DEV Community: Sharad

Launched Interview Mocks App

Sharad — Tue, 07 Apr 2020 19:14:56 +0000

https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.online.interview.questions&showAllReviews=true

Hello, Friends Today I have launched a new mobile for job seekers to prepare job interviews by checking some FAQ on various programming languages.
You can review that on Play store

I request you to have a look and provide your suggestions and contribute to new questions.

Natural Language Processing interview Questions

Sharad — Thu, 24 Jan 2019 11:42:11 +0000

Here I am going to share 10 Important Natural Language Processing(NLP) Interview Questions that can be asked to an NLP engineer.

1. What is NLP?

2.Define the NLP Terminology?

3. What is Lemmatization in NLP?

4. What is latent semantic indexing and where can it be applied?

5. What is dependency parsing?

6. Explain the difference between regular grammar and regular expression.

7. Explain Named entity recognition (NER)?

8. What is pragmatic analysis in NLP?

9. Explain the Masked Language Model?

10. What is the difference between NLP and NLU?

Good Luck for Interview.Hope you can answer these questions.

https://www.onlineinterviewquestions.com/nlp-interview-questions/

6 MSSQL Interview Questions for Experienced

Sharad — Thu, 25 Oct 2018 17:31:51 +0000

1. How to shrink a database in Mssql?

In MSSQl you can shrink database by using SQL Server Management Studio or Transact-SQL.We have described both method below

Using SQL Server Management Studio

In Object Explorer, connect to an instance of the SQL Server Database Engine, and then expand that instance.

Expand Databases, and then right-click the database that you want to shrink.

Point to Tasks, point to Shrink, and then click Database.

Database
Displays the name of the selected database.

Current allocated space
Displays the total used and unused space for the selected database.

Available free space
Displays the sum of free space in the log and data files of the selected database.

Reorganize files before releasing unused space
Selecting this option is equivalent to executing DBCC SHRINKDATABASE specifying a target percent option. Clearing this option is equivalent to executing DBCC SHRINKDATABASE with TRUNCATEONLY option. By default, this option is not selected when the dialog is opened. If this option is selected, the user must specify a target percent option.

Maximum free space in files after shrinking
Enter the maximum percentage of free space to be left in the database files after the database has been shrunk. Permissible values are between 0 and 99.

Click OK.

By Using Transact-SQL

Connect to the Database Engine.

From the Standard bar, click New Query.

Copy and paste the following example into the query window and click Execute. This quesry uses DBCC SHRINKDATABASE to decreases the size of the data and log files in the UserDB database and to allow for 10 percent free space in the database.

DBCC SHRINKDATABASE (UserDB, 10);
GO
Source : https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/databases/shrink-a-database?view=sql-server-2017

2. How to check database version of mssql?

Steps to identify the SQL Server version

Log in to the Windows Server system hosting your SQL Server database.
Open a command prompt window.
Execute the following command:
SQLCMD -S servername\instancename
where servername is your server name and instancename is the SQL instance name.
Enter select @@version and press .
At the 2 > prompt, type go and press .
The SQL version running on the server displays in the dialog box.
Repeat step 3 through step 5 for each additional instance.
Source: https://support.solarwinds.com/Success_Center/Orion_Platform/Knowledgebase_Articles/How_to_identify_your_SQL_Server_version_and_edition

3. How to escape single quotes and wild cards in mssql?

To escape single quotes ( ' ) in MS SQL all you need to do is add two single quotes instead of one.

Example:

INSERT into name_column ([name]) VALUES ('R"Rams')

To escape wild cards you can use default square braces "[]" like this- [%] or [_] or define your own escape character by using the keyword ESCAPE at the end of your where clause.

4. Explain Magic tables in MSSQL?

SQL Server allows you to define a Magic Table. Magic Tables are invisible tables or virtual tables. You can see them only with the help Triggers in SQL Server. Magic Tables are those tables which allow you to hold inserted, deleted and updated values during insert, delete and update DML operations on a table in SQL Server.

These are the two Magic Tables:

Inserted
Deleted
Generally Magic Tables are invisible tables, we can only see them with the help of Trigger's in SQL Server.

Source: https://www.c-sharpcorner.com/UploadFile/rohatash/magic-tables-in-sql-server-2012/

5. List the Logical operators in SQL Server?

The logical operators are basically used to test the truths of conditions.

ALL – It returns true if all the set of operations are true.
AND – It returns true if the Boolean expressions are true.
IN – It returns true if the operand is equal to one of the lists of expressions.
ANY – It returns true if any of the set of comparisons is true.
BETWEEN – It returns true if the operand is within a range.
EXISTS – It returns true if the subquery contains any rows.
LIKE – It returns true if the operand matches a pattern
NOT – It reverses the values of any Boolean operator.
OR – It returns true if either of the Boolean expression is true.
SOME – It returns true if some of the set of comparisons are true.
Source: https://www.onlineinterviewquestions.com/mssql-interview-questions/

6. What is default port used by mssql?

The default port of SQL server is 1433.

NLP interview questions

Sharad — Sat, 20 Oct 2018 14:39:29 +0000

Below are few Frequently Asked NLP Interview Questions

What is NLP?

NLP Stands for 'Natural Language Processing', that deals with the interaction between pc and human languages,
NLP could be a method for computers to investigate, understand, and derive from the human language during a good and helpful method. Using NLP, developers like machine-controlled outline, translation, named entity recognition, relationship extraction, sentiment analysis, speech recognition, and subject segmentation will organize and structure data to perform tasks.

List some Components of NLP?
Five main Component of Natural Language processing are:
1.Pragmatic Analysis
2.Discourse Integration
3.Semantic Analysis
4.Syntactic Analysis
5.Morphological and Lexical Analysis
List some areas of NLP?
List some areas of NLP:-
1.Text Classification and Categorization
2.Named Entity Recognition (NER)
3.Part-of-Speech Tagging
4.Semantic Parsing and Question Answering
5.Paraphrase Detection
6.Language Generation and Multi-document Summarization
7.Machine Translation
8.Speech Recognition
9.Character Recognition
10.Spell Checking
Define the NLP Terminology?
NLP nomenclature Parsing or Dependency Parsing is that the task of recognizing a sentence and assignment a syntactical structure thereto. the foremost wide used syntactical structure is that the analyze tree which might be generated victimisation some parsing algorithms.
What is Lemmatization in NLP?
Lemmatization mostly used for refer to doing things properly with the vocabulary use and morphological analysis ofword,normally aiming to remove inflection ending only and the return base dictionary a word of from,
What is stemming in NLP?
Stemming is important in natural language understanding (NLU) and natural language processing (NLP). ... Stemming is also a part of queries and Internet search engines.Stemming is the process of reducing a word to its word stem that affixes to suffixes and prefixes or to the roots of words known as a lemma.
What is dependency parsing?
Dependency parsing is the task of dependency extracting a parse of a sentence which means sentence that represents, Its a structure of grammatical and defines between the relationships "head" words and words,those heads which modify.
What is pragmatic analysis in NLP?8

Pragmatic analysis deals with outside word data, which implies data that's external to the documents and/or queries. linguistics analysis that focuses on what was delineated is reinterpreted by what it truly meant, derivation the assorted aspects of language that need world data.

Explain Named entity recognition (NER)?
NER Stands for Named entity recognition. It is a sub-task of information extraction that seeks out and categorizes specified entities in a body or bodies of texts. NER is also known simply as entity identification, entity chunking and entity extraction. NER is used in many fields in artificial intelligence including natural language processing and machine learning.
What is NLTK?
The Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK) is a platform used for building Python programs that work with human language data for applying in statistical natural language processing (NLP). It guides the reader through the fundamentals of writing Python programs, working with corpora, categorizing text, analyzing linguistic structure, and much more.
What is the difference between NLP and NLU?
NLP is brief for language process whereas NLU is that the shorthand for language understanding. equally named, the ideas each upset the connection between language (as in, what we tend to as humans speak, not what computers understand) and AI. information science will see a variety of tools, like speech recognition, language recognition, and language generation.

NLU Stands for language understanding, it's thought-about a subtopic of information science, language understanding could be a important a part of achieving roaring information science. NLU is narrower in purpose, focusing totally on machine reading comprehension: obtaining the pc to grasp what a body of text very means that.
Real-world samples of NLU vary from tiny tasks like supplying short commands supported comprehending text to some tiny degree, like rerouting associate degree email to the proper person supported a basic syntax and decently-sized lexicon.

Explain the Masked Language Model?

Masked language modeling is an example of auto-encoding language modeling (the output is reconstructed from corrupted input) - we typically mask one or more of words in a sentence and have the model predict those masked words given the other words in sentence.By training the model with such an objective, it can essentially learn certain (but not all) statistical properties of word sequences.
Read More from our Website NLP Interview Questions

Why React.js instead of Angularjs?

Sharad — Tue, 09 Oct 2018 09:36:19 +0000

ReactJS is a JavaScript library and has a view, but lacks model & controller components. React introduced the concept of virtual DOM which is regarded as one of the greatest advantages of React in comparison of AngularJS. It relies on the conventions of a team to keep code written in a specific style, but its simplicity can be very powerful and expressive.
AngularJS is a most popular javascript framework; its syntax is very heavy.

Services provided by ReactJS are as follows:

· Components can be easily reused

· Faster performance when it comes to displaying a huge amount of components.

· Easy to create user interface test cases

· Easy to debug because of special chrome extensions

· SEO friendly

The following are the difference between ReactJS & AngularJS:

ReactJS

React uses one-way data binding and an app architecture called flux controls the flow of data to components through one control point.
React’s virtual DOM is one of the greatest advantages: It creates a lightweight DOM, with new data new virtual Dom is created & compare with the previous one.
It doesn’t offer division into templates & directives, the template logic should be written in the template itself.
It helps us update the view and with flux can control the application workflow for the user.
It offers freedom, but it costs the additional time spent designing the structure of an application.
It doesn’t offer any concept of the built-in container for dependency injection.
It is easy to understand React, with React Native and next.js it is the best choice.
It takes a long time to set up a react project, but then you can start to make an application & it would be easy to add new features.
It is bigger than Vue but still smaller then angular.

AngularJS

Angular uses two-way data binding, it helps you to write less boilerplate code to create interactions between View and Model components.
Angular Creates a watcher for each binding to track changes in the DOM. Once the view updates it compares the new value with the initial value & runs the $digest loop
It accesses the DOM only through directives and standard, own directives are stringer way to work with the DOM & to insert Data into Templates.
It is based on the three layers MVC & provides many standard services, factories, controllers & directives.
It divides application code into several files and can reuse templates in the different part of websites.
It uses a basic OOP pattern called dependency injection, you can only pass dependence as a parameter in any order in your functions.
It is not simple; its complexity often causes a lot of confusion.
Being very competitive the amount of unwanted syntax it requires to do simple things puts angular to the end position.
It is way bigger, causing long load times & performance issues on mobile.

React has much more advantages over angular. The most important once are its re-usability, relative stability & high-performance oriented work.

Entry Level Node.JS Interview Questions

Sharad — Tue, 09 Oct 2018 08:05:03 +0000

Are you a Node Js developer? Looking for some basic entry Level NodeJs Interview Question. In this article, I am going to share 25 NodeJS Basic Interview Questions by expert members with experience in Node.JS. These Interview Questions have been designed specially to get you acquainted with the nature of questions you may encounter during your interview for the subject of Node.JS.

1. What is node.js?

Node.js is a Server-side scripting which is used to build scalable programs. Its multiple advantages over other server-side languages, the prominent being non-blocking I/O.

2. Where can we use node.js?

Node.js can be used for the following purposes
a) Web applications ( especially real-time web apps )
b) Network applications
c) Distributed systems
d) General purpose applications

3. What does event-driven programming mean?

In computer programming, event-driven programming is a programming paradigm in which the flow of the program is determined by events like messages from other programs or threads. It is an application architecture technique divided into two sections 1) Event Selection 2) Event Handling

4. What do you mean by the term I/O ?

I/O is the shorthand for input and output, and it will access anything outside of your application. It will be loaded into the machine memory to run the program, once the application is started.

5. How node.js works?

Node.js works on a v8 environment, it is a virtual machine that utilizes JavaScript as its scripting language and achieves high output via non-blocking I/O and single-threaded event loop.

6. Why Node.js is single threaded?

For async processing, Node.js was created explicitly as an experiment. It is believed that more performance and scalability can be achieved by doing async processing on a single thread under typical web loads than the typical thread-based implementation.

7. Explain the steps how "Control Flow" controls the functions calls?

a) Control the order of execution
b) Collect data
c) Limit concurrency
d) Call the next step in the program

8. What is control flow function?

A generic piece of code which runs in between several asynchronous function calls is known as control flow function.

9. What are the two types of API functions in Node.js?

The two types of API functions in Node.js are
a) Asynchronous, non-blocking functions
b) Synchronous, blocking functions

10. What is the advantage of using node.js?

a) It provides an easy way to build scalable network programs
b) Generally fast
c) Great concurrency
d) Asynchronous everything
e) Almost never blocks

11. What are the two arguments that async.queue takes?

The two arguments that async.queue takes
a) Task function
b) Concurrency value

12. Why node.js is quickly gaining attention from JAVA programmers?

Node.js is quickly gaining attention as it is a loop based server for JavaScript. Node.js gives the user the ability to write the JavaScript on the server, which has access to things like HTTP stack, file I/O, TCP, and databases.

13.Using the event loop what are the tasks that should be done asynchronously?

a) I/O operations
b) Heavy computation
c) Anything requiring blocking

14. Can you access DOM in node?

No, you cannot access DOM in the Node.

15. Does node run on windows?

Yes - it does. Download the MSI installer from http://nodejs.org/download/

16. What is the difference between Node.js vs Ajax?

The difference between Node.js and Ajax is that Ajax (short for Asynchronous Javascript and XML) is a client-side technology, often used for updating the contents of the page without refreshing it. While,Node.js is Server Side Javascript, used for developing server software. Node.js does not execute in the browser but by the server.

17. How Node.js overcomes the problem of blocking of I/O operations?

Node.js solves this problem by putting the event-based model at its core, using an event loop instead of threads.

18. What are the pros and cons of Node.js?

Pros:
a) If your application does not have any CPU intensive computation, you can build it in the JavaScript top to bottom, even down to the database level if you use JSON storage object DB like MongoDB.
b) Crawlers receive a full-rendered HTML response, which is far more SEO friendly rather than a single page application or a websockets app run on top of Node.js.
Cons:
a) Any intensive CPU computation will block node.js responsiveness, so a threaded platform is a better approach.
b) Using a relational database with Node.js is considered less favorable

19. Mention the steps by which you can async in Node.js?

By following steps you can async Node.js
a) First class functions
b) Function composition
c) Callback Counters
d) Event loops

20. What is an event loop in Node.js?

To process and handle external events and to convert them into callback invocations an event loop is used. So, at I/O calls, node.js can switch from one request to another.

21. What is 'Callback' in node.js?

The callback function is used in node.js to deal with multiple requests made to the server. Like if you have a large file which is going to take a long time for a server to read and if you don't want a server to get engage in reading that large file while dealing with other requests, call back function is used. Call back function allows the server to deal with pending request first and call a function when it is finished.

22. Mention the framework most commonly used in node.js?

"Express" is the most common framework used in node.js

23. What is the command that is used in node.js to import external libraries?

Command "require" is used for importing external libraries, for example, "var http=require ("http")". This will load the http library and the single exported object through the http variable.

24. What does it mean "non-blocking" in node.js?

In node.js "non-blocking" means that its IO is non-blocking. Node uses "libuv" to handle its IO in a platform-agnostic way. On windows, it uses completion ports for Unix it uses epoll or kqueue etc. So, it makes a non-blocking request and upon a request, it queues it within the event loop which calls the JavaScript 'callback' on the main JavaScript thread.

25. What are the Challenges with Node.js?

Emphasizing on the technical side, it's a bit of challenge in Node.js to have one process with one thread to scale up on multi-core server.

We have given the Basic 25 Important interview questions with answers on Node JS. Looking forward to hearing from you if you have any other questions or require any further assistance.

Looking for Contributors for Interview website

Sharad — Mon, 08 Oct 2018 12:12:37 +0000

Hello Friends My name Sharad, I am the developer and owner of website https://www.onlineinterviewquestions.com/. I am running this website since 14 months alone. Now looking for developers and writers who can write some articles on this website with me.

Thanks

Cloud Computing Interview Questions and Answers

Sharad — Sun, 07 Oct 2018 18:37:50 +0000

1. What is cloud computing?

Cloud computing is an internet based new age computer technology. It is the next stage technology that uses the clouds to provide the services whenever and wherever the user need it.It provides a method to access several servers world wide.

2. How user can gain from utility computing?

Utility computing allows the user to pay only for what they are using. It is a plug-in managed by an organization which decides what type of services has to be deployed from the cloud.

Most organizations prefer hybrid strategy.

3. What is the difference in cloud computing and computing for mobiles?

Mobile computing uses the same concept as cloud computing. Cloud computing becomes active with the data with the help of internet rather than individual device. It provides users with the data which they have to retrieve on demand. In mobile, the applications runs on the remote server and gives user the access for storage and manage.

4. Explain different models for deployment in cloud computing?

The different deployment models in cloud computing are

a) Private Cloud

b) Public Cloud

c) Community Cloud

d) Hybrid Cloud

5. Mention platforms which are used for large scale cloud computing?

The platforms that are used for large scale cloud computing are

a) Apache Hadoop

b) MapReduce

6. What are the advantages of using cloud computing?

The advantages of using cloud computing are

a) Data backup and storage of data

b) Powerful server capabilities

c) SaaS ( Software as a service)

d) Information technology sandboxing capabilities

e) Increase in productivity

f) Cost effective & Time saving

7. What are system integrators in Cloud Computing?

In Cloud Computing, systems integrator provides the strategy of the complicated process used to design a cloud platform. Integrator allows to create more accurate hybrid and private cloud network, as integrators have all the knowledge about the data center creation.

8. List out different layers which define cloud architecture?

The different layers used by cloud architecture are

a) CLC or Cloud Controller

b) Walrus

c) Cluster Controller

d) SC or Storage Controller

e) NC or Node Controller

ALSO READ 100+ AMAZON INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

9. What are the security aspects provided with cloud?

a) Identity management: It authorizes the application services

b) Access control: permission has to be provided to the users so that they can control the access of another user who is entering into the cloud environment.

c) Authentication and Authorization: Allows only the authorized and authenticated user only to access the data and applications

10. For a transport in cloud how you can secure your data?

To secure your data while transporting them from one place to another, check that there is no leak with the encryption key implemented with the data you are sending.

11. What are the security laws which are implemented to secure data in a cloud ?

The security laws which are implemented to secure data in cloud are

a) Processing: Control the data that is being processed correctly and completely in an application

b) File: It manages and control the data being manipulated in any of the file

c) Output reconciliation: It controls the data which has to be reconciled from input to output

d) Input Validation: Control the input data

e) Security and Backup: It provides security and backup it also controls the security breaches logs

12. Mention some open source cloud computing platform databases?

The open source cloud computing platform databases are

a) MongoDB

b) CouchDB

c) LucidDB

13. Before going for cloud computing platform what are the essential things to be taken in concern by users?

a) Compliance

b) Loss of data

c) Data storage

d) Business continuity

e) Uptime

f) Data integrity in cloud computing

14. What is the requirement of virtualization platform in implementing cloud?

The requirement of virtualization platform in implementing cloud is to

a) Manage the service level policies

b) Cloud Operating System

c) Virtualization platforms helps to keep the backend level and user level concepts different from each other

15. Explain what is the use of “EUCALYPTUS” in cloud computing?

“Eucalyptus” is an open source software infrastructure in cloud computing, which is used to implement clusters in cloud computing platform. It is used to build public, hybrid and private clouds. It has the ability to produce your own data center into a private cloud and allows you to use its functionality to many other organizations.

16. What are the different data centers deployed for cloud computing?

Cloud computing consists of different datacenters like

a) Containerized Datacenters

b) Low Density Datacenters

17. What is the use of API’s in cloud services?

API’s ( Application Programming Interface) is very useful in cloud platforms

a) It eliminates the need to write the fully fledged programs

b) It provides the instructions to make communication between one or more applications

c) It allows easy creation of applications and link the cloud services with other systems

18. Explain what are the different modes of software as a service (SaaS)?

a) Simple multi-tenancy : In this each user has independent resources and are different from other users, it is an efficient mode.

b) Fine grain multi-tenancy: In this type, the resources can be shared by many but the functionality remains the same.

19. Explain the difference between cloud and traditional datacenters?

a) The cost of the traditional data center is higher due to heating and hardware/software issues

b) Cloud gets scaled when the demand increases. Majority of the expenses are spent on the maintenance of the data centers, while that is not the case with cloud computing

20. Mention the name of some large cloud providers and databases?

a) Google bigtable

b) Amazon simpleDB

c) Cloud based SQL

Here we have given 20 basis Cloud Computing interview questions with answers. If you are looking for more interview questions Please visit https://www.onlineinterviewquestions.com/

10 Commonly asked Javascript Interview Questions 2018

Sharad — Fri, 05 Oct 2018 11:20:52 +0000

Javascript is one of most popular programming language for the web. It is widely used for creating interactive client-side web applications and games. Javascript can be also used as server-side programming language. It is dynamic, weakly typed, prototype-based and multi-paradigm high-level programming language.

Here we have listed 10 Common Javascript Interview Questions with their answers

1. What will be the output of variable x,y,z?

var x=10;
var y=x++;
var z=++x;
console.log(x,y,z)
Ans: It will log 12,10,12

2. What will be output of 0==-0

Answer: output of 0==-0 is true

3. What is the output of below code

function xyz () {
var abc = "hello Js";
function abc () {
return 54;
}
return abc;
}
console.log(xyz())
Answer: The above code will output hello Js.

4. How to create an object in JavaScript?

Ans: Creating an object In Javascript var object ={ name: "obj", age: 10 };

5. Explain prototypal Inheritance in JavaScript?

In JS every object has a property called a prototype, where we can add methods to it and when you create another object from these the newly created object will automatically inherit its parent’s property.

6. Explain callback in JavaScript?

A callback is a plain JavaScript function passed to some method as an argument or option. Some callbacks are just events, called to give the user a chance to react when a certain state is triggered.

7. How would you empty the below array in JavaScript?

Var emptyArray = ['this', 'array', 'is', 'full'];
Ans: Use below line of code to empty an array in JavaScript

emptyArray.length = 0;

emptyArray.splice(0, emptyArray.length);

while(emptyArray.length){
emptyArray.pop();
}

emptyArray = []

8. What will be output of below code?

var lorem = { ipsum : 1};
var output = (function(){
delete lorem.ipsum;
return lorem.ipsum;
})();

console.log(output);
Ans: The output would be undefined because the delete operator removed the property "ipsum" from the object "lorem" before the object was returned. When you reference a deleted property, the result is undefined.

9. What is output of 5 + 4 + "3"?

Since 3 is a string then the output of the above code will 93.

10. What is the real name of Javascript?

The original name of Javascript is Mocha by the Marc Addressed. He was the founder of Netscape.

Thanks for reading and good luck on your interview! Check more JavaScript Interview Questions & Answers on onlineinterviewquestions.com

5 Best Angular2 Admin Templates

Sharad — Wed, 04 Jul 2018 17:35:24 +0000

5 free Angular 2 Responsible Admin Templates.

Angular Js is one the most popular front end frameworks for creating single page web apps and reactive websites. Here in this article we are going discuss 10 Best free Admin templates for Angular2 .

1. Paper Kit 2 Angular

Paper Kit 2 is a free Bootstrap 4 based UI Kit for AngularJS. It comes with pale colors, beautiful typography built and supports for CLI versions of Angular 2 and 4. All components of Paper Kit are responsive and can be adjust automatically on any Device screen

Material Dashboard for Angular 2

Material Bootstrap Admin template comes with a fresh, new design it is inspired by Google’s Material Design. It is a free to use.

SemanticUI Admin Dashboard Template

SemanticUI admin dashboard template comes with AngularJs boilerplate. It is great for start of any type of web application that required user dashboard, admin dashboard, services dashboard.

Versatile Dashboard

This theme is a Boilerplate for Animated AngularJS Starter Theme. It is written with Bootstrap LESS.

ng2-admin

ng2-admin is an Admin panel framework based on Angular 2, Bootstrap 4 and Webpack.

Article Source: http://blog.creative-tim.com/web-design/angular2-admin-templates/

Also Published at https://www.onlineinterviewquestions.com/

10 Frequently Asked Angularjs Interview Questions

Sharad — Wed, 20 Jun 2018 16:18:34 +0000

These days AngularJS is one of those hot topics everyone wants to learn it because AngularJs developers are getting more paid by companies. In this article, I going to share 10 Frequently Asked Angularjs Interview Questions and answers

1. What are expressions in Angular?

AngularJs Expressions are used to bind application data to html. Expressions are written inside double braces like . Expressions behave in the same way as ng-bind directives. AngularJS application expressions are pure javascript expressions and output the data where they are used.

2. Do I need Jquery for Angular?

No, you do not need Jquery for Angular. It’s independent of Jquery.

3. What are advantages of MVVM over MVC?

Below are few advantages of MVVM over MVC:-
1.Increases the “Blendability” of your views (ability to use Expression Blend to design views)
2.“Lookless” view logic

No duplicated code to update views
Testability
Designer-Developer Workflow

4. Explain how $scope.$apply() works

$scope.$apply re-evaluates all the declared ng-models and applies the change to any that have been altered (i.e. assigned to a new value)
Explanation: $scope.$apply() is one of the core angular functions that should never be used explicitly, it forces the angular engine to run on all the watched variables and all external variables and apply the changes on their values

5. What is an interceptor? What are common uses of it?

An interceptor is a middleware code where all the $http requests go through.

The interceptor is a factory that are registered in $httpProvider. You have 2 types of requests that go through the interceptor, request and response (with requestError and responseErrorrespectively). This piece of code is very useful for error handling, authentication or middleware in all the requests/responses.

6. Mention what are the advantages of using AngularJS?

There are several advantages of AngularJS, we have listed some below:

AngularJS supports MVC pattern
Can do two ways data binding using AngularJS
It has pre-defined form validations
It supports both client-server communication
It supports animations

7. What is data binding? Explain two-way data binding in AngularJs?

Data binding means automatic synchronous of data between model and view components.
AngularJS supports two-way data binding, it treats the model as a single source of truth and view is a projection of model. It means when we change model view gets reflect and vice-versa.
In traditional concept, HTML pages are decided by interacting with server-side program and as we using single page application, pages are decided without any server-side interaction. So required part of the page will be updated.

8. Distinguish between AngularJS expression & JavaScript expression?

AngularJS expression:

Expressions are evaluated against $scope.
Expression evaluation is forgiving to null and undefined.
In AngularJS, loops, conditions and exceptions are not required to write.
AngularJS supports filters to format data before displaying.

JavaScript Expression:

Expressions are evaluated against Window object.
Undefined properties generates Type Error or Reference Error
In AngularJS, loops, conditions and exceptions are required to write.
No such a feature.

9. What is a model in AngularJs?

Model is JavaScript object and it binds view data into the model through the directives such as text field, text area and selects etc.
It provides validation behaviors by required, number, URL, email, min and max length etc.

10. Distinguish between factory, service & provider?

Factory:

When you’re using a Factory you create an object, add properties to it, then return that same object. When you pass this service into your controller, those properties on the object will now be available in that controller through your factory.

Service:

When you’re using Service, it’s instantiated with the ‘new’ keyword. Because of that, you’ll add properties to ‘this’ and the service will return ‘this’. When you pass the service into your controller, those properties on ‘this’ will now be available on that controller through your service.

Providers:

Providers are the only service you can pass into your .config() function. Use a provider when you want to provide module-wide configuration for your service object before making it available.

Laravel Interview Questions

Sharad — Sun, 17 Jun 2018 15:43:13 +0000

Laravel is free open source “PHP framework” based on MVC design pattern.
It is created by Taylor Otwell. Laravel provides expressive and elegant syntax that helps in creating a wonderful web application easily and quickly.
Many companies looking for developers who have knowledge of Laravel Framework. In this article, you can read few best interview Questions on Laravel Framework.

Top 30 Laravel interview questions and answers.

Below is the list of latest Laravel interview questions and answers.

1. What is Laravel?

2. What are pros and cons of using Laravel Framework?

Pros of using Laravel Framework

Laravel framework has in-built lightweight blade template engine to speed up compiling task and create layouts with dynamic content easily.
Hassles code reusability.
Eloquent ORM with PHP active record implementation
Built in command line tool "Artisan" for creating a code skeleton , database structure and build their migration

Cons of using laravel Framework

Development process requires you to work with standards and should have real understanding of programming
Laravel is new framework and composer is not so strong in compare to npm (for node.js), ruby gems and python pip.
Development in laravel is not so fast in compare to ruby on rails.
Laravel is lightweight so it has less inbuilt support in compare to django and rails. But this problem can be solved by integrating third party tools, but for large and very custom websites it may be a tedious task

3. Explain Events in laravel ?

An event is an action or occurrence recognized by a program that may be handled by the program or code. Laravel events provides a simple observer implementation, that allowing you to subscribe and listen for various events/actions that occur in your application.

All Event classes are generally stored in the app/Events directory, while their listeners are stored in app/Listeners of your application.

4. Explain validations in laravel?

In Programming validations are a handy way to ensure that your data is always in a clean and expected format before it gets into your database. Laravel provides several different ways to validate your application incoming data.By default Laravel’s base controller class uses a ValidatesRequests trait which provides a convenient method to validate all incoming HTTP requests coming from client.You can also validate data in laravel by creating Form Request.
click here read more about data validations in Laravel.

5. How to install laravel via composer ?

You can install Laravel via composer by running below command.


composer create-project laravel/laravel your-project-name version

Also Read Core PHP Interview Questions and Answers for 2018

6. List some features of laravel 5.0 ?

Inbuilt CRSF (cross-site request forgery ) Protection.
Inbuilt paginations
Reverse Routing
Query builder
Route caching
Database Migration
IOC (Inverse of Control) Container Or service container.

7. What is PHP artisan. List out some artisan commands ?

PHP artisan is the command line interface/tool included with Laravel. It provides a number of helpful commands that can help you while you build your application easily. Here are the list of some artisan command:-

php artisan list
php artisan help
php artisan tinker
php artisan make
php artisan –versian
php artisan make model model_name
php artisan make controller controller_name

8. List some default packages provided by Laravel 5.4 ?

Below are list of some official/ default packages provided by Laravel 5.4

Cashier
Envoy
Passport
Scout
Socialite

9. What are named routes in Laravel?

Named routing is another amazing feature of Laravel framework. Named routes allow referring to routes when generating redirects or Url’s more comfortably. You can specify named routes by chaining the name method onto the route definition:


Route::get('user/profile', function () {
    //
})->name('profile');


You can specify route names for controller actions:

Route::get('user/profile', 'UserController@showProfile')->name('profile');


Once you have assigned a name to your routes, you may use the route's name when generating URLs or redirects via the global route function:

// Generating URLs...
$url = route('profile');

// Generating Redirects...
return redirect()->route('profile');

10. What is database migration. How to create migration via artisan ?

Migrations are like version control for your database, that’s allow your team to easily modify and share the application’s database schema. Migrations are typically paired with Laravel’s schema builder to easily build your application’s database schema.

Use below commands to create migration data via artisan.

// creating Migration
php artisan make:migration create_users_table

11. What are service providers ?

Service Providers are central place where all laravel application is bootstrapped . Your application as well all Laravel core services are also bootstrapped by service providers.
All service providers extend the Illuminate\Support\ServiceProvider class. Most service providers contain a register and a boot method. Within the register method, you should only bind things into the service container. You should never attempt to register any event listeners, routes, or any other piece of functionality within the register method.
You can read more about service provider from here

Read Latest Codeigniter interview questions 2018.

12. Explain Laravel’s service container ?

One of the most powerful feature of Laravel is its Service Container. It is a powerful tool for resolving class dependencies and performing dependency injection in Laravel.
Dependency injection is a fancy phrase that essentially means class dependencies are “injected” into the class via the constructor or, in some cases, “setter” methods.

13. What is composer ?

Composer is a tool for managing dependency in PHP. It allows you to declare the libraries on which your project depends on and will manage (install/update) them for you.
Laravel utilizes Composer to manage its dependencies.

14. What is dependency injection in Laravel ?

In software engineering, dependency injection is a technique whereby one object supplies the dependencies of another object. A dependency is an object that can be used (a service). An injection is the passing of a dependency to a dependent object (a client) that would use it. The service is made part of the client’s state.[1] Passing the service to the client, rather than allowing a client to build or find the service, is the fundamental requirement of the pattern.
source(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_injection).
You can do dependency injection via Constructor, setter and property injection.

15. What are Laravel Contract’s ?

Laravel’s Contracts are nothing but a set of interfaces that define the core services provided by the Laravel framework.
Read more about laravel Contract’s

Read Latest Symfony interview questions

16. Explain Facades in Laravel ?

Laravel Facades provides a static like an interface to classes that are available in the application’s service container. Laravel self-ships with many facades which provide access to almost all features of Laravel ’s. Laravel facades serve as “static proxies” to underlying classes in the service container and provide benefits of a terse, expressive syntax while maintaining more testability and flexibility than traditional static methods of classes. All of Laravel’s facades are defined in the Illuminate\Support\Facades namespace. You can easily access a facade like so:


use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Cache;

Route::get('/cache', function () {
    return Cache::get('key');
});

17. What are Laravel eloquent?

Laravel’s Eloquent ORM is simple Active Record implementation for working with your database. Laravel provide many different ways to interact with your database, Eloquent is most notable of them. Each database table has a corresponding “Model” which is used to interact with that table. Models allow you to query for data in your tables, as well as insert new records into the table.

Below is sample usage for querying and inserting new records in Database with Eloquent.


// Querying or finding records from products table where tag is 'new'
$products= Product::where('tag','new');
// Inserting new record 
 $product =new Product;
 $product->title="Iphone 7";
 $product->price="$700";
 $product->tag='iphone';
 $product->save();

18. How to enable query log in Laravel ?

Use the enableQueryLog method to enable query log in Laravel


DB::connection()->enableQueryLog(); 
You can get array of the executed queries by using getQueryLog method:
$queries = DB::getQueryLog();

19. What is reverse routing in Laravel?

Laravel reverse routing is generating URL’s based on route declarations.Reverse routing makes your application so much more flexible.It defines a relationship between links and Laravel routes.When a link is created by using names of existing routes, appropriate Uri’s are created automatically by Laravel. Here is an example of reverse routing.

// route declaration
Route::get(‘login’, ‘users@login’);

Using reverse routing we can create a link to it and pass in any parameters that we have defined. Optional parameters, if not supplied, are removed from the generated link.

It will automatically generates a Url like http://xyz.com/login in view.

Read 40 Best PHP Interview Questions 2018

20. How to turn off CRSF protection for specific route in Laravel?

To turn off CRSF protection in Laravel add following codes in “app/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php”

 
//add an array of Routes to skip CSRF check
private $exceptUrls = ['controller/route1', 'controller/route2'];
 //modify this function
public function handle($request, Closure $next) {
 //add this condition foreach($this->exceptUrls as $route) {
 if ($request->is($route)) {
  return $next($request);
 }
}
return parent::handle($request, $next);
}

21. What are traits in Laravel?

PHP Traits are simply a group of methods that you want include within another class. A Trait, like an abstract class cannot be instantiated by itself.Trait are created to reduce the limitations of single inheritance in PHP by enabling a developer to reuse sets of methods freely in several independent classes living in different class hierarchies. Here is an example of trait.

trait Sharable {
 
  public function share($item)
  {
    return 'share this item';
  }
 
}
You could then include this Trait within other classes like this:

class Post {
 
  use Sharable;
 
}
 
class Comment {
 
  use Sharable;
 
}
Now if you were to create new objects out of these classes you would find that they both have the share() method available:
$post = new Post;
echo $post->share(''); // 'share this item' 
 
$comment = new Comment;
echo $comment->share(''); // 'share this item'

22. Does Laravel support caching?

Yes, Laravel supports popular caching backends like Memcached and Redis.
By default, Laravel is configured to use the file cache driver, which stores the serialized, cached objects in the file system.For large projects, it is recommended to use Memcached or Redis.

23. Explain Laravel’s Middleware?

As the name suggests, Middleware acts as a middleman between request and response. It is a type of filtering mechanism. For example, Laravel includes a middleware that verifies whether the user of the application is authenticated or not. If the user is authenticated, he will be redirected to the home page otherwise, he will be redirected to the login page.

There are two types of Middleware in Laravel.
Global Middleware: will run on every HTTP request of the application.
Route Middleware: will be assigned to a specific route.
Read more about Laravel middlewares

24. What is Lumen?

Lumen is PHP micro-framework that built on Laravel’s top components.It is created by Taylor Otwell. It is perfect option for building Laravel based micro-services and fast REST API’s. It’s one of the fastest micro-frameworks available.
You can install Lumen using composer by running below command

composer create-project --prefer-dist laravel/lumen blog

25. Explain Bundles in Laravel?

In Laravel, bundles are also called packages.Packages are the primary way to extend the functionality of Laravel. Packages might be anything from a great way to work with dates like Carbon, or an entire BDD testing framework like Behat.In Laravel, you can create your custom packages too.You can read more about packages from here

26. How to use custom table in Laravel Modal ?

You can use custom table in Laravel by overriding protected $table property of Eloquent.


Below is sample uses

class User extends Eloquent{
 protected $table="my_user_table";

}

27. List types of relationships available in Laravel Eloquent?

Below are types of relationships supported by Laravel Eloquent ORM.

One To One
One To Many
One To Many (Inverse)
Many To Many
Has Many Through
Polymorphic Relations
Many To Many Polymorphic Relations

You can read more about relationships in Laravel Eloquent from here

28. Why are migrations necessary?

Migrations are necessary because:

Without migrations, database consistency when sharing an app is almost impossible, especially as more and more people collaborate on the web app.
Your production database needs to be synced as well.

29. Provide System requirements for installation of Laravel 5.4 ?

In order to install laravel,make sure your server meets the following requirements:

PHP >= 5.6.4
OpenSSL PHP Extension
PDO PHP Extension
Mbstring PHP Extension
Tokenizer PHP Extension
XML PHP Extension

30. List some Aggregates methods provided by query builder in Laravel ?

count()
max()
min()
avg()
sum()

Also Read Laravel 5 interview questions 2018