DEV Community: Syam Sarosa

Ubuntu 24.04 NVIDIA Upgrade Error

Syam Sarosa — Fri, 06 Dec 2024 08:35:16 +0000

Recently, I upgraded my Ubuntu from 22.04 to 24.04. The upgrade process went smoothly. However, I get the result below when I check the Ubuntu version using the lsb_release -a command.

No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description:    Ubuntu 24.04.1 LTS
Release:    24.04
Codename:   noble

But the next day, things went wrong.

When I powered on my laptop, I left it to grab coffee. Ten minutes later—just a blank, black screen. Even after waiting longer, nothing changed. I had to force shutdown and try again.

This cycle repeated. On my third attempt, I observed the boot process. In the boot menu (I use dual boot), I selected Advanced Options for Ubuntu, chose an older kernel (5.15.0-124), and it booted normally.

Debugging the Issue

The first thing I do is try to fix any dpkg error using

sudo dpkg --configure -a

It failed. So, I try to update and upgrade the package manually using

sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade

Failed again. After checking the error carefully, I found below error

Building module:
Cleaning build area...
unset ARCH; [ ! -h /usr/bin/cc ] && export CC=/usr/bin/gcc; env NV_VERBOSE=1 'make' -j8 NV_EXCLUDE_BUILD_MODULES='' KERNEL_UNAME=6.8.0-49-generic IGNO
RE_XEN_PRESENCE=1 IGNORE_CC_MISMATCH=1 SYSSRC=/lib/modules/6.8.0-49-generic/build LD=/usr/bin/ld.bfd CONFIG_X86_KERNEL_IBT= modules............(bad ex
it status: 2)
ERROR: Cannot create report: [Errno 17] File exists: '/var/crash/nvidia-dkms-450-server.0.crash'
Error! Bad return status for module build on kernel: 6.8.0-49-generic (x86_64)
Consult /var/lib/dkms/nvidia-srv/450.248.02/build/make.log for more information.
dkms autoinstall on 6.8.0-49-generic/x86_64 failed for nvidia-srv(10)
Error! One or more modules failed to install during autoinstall.
Refer to previous errors for more information.
 * dkms: autoinstall for kernel 6.8.0-49-generic
   ...fail!

The nvidia-dkms-450-server.0.crash peak my interest. After some Google search, I found the solution.

First, I remove it using the below command.

sudo apt remove dkms nvidia-dkms-450-server

Then, I execute sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade again

Next, I tried to install nvidia-dkms-450-server again but failed because the package was unavailable. The error message shows the new package that replaces it.

sudo apt install nvidia-kernel-common-450-server

The next thing I do is remove all unused packages using sudo apt autoremove.

Finally, I reboot my laptop. It boots up normally. Below is the kernel version that I use (I check it using uname -a command).

Laravel Mastery #1 | Install and run your first Laravel project

Syam Sarosa — Mon, 02 Dec 2024 02:33:46 +0000

Welcome to the Laravel Mastery series! Whether you're familiar with Laravel or just exploring it, this guide will help you set up Laravel and run your first project locally. Let’s dive into this step-by-step tutorial and get you started with Laravel, the PHP framework loved by developers worldwide.

This tutorial series isn’t just about building applications—it’s about unlocking the "why" behind the "how." Imagine having the confidence to tackle any project, no matter how unique, because you deeply understand the core principles of Laravel. Master these concepts, and you won’t just build apps—you’ll create efficient, bug-free, and easy-to-maintain solutions that make you a standout developer. Ready to level up and leave the competition behind? Let’s dive in!

Why Choose Laravel?

Laravel isn’t just another PHP framework—it’s a complete toolkit for building modern web applications.

Elegant Syntax: Write clean and maintainable code.
Powerful CLI: Automate tasks using Artisan, Laravel’s command-line tool.
Extensibility: Leverage official and third-party packages.
Flexibility: Build APIs, integrate front-end frameworks, or create robust full-stack applications.

If you're ready to enhance your development experience, Laravel is the way to go.

Getting Started: What You Need

Before jumping into Laravel, ensure your system is equipped with the essentials:

PHP 8.1+ Check your PHP version by running:

php -v

Composer

Composer is a dependency manager for PHP, essential for Laravel installation.
A Web Server (Optional)

While Laravel has a built-in development server, Apache or Nginx can be useful for production-like setups.
A Database (Optional for Now)

Laravel supports multiple databases, but you won’t need one for this guide.

Installing Composer

Composer simplifies the management of Laravel’s dependencies. Let’s set it up:

Download Composer

Visit the Composer installation guide and follow the steps for your OS.
Verify Installation

Run:

   composer -v

If you see the below result, you’re good to go.

Installing Laravel

With Composer installed, you’re ready to bring Laravel into your development environment.

Install the Laravel Installer Run this command to globally install the Laravel Installer:

   composer global require laravel/installer

Verify Installation Check the Laravel Installer version with:

   laravel -v

You should see the Laravel Installer version listed.

Creating Your First Laravel Project

Time to create and explore your first Laravel project!

Create a New Project Use the Laravel Installer to set up your project:

   laravel new awesome-app

If you didn’t install the Laravel Installer, you can use Composer:

   composer create-project laravel/laravel awesome-app

Navigate to Your Project Directory Move into the project folder:

   cd awesome-app

Running Laravel Locally

Laravel’s built-in development server makes running your project simple.

Start the Development Server From your project directory, execute:

   php artisan serve

Access Your Application Open your browser and visit:

   http://localhost:8000

You’ll see Laravel’s welcome page—congratulations, you’re live!

Running Laravel on a Web Server

For a more traditional setup, you can use a web server like Apache or Nginx. Here’s how to configure Apache:

Move Your Project to the Web Server’s Public Directory
- On Linux: /var/www/html
- On Windows (XAMPP): /xampp/htdocs
Access Your Application

Visit your browser and go to:

   http://localhost/awesome-app/public

Next Steps

Congratulations! You’ve successfully installed Laravel and run your first project. This foundational step sets the stage for exploring Laravel’s advanced features, like routing, controllers, and views.

In the next article of the Laravel Mastery series, we’ll build something incredible together. Stay tuned—it’s going to be a fun and enlightening journey!

How to create a sudo user

Syam Sarosa — Sat, 12 Oct 2024 08:33:09 +0000

Introduction

When you create a new Linux server, you will first use the root user. The root user is an administrative Linux user with the highest privileges. When you use it, you can make any changes, even very destructive changes.

Due to its highest privileges and account availability in all Linux OS, the root account is one of the main attack targets. Because of that, it's discouraged to use the root account regularly.

This tutorial will explain what is a sudo user, how to create a normal user, and make it a sudo user for regular use.

What is a Sudo User?

A sudo (short for "superuser do") is a command that allows a normal user to execute administrative tasks, such as:

Install and delete application
Change OS and application config
Grant users or groups of users the ability to run certain commands
so on.

If something breaks, you can find all commands and arguments executed using sudo in /var/log/auth.log.

A sudo user is a normal user that can execute a sudo command. To do this, you must add the normal user to the sudo system group.

Prerequisites

To follow along with this tutorial, you will need:

A Linux server with root access.

Once you have this, log in to the server using SSH as root.

Conventions

For consistency, this tutorial uses the following conventions:

This tutorial will create a new user called syam, but you should replace that with your real username.
Command beginning with # is executed by root.
Command beginning with $ is executed by a normal or sudo user.

When you create a user, Linux will ask for a password. Follow these tips to create a secure password.

Use a combination of numbers, uppercase, lowercase, and symbol

Password is at least 16 characters in length

Use a password manager to generate a long random password and save it.

Use unique password

Create a Sudo User on Debian & Ubuntu

You can add a new user in Debian & Ubuntu OS using the below command:

# adduser syam

You will be asked a few questions, such as password, full name, room number, and so on. Enter a strong password. The rest of the questions are optional, you can fill in any additional information that you like. You can skip any question by pressing the ENTER button.

Now, you have a new user account with regular privileges. This account cannot run administrative tasks as the root user yet. To do it, you can change your new user account into a superuser by giving it root privileges. These privileges will allow your new user account to run the administrative task by putting the word sudo before the command.

To change your new user account into a superuser, run the below command as root (substitute the username syam with your actual user account):

# usermod -aG sudo syam

You can now run administrative commands using your new user account. To verify it, switch to your new user.

# su syam

After that, try to run administrative tasks such as updating your package repository. Type your password (for security reasons, your server won't show anything when you type it). Once done, press ENTER.

$ sudo apt update

Create a Sudo User on FreeBSD

Once you're logged in as root, you need to install sudo because
The new FreeBSD server comes with minimal requirements for it to operate. Before you can use the sudo command, you need to install it. You can install sudo from the port collection.

# cd /usr/ports/security/sudo/
# make install clean

Alternatively, you can install the sudo package using pkg. If pkg is not installed, FreeBSD will ask for permission to install it. Press y and then ENTER to install it.

# pkg install sudo

After that, create a new user using the below command. Remember to change syam with your actual user.

# adduser syam

Answer all the questions asked. Remember to type in a strong password. Besides the password, all the questions are optional. You can skip it by pressing the ENTER button.

Next, add the user you just created to the wheel group. This group limits who can use sudo to become root.

# pw group mod wheel -m syam

Once done, you need to edit the sudoers file. Since it's a core file, always use visudo when you edit it. The visudo utility will check and warn you if there's an error in the sudoers file before saving it.

# visudo

Never edit /etc/sudoers directly because errors in the sudoers file can break your system. Always use visudo to do it. The visudo utility will do syntax checking and inform you if there's any error before saving your changes to the sudoers file.

After that, look for the wheel group. Remove the # to enable it. It should look like this after you remove the #.

## Allows people in group wheel to run all commands
%wheel  ALL=(ALL)       ALL

To exit vi, press ESC, then followed by :wq, then press ENTER.

Finally, switch to the sudo user you just created.

su - syam

Try to run administrative tasks using the sudo user.

sudo pkg update

Create a Sudo User on Rocky Linux

Coming soon ...