What is the new Nullish Coalescing Operator in Javascript?

Manuel Pascual — Wed, 01 Jul 2020 00:22:46 +0000

One of the new implementations of the last ECMAScript standard is the nullish coalescing operator. Basically, it is a new logical operator that returns its right-hand side operand when its left-hand side operand is null or undefined and otherwise returns its left-hand side operand.

At the time of writing, it is in Stage 4, which means that this feature is ready for inclusion in the formal ECMAScript standard.

Let's see a basic example:

const foo = null ?? "James";
console.log(foo); // > "James"

Here we can clearly see that because the left-hand side is null, the value "James" is assigned to the foo variable. With that said, what is the difference with the OR (||) operator? Don't we get the same result?

The answer is YES, but suppose you consider some falsy values as usable like an empty string or 0. So, let's modify the previous example:

const foo = "" ?? "James";
const bar = "" || "James";
console.log(foo); // > ""
console.log(bar); // > "James"

The variable foo is assigned with "" because "" is not strictly equal to null or undefined. On the other hand, "James" is assigned to the variable bar because "" is a falsy value.

That being so, the nullish coalescing operator can prevent some unexpected behaviors in cases you consider some falsy values as valid ones.

One last thing about this new feature is that you can combine it with both && and || operators but you must provide parenthesis to explicitly indicate precedence. Otherwise, a SyntaxError will be thrown:

null || undefined ?? "foo"; // raises a SyntaxError
(null || undefined) ?? "foo"; // This is OK!

I hope this article helps you to know more about the ?? operator.

Got any questions? Leave a comment below.

Thank you for reading :)

Understanding Destructuring in Javascript

Manuel Pascual — Sun, 28 Jun 2020 01:18:44 +0000

Object destructuring in Javascript is a must-have for your toolbelt if you want to write clean and concise code.

Basically, it allows you to extract properties from objects and bind them to variables in a single statement.

Also, it can access properties from nested objects and set a default value in case the property doesn't exist.

Here I'll explain to you how to use this powerful Javascript feature.

01. The benefits of destructuring.

First of all, we have to talk about why we need this feature to write cleaner code. Well, suppose you have to extract some properties from an object but doing it in the old fashioned pre-ES2015 way:

var user = {
  name: "John",
  email: "sayhi@johndoe.com",
};

var name = user.name;
var email = user.email;

console.log(name); // > "John"
console.log(email); // > "sayhi@johndoe.com"

In this chunk of code, the property user.name is bound to the variable name and the same thing for the user.email property. This code works well, but imagine if you have to extract more than 2 property values like this example. Easily becomes a little messy requiring a lot of boilerplate.

What if I tell you that this way of extracting properties could be done in just one statement. That's where object destructuring come into play, so let's refactor the above example applying this cool feature:

const user = {
  name: "John",
  email: "sayhi@johndoe.com",
};

const { name, email } = user;

console.log(name); // > "John"
console.log(email); // > "sayhi@johndoe.com"

const { name, email } = user is an object destructuring assignment. This statement defines two variables, name and email, and assigns to them the values of the properties user.name and user.email from the user object correspondingly.

That being so, object destructuring can help us to write less code in a cleaner way. But that's not all, so let's continue reviewing the different options of this awesome feature.

02. Setting default values.

There are cases where you can't be sure if a property exists inside the object that is being destructured, so setting default values becomes quite handy:

const dinosaur = {
  name: "Tracy",
  phone: "54080071882",
};

const { name, email } = dinosaur;

console.log(name); // > "Tracy"
console.log(email); // > undefined

After destructuring, the new variable email is undefined because the property email doesn't exist in the object dinosaur. But don't panic! We can set a default value if we wish to. Here's the basic syntax:

const { identifier = defaultValue } = expression;

Where expression should evaluate to an object and identifier corresponds to a property of that object. In case it doesn't exist, identifier is assigned with defaultValue.

03. Aliasing feature.

Sometimes is useful to create variables of different names than the properties. In those cases, you can set an alias for the extracted property. Let's see an example:

const car = {
  brand: "Toyota",
  owners: ["John", "George", "Sabrina"],
};

const { brand: carBrand, owners: carOwners } = car;

console.log(carBrand); // > "Toyota"
console.log(carOwners); // > ["John", "George", "Sabrina"]

Pay attention to the : inside the destructuring syntax. This colon allows you to set a different variable name after it. Keep in mind that both brand and owners are not variables cause we replace their names with carBrand and carOwners aliases correspondingly.

04. Extracting properties from nested objects.

One of my favorite features of object destructuring is the possibility to extract properties that are inside nested objects.

Previously, the properties that we extracted had primitive data types (e.g. strings) but it is common to see objects inside other objects. In such cases, we still can destructure and access deeper properties. Here's an example of this:

const blogPost = {
  title: "Javascript is awesome!",
  author: {
    firstName: "John",
  },
};

const { title, author: { firstName } } = blogPost;

console.log(title); // > "Javascript is awesome!"
console.log(firstName); // > "John"

Here, we also destructured the object that is inside the author property of blogPost. We took the firstName property and at the same time, we declared a variable with that name and assigned its value ("John"). Remember that we only use author to be able to extract its properties, so if you log author into the console, you'll get undefined.

05. Power up with the rest operator.

The rest operator is useful to grab the remaining properties after destructuring. Let's see it in a basic example:

const image = {
  title: "Amazing image.",
  url: "https://imageurl.com/",
};

const { title, ...otherProps } = image;

console.log(title); // > "Amazing image."
console.log(otherProps); // > { url: "https://imageurl.com/"}

In the above example, we extract the title and with the rest operator we collect the remaining url property into the variable otherProps.

One thing to notice is that otherProps is a plain object. With that said, by using the rest operator like this we get an object with all the remaining properties. So, following this example, if you want to get the url you have to use dot notation:

console.log(otherProps.url); // > "https://imageurl.com/"

06. Array destructuring.

Last but not least, you can also use destructuring with Arrays but with a little difference. Instead of using curly braces, we have to surround the identifiers within square brackets:

const [firstName, age] = ["Sabrina", 25];

console.log(firstName); // > "Sabrina"
console.log(age); // > 25

In this example, we collect the array items following the order in which they appear. This means that if we want to extract an additional value with no index inside the Array, the identifier will be assigned with undefined. Here's an example:

const [carBrand, carModel] = ["BMW"];

console.log(carBrand); // > "BMW"
console.log(carModel); // > undefined

As we can see, there isn't an element in the index position 1, so instead of throwing an error, Javascript is smart enough to bind the value undefined to carModel.

07. Summing up.

In this article, we talked about some of the important concepts of destructuring in Javascript. We saw that it is a powerful feature that allows us to write cleaner, concise, and more understandable code.

If you want to know more about this feature, I invite you to take a look at the MDN Documentation.