 2019

Technology statistics

36% of businesses plan to improve their IT operations performance due to the 2020 pandemic.

Technology statistics

The employment of software developers is projected to grow by up to 22% from 2019 to 2029.

Technology statistics

Technology company and economies 🧭

the big revenue in the world it’s from Technology source

changing in the world based on Technology ⛑

search on google about the future, and you notice many articles include AI. Therefore, the future is AI [ robots, automation, self-driving cars, self-delivery, drones ].

If you open Medium you will read several articles about the future and How AI will replace humans and everything will be automated, even jobs.

I think you were reading about AI before. Now, we are on the outskirts of a new era, AI who is doing anything.

There’s scope for greater automation in almost any business, across all industries. source

TimeLine of automation

easy to learn 🏫

Programming can be learned at home, on your bed, without having to leave the house or going to school. There are so many courses available online to learn coding from scratch. literally without prior knowledge.

without degree 🎓

There are many programmers working without degrees in IT, and you needn't be a graduate to get a job. You can learn online, like Udacity or FreeCodeCamp. Many people now have jobs without degrees. this story on quora

Dannytweet

Recently, the job review site Glassdoor compiled a list of 15 different companies that don’t require job applicants to have college degrees. The list includes high-paying tech outlets like Apple, Google, and IBM, in addition to service-oriented companies like Costco, Starbucks, and Chipotle. source

If you are uncomfortable because you believe a degree is important, you supposed to know “Scott Young” story, who learned MIT subjects in one year. 😍

Over the next 12 months, I’m going to learn the entire 4-year MIT curriculum for computer science, without taking any classes. source

age not required 🔞

Danny tweets about learning programming without caring about age, he says

" I worked with a PHENOMENAL woman who was 60 when she got her job as a frontend developer! "

It's amazing when women started to learn programming 60 years ago. I remember when I start to learn to code that I can't meet people who learn to code bigger than 30, but I saw many people start learning when they passed 40 years old

%[https://twitter.com/DThompsonDev/status/1260384668526039040]

Another programmer took a picture while he was learning Python at 52 years old.

%[https://twitter.com/mcgillmd921/status/1472008717692514307]

I believe age is merely a number and not a rule. You can see from these stories if you need a certain age to learn programming

%[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jUofN4nWwZs]

%[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYYdmqauP6w]

%[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jeo3PHKdFQw]

salary 💲

hmm, now I writing this paragraph after end all article ( not joke) really I didn't write it because I don't believe in money I believe on value.
but I should writing about this topic, don't worry, search on google about " highest salary in the world ". IT was ranked 16th on the list.

Average Salary: $142,530
source

National average salary: $106,119 per year
source

Express your creativity 👻

while you learning programming you can create projects, This is not a possibility, it is an obligatory task to understand what you learning, to improve your skill in programming.

" Tutorials are great, but building projects is the best way to learn. Just go build stuff! "
~ freecodecamp

easy to working ⚒

in technology especially within the emerging startup culture – are well known for their flexibility and perks. you can work from anywhere. work as Freelancer, remotely working or employee.

last thing I had writing these words

thanks for complete this article
all these paragraphs is my own point of my view, not required heard my own point of my view. thanks

make telegram bot using python

Mohammed Sharaqi — Fri, 08 Apr 2022 04:02:21 +0000

Hello everybody,😍

let's make a bot telegram python

what will I Make Today?

python is used in this article to create a telegram bot that sends meme images.
Additionally, the article will demonstrate how to integrate an inline keyboard to simplify the experience.
Here is the table of contents.

First, if you don't have an account on the telegram you should make an account (it's very simple)

telegram Side (steps)

download telegram

log-in or register

this video can help you to login or register
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ie0j8Y2oPFs)

make bot via `BothFather`

after login at telegram

search about BothFather

click start and choice /newbot

It must end in bot. Like this, for example: memeBot or meme_bot.

after you create a new bot telegram will send you API_TOKEN

Please keep it and never give it to anyone

Code Side

Create an environment

(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jt9JPoIDpY)

install python library

pip install python-telegram-bot

If you can't install this library check this video

(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jnpC_Ib_lbc)

write the first line to send hello world

it's not line is some of lines 🤣 I didn't want to lie you, but this little lines of code😉

from telegram.ext import Updater , CommandHandler,CallbackContext
from telegram.update import Update
API_TOKEN="put your API here"
updater = Updater(API_TOKEN, use_context=True)
def start(update: Update, context: CallbackContext):
    update.message.reply_text("hello world")

updater.dispatcher.add_handler(CommandHandler("start", start))
updater.start_polling()

API_TOKEN to control your bot and start to write code

Updater Its purpose is to receive the updates from Telegram and to deliver them to said dispatcher. It also runs in a separate thread, so the user can interact with the bot, for example on the command line

update Object contains info on events occurred. & This object represents an incoming update.

start this function to send hello world when user click start command

The output from the above code

add function to read meme folder

import os
def readFolder():

    yourpath = "file path"
    lis=[]

    for root, dirs, files in os.walk(yourpath, topdown=False):
        for name in files:
            lis.append(os.path.join(root, name))
    return lis[1]
print(readFolder())

add `random function` to select random image from folder

import os
import random
def readFolder():

    random_=random.randint(0,total image)
    yourpath = "file path"
    lis=[]
    for root, dirs, files in os.walk(yourpath, topdown=False):
        for name in files:
            lis.append(os.path.join(root, name))
    return lis[random_]
print(readFolder())

meme side

now we should add meme image I will make folder and make function to read file from this folder.

1. open this link from google drive it have +3000 meme image click here

2. download it

3. go to this paragraph to add function to read folder

send meme via bot

now we will writing code to send meme
let's go😊

import random
import os
from telegram.chataction import ChatAction
from time import sleep
from telegram.ext import Updater,CommandHandler,CallbackQueryHandler,CallbackContext,MessageHandler,Filters
from telegram.update import Update
from telegram.ext.updater import Updater

yourpath = "file path"
lis=[]

for root, dirs, files in os.walk(yourpath, topdown=False):
    for name in files:
        lis.append(os.path.join(root, name))
print("loading.....") 
API_KEY='API_KEY'

def start_commend(update: Update, context: CallbackContext):
    """
    message to handle any "Option [0-9]" Regrex.
    """
    context.bot.send_chat_action(chat_id=update.effective_chat.id, action=ChatAction.TYPING)
    chat_id = update.message.chat_id
    sleep(1)
    n=random.randint(0,3)
    file=lis[n]

    context.bot.send_photo(chat_id, photo=open(file, 'rb'))

def main():
    updaters=Updater(API_KEY,use_context=True)
    dp=updaters.dispatcher
    dp.add_handler(CommandHandler("start",start_commend))
    updaters.start_polling()
    updaters.idle()
main()

context.bot.send_chat_action(chat_id=update.effective_chat.id, action=ChatAction.UPLOAD_PHOTO)

**line 22** to add action in chat "Uploading photo"

add inlinekeyboard

what the inline keyboard
Sometimes, you would prefer not to send messages to the chat. When your user changes settings or flips through results, for example. When this happens, you can use InlineKeyboards that are integrated directly into the messages they belong to.

Instead, inline keyboards support buttons that work behind the scenes: callback buttons, URL buttons and switch to inline buttons.

example:

add a Inline Keyboards function

import random
import os
from telegram.chataction import ChatAction
from time import sleep
from telegram.ext import Updater,CommandHandler,CallbackQueryHandler,CallbackContext,MessageHandler,Filters
from telegram import ReplyKeyboardMarkup,ReplyKeyboardRemove
from telegram.update import Update
from telegram.ext.updater import Updater
from telegram.replykeyboardremove import ReplyKeyboardRemove

yourpath = file_path
lis=[]

for root, dirs, files in os.walk(yourpath, topdown=False):
    for name in files:
        lis.append(os.path.join(root, name))
print("loading.....") 
API_KEY=API_KEY


def start_commend(update: Update, context: CallbackContext):
    kd_layout=[["send generate meme"]]
    kbds = ReplyKeyboardMarkup(kd_layout)
    update.message.reply_text(text="""press on "send generate meme" """, reply_markup=kbds)
def echo(update: Update, context: CallbackContext):
    """
    message to handle any "Option [0-9]" Regrex.
    """
    context.bot.send_chat_action(chat_id=update.effective_chat.id, action=ChatAction.TYPING)
    chat_id = update.message.chat_id
    sleep(1)
    n=random.randint(0,3)
    sleep(1)
    file=lis[n]
    if update.message.text=="send generate meme":

        context.bot.send_photo(chat_id, photo=open(file, 'rb'))

def main():
    updaters=Updater(API_KEY,use_context=True)
    dp=updaters.dispatcher
    dp.add_handler(CommandHandler("start",start_commend))
    dp.add_handler(MessageHandler(Filters.regex(r"."), echo))
    updaters.start_polling()
    updaters.idle()
main()

kd_layout this variable to add inline keyboard called send generate meme to make another inline keyboard you can make array like 2D array in python

index : 0, have first option index: 1 , have the second option in inline keyboard on this approach

example : kbd_layout = [['reaction', 'video'], ['image', 'joke'],['random']]

result:

how to customize the board

thanks for completing this article

Types of errors in C++ & infographic summary

Mohammed Sharaqi — Fri, 22 Oct 2021 12:45:48 +0000

Hello everyone:)

i wish to have a nice Day.

today I explain the errors in C++

''When a user performs an illegal operation, the program malfunctions as a result. Programming errors are often undetected until the program is compiled or executed. The errors may prevent the program from compiling or running. Consequently, you should eliminate the errors before you compile and run it.''

Common errors can be grouped into the following categories

1. syntax Errors

2. Run-time Error

3. Linker Errors

4. Logical Errors

5. Semantic errors

1. syntax Errors

when you violate the rules of writing C/C++ syntax are known as syntax errors.

A compiler error indicates that something needs to be fixed before the code can be compiled. The compiler detects all of these errors, so they are known as compile-time errors.

The most frequent syntax errors are:

Missing Parenthesis (})
Printing the value of a variable without declaring it
Missing semicolon like this:

see the below code

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

void main()
{
    int x = 10;
    int y = 15;

    cout << " "<< (x, y) // semicolon missed
}

Error

error: expected ';' before '}' token

2. Run-time Errors

Errors which occur during program execution(run-time) after successful compilation are called run-time errors.

Division by zero, also known as a division error, is one of the most common run-time errors.
The compiler does not directly point to the line where the error occurs for these types of errors.
Runtime errors are commonly called referred to as “bugs” and are often found during the debugging process before the software is released.

See the following example for more information.

#include <iostream>
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

void main()
{
    int n = 9, div = 0;

    // wrong logic number is divided by 0,
    // so this program abnormally terminates
    div = n/0;

   cout << "result = "<< div;
}

note:

" These types of error are hard to find as the compiler does not point to the line at which the error occurs. "

### Error

warning: division by zero [-Wdiv-by-zero]
     div = n/0;

In the given example, there is Division by zero error. This is an example of run-time error i.e errors occurring while running the program.

3. Linker Errors

These error occurs when after compilation we link the different object files with main’s object using Ctrl+F9 key(RUN)

When an executable of the program cannot be generated, these errors are generated.
Incorrect function prototyping, incorrect header files may be to blame.

Writing Main() instead of main() is one of the most common linker errors.

See the following example for more information.

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

void Main() // Here Main() should be main()
{
    int a = 10;
    cout << " "<< a;
}

4. Logical Errors

When certain input values are given to a program during compilation and execution, desired output is not obtained.

Logic errors are errors that appear to be error-free but provide incorrect output. They are among the most common programming errors made by beginners. Errors like these depend solely on the logic of the programmer and are easily detected if we follow the path of execution and find out why the program follows that path.

like this meme

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
// C++ program to illustrate
// logical error
int main()
{
    int i = 0;

    // logical error : a semicolon after loop
    for(i = 0; i < 3; i++);
    {
    cout << "loop ";
        continue;
    }
    return 0;
}


// This code is contributed by shivanisinghss2110.

Error

No output

5. Semantic errors

A semantic error occurs when the statements written in the program do not make sense to the compiler.

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
void main()
{
  int a, b, c;
  a + b = c; //semantic error
}

Error

error: lvalue required as left operand of assignment
 a + b = c; //semantic error

this summary for you :)

Wishing you all the best 😊

DEV Community: Mohammed Sharaqi

Graphing CLT-Central Limit Theorem- by using Pandas and Matplotlib

But what about the second momentum or variance?

So, What is the idea of CLT?

Here is a Step-by-Step Arithmetic for getting STD:

Let’s do some python stuff

Final thought.

first day- while I trying to learn data science.

Data Engineer Job

Data engineering tools

Data analyst Job

Data analyst tools

Data scientist Job

Data scientist tools

while you learn coding, how keep what you learning

problem-solving

create projects

ok, how to get idea to creating projects?

read articles

community

how to get into community?

sharing knowledge

Ok, why you should sharing knowledge?

where you can share knowledge

best way to learn coding? learn from youtube, books, udemy, and offline?

what's your opinion?

why you should start learn programming Today

wait 🛑

hold on, wait 🚨

what the points we will talk about in the article

What is the relation between technology and companies?

Technology company and economies 🧭

changing in the world based on Technology ⛑

easy to learn 🏫

without degree 🎓

age not required 🔞

salary 💲

Express your creativity 👻

easy to working ⚒

last thing I had writing these words

make telegram bot using python

Hello everybody,😍

what will I Make Today?

telegram Side (steps)

log-in or register

make bot via BothFather

Code Side

Create an environment

install python library

write the first line to send hello world

The output from the above code

add function to read meme folder

add random function to select random image from folder

meme side

1. open this link from google drive it have +3000 meme image click here

2. download it

3. go to this paragraph to add function to read folder

send meme via bot

add inlinekeyboard

add a Inline Keyboards function

how to customize the board

Types of errors in C++ & infographic summary

today I explain the errors in C++

Common errors can be grouped into the following categories

1. syntax Errors

2. Run-time Error

3. Linker Errors

4. Logical Errors

5. Semantic errors

1. syntax Errors

Error

2. Run-time Errors

3. Linker Errors

4. Logical Errors

like this meme

Error

5. Semantic errors

Error

this summary for you :)

make bot via `BothFather`

add `random function` to select random image from folder