DEV Community: TS

counter pullback

TS — Fri, 09 Oct 2026 10:56:28 +0000

counter pullback

Breaker FVG

TS — Wed, 07 Oct 2026 00:42:04 +0000

This is inversion as there is no gap in the RED Lag………………….. Inversion and IFVG both are not same ……

not breaker

w4c1

TS — Tue, 06 Oct 2026 23:11:39 +0000

চার্টে BSL (Buy Side Liquidity) যেভাবে তৈরি ও ব্রেক হয়েছে:

১ম ক্যান্ডেল (প্রাথমিক হাই):
শুরুতে ১ম ক্যান্ডেলটি একটি মেজর হাই পয়েন্ট (High Level) তৈরি করে।
২য় ও ৩য় ক্যান্ডেল (হাই শিফট এবং লিকুইডিটি সুইপ):
২য় ক্যান্ডেলটি নতুন একটি হাই তৈরি করার পর প্রাইস নিচের দিকে নেমে ১ম ক্যান্ডেলের লো ব্রেক করে।

প্রাইস স্ট্রাকচার অনুযায়ী, হাই পয়েন্টটি ১ম ক্যান্ডেল থেকে শিফট হয়ে ২য় ক্যান্ডেলের হাই-এ চলে যায়।
ফলে ২য় ক্যান্ডেলের হাই পয়েন্টটি নতুন BSL (Buy Side Liquidity) লেভেল হিসেবে চিহ্নিত হয়।

৪র্থ ক্যান্ডেল (BSL ব্রেকআউট ও সুইপ):
এরপর ৪র্থ ক্যান্ডেলটি (বড় সবুজ ক্যান্ডেল) বেশ জোরের সাথে ওপরের দিকে উঠে এই শিফট হওয়া হাই (২য় ক্যান্ডেলের হাই) ব্রেক করে চলে যায়।

ওই হাই পয়েন্টের ওপরে থাকা সকল Buy Stop Orders বা স্টপ লস লিকুইডিটি তুলে নেওয়ার মাধ্যমে এখানে BSL প্রক্রিয়াটি সম্পূর্ণ (Complete) হয়।

এক কথায়: ১ম ক্যান্ডেলের হাই ২য় ক্যান্ডেলে শিফট হওয়ার পর, ৪র্থ ক্যান্ডেল সেই শিফটেড হাই ব্রেক করার মাধ্যমেই মূলত BSL সম্পন্ন হয়েছে।

IDM-BOS () pura tai POI te chole jay —- figure er 2nb marking zone
Bsl er low (SSL) k IDM bole , back to back IDM takle eke IDM zone marking korbo

Then market zokon momemtum dara POI zone dukebe and akta FVG make kroe chole asbe , market eta k Bi-pass korbe at certain point . (3nb marking zone upore akta FVG ase )

Market momentum e poi te dukar por akta PULLBACK dise , SSL marking korlam , SSL er high ta hobe (3rd level) SMR , market SMR k break korte nah pere niche akta pullback dise

4th marking ta holo SSL again and high ta hobe another IDM/BSL-2 ( might be SMR)

POI k respect dei nai ( respect mane tap diye upore jawa ) , rather market ei khan theke fall down korese……. Disrespect korese POI k …….

JUR liquidity ( EVEN liquidity ) gula SMR / IDM hote pare……………………. Remind it
আপনার নোট এবং চার্ট অ্যানালাইসিস পুরোপুরি সঠিক এবং প্রফেশনাল লেভেলের SMC / ICT কন্সেপ্ট কভার করেছে। আপনি যেভাবে ধাপে ধাপে স্ট্রাকচার, Liquidity, এবং POI-এর আচরণ বিশ্লেষণ করেছেন তা নিচে আরও পরিষ্কার ও গুছিয়ে দেওয়া হলো:

চার্ট এবং নোটের বিস্তারিত বিশ্লেষণ:

২ নম্বর মার্কিং জোন (IDM-BOS & POI Zone):
BSL ব্রেক হওয়ার পর যে প্রথম বৈধ pullback-এর low থাকে, সেটিকে IDM (Inducement) বলা হয়।

একাধিক Inducement থাকলে সেটিকে IDM Zone হিসেবে চিহ্নিত করা হয়।
BOS সম্পন্ন হওয়ার পর পুরো স্ট্রাকচারটি রিট্রেসমেন্টের জন্য নিচে নেমে আসে এবং একটি মেজোর Order Block / POI (Point of Interest) তৈরি করে।

FVG এবং Bypass বিহেভিয়ার:
মার্কেট মোমেন্টাম নিয়ে নিচে নামার সময় উপরে একটি FVG (Fair Value Gap) তৈরি করে নিচে নেমে এসেছে।

মার্কেট সাময়িকভাবে এই FVG-কে বাইপাস করে সরাসরি নিচে চলে গেছে।

৩ নম্বর মার্কিং (SMR & SSL Level):
মোমেন্টাম ড্রপের পর মার্কেট একটি ছোট পুলব্যাক দেয়, যা SSL (Sell Side Liquidity) তৈরি করে।

এই পুলব্যাকের হাই পয়েন্টটি SMR (Smart Money Reversal) হিসেবে কাজ করে। মার্কেট এই SMR ব্রেক করতে না পেরে রিজেকশন নিয়ে আবার নিচে নেমে আসে।

৪ নম্বর ও পরবর্তী মার্কিং (Equal Liquidity & Final Fall):
পরবর্তীতে তৈরি হওয়া লো-গুলো Equal Liquidity (Jor / Even Liquidity) তৈরি করেছে, যেগুলোকে আমরা SSL বা SMR/IDM বলি।

এগুলো রিটেইল ট্রেডারদের জন্য ট্র্যাপ হিসেবে কাজ করে।

POI Disrespect (POI ব্যর্থ হওয়া):
মার্কেট মেইন POI জোনে এসে বাউন্স (Respect) করার কথা থাকলেও মোমেন্টাম বেশি থাকায় POI-কে Disrespect করে নিচে ক্র্যাশ (Fall Down) করেছে।

এর ফলে নিচের সমস্ত Sell Side Liquidity (SSL) সুইপ বা টেক-আউট হয়ে গেছে।

মূল শিক্ষা (Takeaway):

জোড়া বা সমান লেভেলের Liquidity (Equal Lows/Highs) সব সময়ই বড় ধরণের SMR / IDM (Liquidity Magnet) হিসেবে কাজ করে।
POI তে টাচ করলেই বাই/সেল দেওয়া যাবে না; কনফার্মেশন ছাড়া POI এভাবে Fail বা Disrespect হতে পারে।

let see

TS — Tue, 06 Oct 2026 01:07:09 +0000

🐘 Elephant Communication

TS — Wed, 30 Sep 2026 05:11:11 +0000

🐘 Elephant Communication — সহজ বাংলায় পুরো Passage

Paragraph 1 — হাতিরা অনেক দূর থেকেও যোগাযোগ করতে পারে

মূল কথা: হাতি এমন খুব নিচু কম্পাঙ্কের শব্দ ব্যবহার করে, যা মানুষ শুনতে পারে না।

O'Connell-Rodwell নামে একজন বিজ্ঞানী Stanford University-তে কাজ করেন। তিনি Namibia-র একটি wildlife reserve-এ গিয়েছিলেন হাতিরা কীভাবে একে অপরের সঙ্গে যোগাযোগ করে তা গবেষণা করতে।

প্রায় ২০ বছর আগে বিজ্ঞানীরা একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিষয় আবিষ্কার করেন:

👉 হাতি অনেক দূর থেকে একে অপরের সঙ্গে যোগাযোগ করতে পারে।

তারা এমন low-frequency sounds ব্যবহার করে, যাকে infrasounds বলা হয়।

এই শব্দের frequency এত কম যে:

👂 মানুষ শুনতে পারে না
🐘 কিন্তু হাতি শুনতে/অনুভব করতে পারে

সহজভাবে:

ধরো, একটি হাতি অনেক দূরে আছে। সে খুব নিচু frequency-এর একটা signal দিল। অন্য হাতি হয়তো কয়েক কিলোমিটার দূরে থেকেও সেই signal বুঝতে পারে।

Main idea:
➡️ হাতি মানুষের শ্রবণসীমার নিচের খুব low-frequency sound ব্যবহার করে দূরে যোগাযোগ করতে পারে।

Paragraph 2 — হাতির কান তাদের vibration ধরতে সাহায্য করতে পারে

মূল কথা: হাতির inner ear-এর একটি বিশেষ হাড় দেখে বিজ্ঞানীরা মনে করেন, তারা vibration বা seismic sound অনুভব করতে পারে।

African elephants মাটির vibration বা seismic sound detect করতে পারে কি না—এটা নিয়ে বিজ্ঞানীরা গবেষণা করছেন।

হাতির inner ear-এ একটি hammer bone আছে।

এই bone:

অন্যান্য mammals-এর তুলনায় হাতির ক্ষেত্রে অনেক বড়
কিন্তু যেসব প্রাণী vibration ব্যবহার করে signal পাঠায়/গ্রহণ করে, তাদের ক্ষেত্রে এই ধরনের bone স্বাভাবিক

তাই বিজ্ঞানীরা ধারণা করছেন:

👉 হাতির এই বড় hammer bone হয়তো seismic vibration detect করার সঙ্গে সম্পর্কিত।

সহজভাবে:

হাতির কানের গঠন দেখে বিজ্ঞানীরা একটা clue পেয়েছেন যে হাতি হয়তো শুধু বাতাসের শব্দ নয়, মাটির vibration-ও অনুভব করতে পারে।

Main idea:
➡️ হাতির inner ear-এর বিশেষ গঠন seismic vibration অনুভব করার ক্ষমতার ইঙ্গিত দেয়।

Paragraph 3 — হাতির শরীরের আরও কিছু অংশ vibration ধরতে সাহায্য করতে পারে

মূল কথা: শুধু কান নয়, হাতির পুরো শরীরের গঠনই vibration গ্রহণ ও পাঠাতে সাহায্য করতে পারে।

এই paragraph-এ তিনটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ anatomical feature বলা হয়েছে।

1️⃣ Massive body

হাতির বিশাল শরীর তাকে খুব low-frequency sound তৈরি করতে সাহায্য করে।

এই sound এত powerful হতে পারে যে:

👉 jet takeoff করার সময় যে sound হয়, তার কাছাকাছি শক্তিশালী হতে পারে।

এছাড়া বড় শরীর ground vibration গ্রহণ করতেও সাহায্য করতে পারে।

2️⃣ Toe bones + fatty pad

হাতির পায়ের toe bones-এর নিচে একটি fatty pad আছে।

বিজ্ঞানীরা মনে করেন এই fatty pad:

👉 মাটি থেকে আসা vibration-কে bone-এর দিকে focus করতে সাহায্য করতে পারে।

অর্থাৎ:

Ground vibration → feet → bones → inner ear

3️⃣ Huge brain + skull

হাতির brain অনেক বড়।

তার skull-এর সামনে অনেক sinus cavities আছে।

এগুলো হয়তো resonating chambers হিসেবে কাজ করে।

অর্থাৎ এগুলো vibration-কে আরও effectively transmit বা amplify করতে সাহায্য করতে পারে।

সহজভাবে পুরো paragraph:

হাতির—

বিশাল শরীর
পায়ের বিশেষ গঠন
বড় brain
skull-এর sinus cavities

সবকিছু মিলে হয়তো vibration গ্রহণ করতে সাহায্য করে।

Main idea:
➡️ হাতির শরীরের বিভিন্ন anatomical features seismic vibration গ্রহণ ও transmit করতে সাহায্য করতে পারে।

Paragraph 4 — হাতি হয়তো কান দিয়ে নয়, পা ও শুঁড় দিয়ে vibration অনুভব করে

মূল কথা: হাতির trunk এবং feet-এর nerve endings vibration detect করতে পারে।

এখনও বিজ্ঞানীরা পুরোপুরি নিশ্চিত নন হাতি কীভাবে seismic vibration detect করে।

কিন্তু O'Connell-Rodwell-এর একটি interesting idea আছে।

তিনি মনে করেন:

👉 হাতি হয়তো শুধু ears দিয়ে শুনছে না।
👉 তারা trunk এবং feet দিয়েও vibration "শুনতে" পারে।

হাতির trunk খুব versatile বা বহুমুখী অঙ্গ। এটি ব্যবহার করে হাতি:

পানি পান করে
গোসল করে
গন্ধ নেয়
খাবার নেয়
শরীর চুলকায়

কিন্তু trunk এবং feet-এর আরও একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বৈশিষ্ট্য আছে।

এগুলোর মধ্যে দুই ধরনের nerve endings আছে।

একটি nerve ending:

👉 infrasonic vibration detect করে।

অন্যটি:

👉 higher-frequency vibration detect করে।

বিজ্ঞানী বলছেন এই গবেষণার ভবিষ্যৎ অনেক বড় এবং unpredictable।

এখানে geophysics + neurophysiology + ecology—এই তিনটি field একসঙ্গে কাজ করছে।

এগুলোর সহজ অর্থ:

Geophysics = পৃথিবী, মাটি, vibration ইত্যাদি নিয়ে বিজ্ঞান
Neurophysiology = nervous system কীভাবে কাজ করে
Ecology = প্রাণী ও তাদের environment-এর সম্পর্ক

Main idea:
➡️ হাতির trunk ও feet-এর nerve endings বিভিন্ন ধরনের vibration detect করতে পারে, তাই তারা পা ও শুঁড় দিয়েও seismic signals অনুভব করতে পারে।

Paragraph 5 — ছোট প্রাণীরা আগে থেকেই seismic communication ব্যবহার করে

মূল কথা: seismic communication নতুন বিষয় নয়; অনেক ছোট প্রাণী এটি ব্যবহার করে।

বিজ্ঞানীরা আগে থেকেই জানতেন যে অনেক ছোট প্রাণী seismic communication ব্যবহার করে।

যেমন:

spiders 🕷️
scorpions
insects
white-lipped frogs
blind mole rats
kangaroo rats
golden moles

কিন্তু O'Connell-Rodwell একটি নতুন idea দেন:

👉 শুধু ছোট প্রাণী নয়, একটি বিশাল land animal—elephant-ও seismic signals পাঠাতে ও গ্রহণ করতে পারে।

এরপর তিনি একটি পুরনো experiment-এর কথা বলেন।

তিনি একটি male planthopper-কে stem-এর ওপর রাখতেন এবং female-এর calling sound বাজাতেন।

তখন male planthopper:

freeze করত
পা দিয়ে চাপ দিত
একটু সামনে যেত
আবার স্থির হয়ে যেত

এই আচরণ তিনি elephant-এর behaviour-এর সঙ্গে মিল খুঁজে পান।

এতে তার মনে হয়:

👉 প্রাণীদের communication শুধু auditory communication (শব্দ শোনা)-এর মাধ্যমে হয় না।

Main idea:

➡️ অনেক ছোট প্রাণী seismic communication ব্যবহার করে; এই ধারণা থেকেই বিজ্ঞানী মনে করেন বিশাল হাতিও একই পদ্ধতি ব্যবহার করতে পারে।

Paragraph 6 — হাতির survival-এর জন্য long-distance communication খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ

মূল কথা: বিশাল এলাকায় হাতিদের বেঁচে থাকা, mating এবং predator warning-এর জন্য long-distance communication অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।

বিজ্ঞানীরা নিশ্চিত হয়েছেন যে হাতির long-distance communication তাদের survival-এর জন্য গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।

বিশেষ করে Etosha-এর মতো বিশাল জায়গায়।

সেখানে:

🐘 প্রায় 2,400+ savanna elephants আছে।

এবং তারা এমন একটি এলাকায় ঘোরে যার আয়তন New Jersey-এর চেয়েও বড়।

এত বিশাল জায়গায় একটি elephant-এর জন্য mate বা সঙ্গী খুঁজে পাওয়া কঠিন।

তার ওপর elephant-এর reproductive biology বিষয়টিকে আরও complicated করে।

Predator warning

হাতিরা low-frequency sounds ব্যবহার করে অন্যদের predator সম্পর্কে সতর্ক করতে পারে।

Adult elephants-এর প্রধান natural predators নেই; মানুষের কারণে তারা threat-এর মুখোমুখি হয়।

কিন্তু baby elephants খুব vulnerable।

তাদের attack করতে পারে:

🦁 lions
hyenas

যখন predator দেখা যায়, তখন বড় হাতিরা:

👉 একসঙ্গে জড়ো হয়ে baby elephants-কে protect করে।

তারপর তারা সেখান থেকে চলে যায়।

Main idea:

➡️ Long-distance communication হাতিদের mate খোঁজা এবং predator-এর বিরুদ্ধে protection-এর জন্য খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।

Paragraph 7 — হাতি কি মাটির মধ্য দিয়ে আসা warning signal-ও বুঝতে পারে?

মূল কথা: বিজ্ঞানীরা experiment করে প্রমাণ পেয়েছেন যে হাতি ground-এর মাধ্যমে warning signal অনুভব করতে পারে।

এখন পর্যন্ত আমরা জানি:

👉 হাতি বাতাসের মাধ্যমে আসা warning calls বুঝতে পারে।

কিন্তু একটা নতুন প্রশ্ন উঠল:

হাতি কি শুধু মাটির মধ্য দিয়ে transmitted signal-ও detect করতে পারে?

এটা পরীক্ষা করার জন্য research team 2002 সালে একটি experiment করেছিল।

তারা electronic devices ব্যবহার করে:

👉 মাটির মধ্য দিয়ে signals পাঠায়।

এই experiment করা হয় Mushara-তে।

ফলাফল?

O'Connell-Rodwell বলেন:

👉 হাতি সত্যিই ground-এর মাধ্যমে warning signals অনুভব করতে পারে।

এটি খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ finding।

Main idea:

➡️ 2002 সালের experiment দেখায় যে হাতি মাটির vibration-এর মাধ্যমে warning signal detect করতে পারে।

Paragraph 8 — নতুন experiment-এ unfamiliar predator call-ও হাতিদের প্রভাবিত করে

মূল কথা: নতুন experiment-এ দেখা যায়, অপরিচিত predator warning call শুনেও হাতিরা সতর্ক ও aggressive behaviour দেখায়।

এর পরের বছর একটি নতুন experiment করা হয়।

এখানে researchers তিন ধরনের recording ব্যবহার করেন:

Recording 1

1994 সালের Mushara warning call

Recording 2

Kenya-তে scientist Joyce Poole যে anti-predator call record করেছিলেন।

এটি হাতিদের জন্য unfamiliar ছিল।

Recording 3

একটি made-up warble tone

অর্থাৎ researchers নিজেরা একটি artificial sound তৈরি করেছিলেন।

Result কী হলো?

হাতিরা expected behaviour দেখিয়েছে।

কিন্তু সবচেয়ে interesting বিষয় ছিল:

Kenya-এর unfamiliar anti-predator call শুনেও হাতিরা:

একসঙ্গে জড়ো হয়েছে
tense হয়ে গেছে
aggressive rumbling করেছে

কিন্তু:

👉 তারা সবসময় পালিয়ে যায়নি।

এটি scientist-এর জন্য surprising ছিল।

তিনি আশা করেননি যে result এত clear হবে।

Main idea:

➡️ হাতিরা অপরিচিত predator warning call-ও চিনতে বা threat হিসেবে interpret করতে পারে এবং সতর্ক/aggressive behaviour দেখাতে পারে, যদিও সবসময় পালিয়ে যায় না।

🧠 পুরো Passage-এর Story একসঙ্গে

এখন পুরো passage-টা যদি একটি গল্পের মতো মনে রাখো:

Step 1

Scientists discover:

Elephants communicate over long distances.

⬇️

Step 2

তারা খুব low-frequency infrasounds ব্যবহার করে।

⬇️

Step 3

Scientists notice elephant-এর body structure:

ears + body + feet + trunk + skull

সবই vibration detect করার জন্য উপযোগী হতে পারে।

⬇️

Step 4

তারা ধারণা করে:

Elephants may communicate through the ground.

⬇️

Step 5

ছোট প্রাণীদের মধ্যে seismic communication আগে থেকেই জানা ছিল।

কিন্তু O'Connell-Rodwell বলেন:

Maybe elephants do it too.

⬇️

Step 6

এটি elephants-এর survival-এর জন্য useful:

mate খোঁজা
predator warning
baby protection

⬇️

Step 7

2002 experiment:

Scientists send signals through the ground.

Result:

✅ Elephants detect warning signals.

⬇️

Step 8

Later experiment:

তিন ধরনের sound ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Result:

Elephants respond to even an unfamiliar anti-predator call by becoming alert and aggressive.

🔑 IELTS-এর জন্য সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ শব্দগুলো

Passage-এর শব্দ	সহজ বাংলা অর্থ
infrasound	মানুষের শোনার সীমার নিচের শব্দ
low-frequency	কম frequency-এর
seismic sound/signal	মাটি/ভূকম্পনের মাধ্যমে চলা vibration/signal
vibration	কম্পন
detect	অনুভব/শনাক্ত করা
hammer bone	inner ear-এর একটি হাড়
anatomy	শরীরের গঠন
massive	বিশাল
transmit	এক জায়গা থেকে অন্য জায়গায় পাঠানো
fatty pad	চর্বিযুক্ত নরম অংশ
resonating chamber	vibration/sound প্রতিধ্বনিত বা amplify করার জায়গা
appendage	শরীরের বিশেষ অঙ্গ
nerve endings	স্নায়ুর প্রান্ত
predator	শিকারি প্রাণী
vulnerable	সহজে আক্রান্ত হতে পারে এমন
herd	হাতির দল
clump together	একসঙ্গে জড়ো হওয়া
reproductive biology	প্রজনন-সংক্রান্ত শারীরবিজ্ঞান
unfamiliar	অপরিচিত
tense up	ভীত/সতর্ক হয়ে শরীর শক্ত করা
rumble	গম্ভীর নিচু শব্দ করা
flee	পালিয়ে যাওয়া

⭐ Passage-এর 8টি Paragraph-এর একলাইন Summary

P1: 🐘 হাতি low-frequency infrasound দিয়ে দূর থেকে যোগাযোগ করে।

P2: 👂 তাদের inner ear-এর গঠন seismic vibration detect করার ইঙ্গিত দেয়।

P3: 🦶 শরীর, পা, skull এবং sinus cavities vibration গ্রহণে সাহায্য করতে পারে।

P4: 👃 হাতির trunk ও feet-এর nerve endings vibration detect করতে পারে।

P5: 🕷️ ছোট প্রাণীরা seismic communication ব্যবহার করে; বিজ্ঞানী মনে করেন elephant-ও পারে।

P6: 🦁 Long-distance communication mate finding ও predator warning-এর জন্য গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।

P7: 🔬 2002 experiment প্রমাণ করে হাতি ground-এর মাধ্যমে warning signal detect করতে পারে।

P8: ⚠️ Unfamiliar predator call-ও হাতিদের alert ও aggressive করে তুলতে পারে।

সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ concept:

Elephants don't communicate only through ordinary sounds in the air; they may also communicate and receive warnings through vibrations travelling through the ground.

এই air sound বনাম ground vibration পার্থক্যটাই passage-এর মূল ধারণা।

Mark Strizic: A career of an Australian photographer

TS — Sat, 26 Sep 2026 09:33:35 +0000

READING PASSAGE 3
Mark Strizic: A career of an Australian photographer
Mark Strizic, who passed away in December last year, was the last representative of a remarkable generation of European émigré photographers who settled in Australia after the Second World War. Alongside Wolfgang Sievers and Henry Talbot, Strizic contributed significantly to the visual culture of his adopted country. Yet, unlike many of his contemporaries, whose reputations were largely based on industrial or commercial photography, Strizic developed a career that was unusually complex. Over a span of five decades, he explored multiple photographic styles, experimented with new printing processes, engaged in book design, produced large-scale murals, and participated actively in teaching the next generation of photographers.

After his arrival in Melbourne from Zagreb in 1950, Strizic initially studied science, but soon turned to photography. From the mid-1950s he began to establish himself, not only through individual works but also through collaborations. One of his most enduring achievements was his partnership with the critic and historian David Saunders, with whom he produced Melbourne: A Portrait in 1960. The book was distinctive for its use of offset printing, a relatively new process at the time, which allowed photographs and text to be integrated seamlessly on the page. Strizic, as both photographer and designer, arranged his images so that one composition flowed into the next, often leaving areas of blank space or floating lines of text to balance the spreads. The result was a visually coherent book, which also carried an ambitious cultural agenda: Saunders' text was printed in Italian and German as well as English, suggesting an international readership. The book's bright and cheerful cover, designed by Leonard French, contributed to its appeal. In 1961 it was awarded Book of the Year, recognition not only of the photographs themselves but of the integrated design of the whole publication.
Strizic later admitted that the idea for Melbourne: A Portrait had been shaped by his father's earlier work. His father, an architect in Zagreb, had published Light and Shade in 1955, a reflective "city book" in the European style, which contrasted sharply with the more commercial boosterism of contemporary Australian publications. Strizic deliberately sought to emulate this contemplative approach, presenting Melbourne as a modern yet cultured metropolis.

During the 1960s and 70s, Strizic continued to photograph the rapid transformation of Melbourne. His distinctive technique often involved pointing the camera directly into the sunlight, creating stark contrasts in which buildings and figures were reduced to silhouettes. Many of his images juxtapose old Victorian facades with newly constructed skyscrapers, capturing a city in the midst of radical expansion. Cars, highways and office towers dominate the frame, while human figures are frequently marginalised, squeezed into the bottom corners or overshadowed by the built environment. By the late 1970s, Strizic's vision of Melbourne had grown darker. Using experimental methods, such as printing black-and-white negatives on colour paper or duplicating them onto high-contrast lithographic film, he produced cityscapes that glowed with intense, sometimes psychedelic colours, giving Melbourne an almost hallucinatory quality.

Collaboration remained central to Strizic's career. In 1967 he worked with Sun Books, a small but ambitious publishing house, on several innovative projects. For Tim Burstall's film 2000 Weeks he created a photo-roman, a paperback-sized publication in which his stills from the film were combined with dialogue. Although the film was produced in a European art-house style and tackled existential themes, it failed at the box office, and Strizic's book met a similar fate. Nevertheless, the project demonstrated his willingness to experiment with new formats.

A more prestigious venture was Involvement (1968), a limited-edition art book edited by Andrew Grimwade. The concept was to pair Strizic's photographic portraits with paintings by the artist Clifton Pugh. The accompanying text, written by Geoffrey Dutton, sought to place the collaboration in a grand cultural framework. Yet the book was widely regarded as unsatisfactory, largely because of its design. Unlike Melbourne: A Portrait, Strizic did not design the volume himself, and the layout by Les Gray failed to balance the colour plates of Pugh's paintings with the black-and-white photographs. Despite this, Strizic's portraits attracted attention for their originality. He employed experimental methods such as pushing his 35mm film to increase contrast and grain, and often shot his sitters against dominant backgrounds or with objects intruding into the foreground. The effect was to highlight their individuality and resistance to their surroundings. His portrait of Sir Charles Moses, head of the ABC, shows him through a haze of cigar smoke, while Barry Humphries appears surrounded by eccentric antiques in his London flat. These images were exhibited in 1968 at the National Gallery of Victoria under the title Some Australian Personalities, marking the institution's first solo exhibition devoted to photography.

Strizic's collaborative spirit extended into many other areas. He documented the sculptor John Davis and the furniture designer Schulim Krimper for monographs commissioned in the 1980s, but his connection with Krimper went back to 1959. He also worked with avant-garde artists such as Asher Bilu, producing the only surviving photographic record of Bilu's interactive electronic work Sculptron (1967). This task required considerable technical skill, since Strizic had to balance the exposure for glowing cathode-ray tubes with the surrounding sculptural elements.
In the field of murals, he developed large-scale photographic works for government buildings and corporate headquarters, sometimes combining his "photochromes" with paintings. A notable example was his collaboration with Stanislav Ostoja-Kotkowski in 1970 on a twelve-metre mural for the Ciba-Geigy building in Preston, which merged infrared photography with Strizic's experimental prints.

That same year, Strizic worked with the influential architect Robin Boyd on Living in Australia, a book which sought to articulate Boyd's design philosophy. Strizic's photography reinforced Boyd's arguments, presenting domestic architecture through dramatic diagonal compositions and sharp contrasts. The book was recently republished, confirming its continuing relevance. In later years, Strizic combined his artistic practice with teaching in Melbourne's new photography departments during the boom of the 1970s. In 1988 he returned to his earliest negatives of Melbourne, staging an exhibition that highlighted his long-standing interest in the city's changing urban landscape.

Since then, he has often been remembered as a nostalgic chronicler of "old Melbourne" or "disappearing Melbourne." Yet such a label oversimplifies his contribution. His career was marked by continuous experimentation, by fruitful collaborations with artists, writers and designers, and by a willingness to engage with both traditional and avant-garde practices. In this sense, he occupies a significant though sometimes under-recognised position in the development of Australian visual culture.
Note: You can highlight text in the passage by selecting it. The highlighted text will appear in yellow.

QUESTIONS 27-40

Questions 27–32
Look at the following statements (Questions 27–32) and the list of people below.
Match each statement with the correct person, A, B, C, D, E, or F.
Write the correct letter, A–F, in boxes 27–32 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.

Strizic worked with him to produce a book about Melbourne.
He edited the art book Involvement.
He designed the cover of Melbourne: A Portrait.
His book on Zagreb inspired Strizic's Melbourne: A Portrait.
He collaborated with Strizic to combine photochromes with infrared photography.
He wrote the text for Involvement, which was considered pretentious.

List of People

A. David Saunders
B. Andrew Grimwade
C. Leonard French
D. Strizic's father
E. Stanislav Ostoja-Kotkowski
F. Geoffrey Dutton

Questions 33–37
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 33–37 on your answer sheet, write

YES – if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO – if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN – if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

2000 Weeks and its accompanying photo-roman were successful with the public.
Strizic's portraits in Involvement were exhibited at the National Gallery of Victoria in 1968.
Strizic was one of the first to document the interactive artwork Sculptron.
Strizic's photographic murals were produced with the help of advanced digital technology.
Strizic is best remembered solely as a nostalgic photographer of Melbourne.

🔥Mark Strizic: A career of an Australian photographer A...

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Here are the solutions for Questions 27–40 based on Reading Passage 3, complete with detailed explanations, passage locations, paraphrasing analysis, and key vocabulary.

Questions 27–32: Matching Information to People

27. Strizic worked with him to produce a book about Melbourne.

Answer: A (David Saunders)
Location: Paragraph 2: "One of his most enduring achievements was his partnership with the critic and historian David Saunders, with whom he produced Melbourne: A Portrait in 1960."
Explanation: The passage directly states that Strizic partnered with David Saunders to create the book Melbourne: A Portrait.
Paraphrase: "partnership... produced Melbourne: A Portrait" $\rightarrow$ "worked with him to produce a book about Melbourne."

28. He edited the art book Involvement.

Answer: B (Andrew Grimwade)
Location: Paragraph 6: "A more prestigious venture was Involvement (1968), a limited-edition art book edited by Andrew Grimwade."
Explanation: Andrew Grimwade is explicitly named as the editor of Involvement.
Paraphrase: "edited by Andrew Grimwade" $\rightarrow$ "He edited the art book Involvement."

29. He designed the cover of Melbourne: A Portrait.

Answer: C (Leonard French)
Location: Paragraph 2: "The book's bright and cheerful cover, designed by Leonard French, contributed to its appeal."
Explanation: The passage clearly identifies Leonard French as the designer of the cover.
Paraphrase: "cover, designed by Leonard French" $\rightarrow$ "He designed the cover..."

30. His book on Zagreb inspired Strizic's Melbourne: A Portrait.

Answer: D (Strizic's father)
Location: Paragraph 3: "Strizic later admitted that the idea for Melbourne: A Portrait had been shaped by his father's earlier work. His father, an architect in Zagreb, had published Light and Shade in 1955..."
Explanation: Strizic’s father published a book on Zagreb (Light and Shade), which shaped and inspired Strizic's approach to Melbourne: A Portrait.
Paraphrase: "idea... had been shaped by his father's earlier work [on Zagreb]" $\rightarrow$ "His book on Zagreb inspired..."

31. He collaborated with Strizic to combine photochromes with infrared photography.

Answer: E (Stanislav Ostoja-Kotkowski)
Location: Paragraph 8: "A notable example was his collaboration with Stanislav Ostoja-Kotkowski in 1970 on a twelve-metre mural... which merged infrared photography with Strizic's experimental prints."
Explanation: Strizic collaborated with Stanislav Ostoja-Kotkowski to merge infrared photography with his photochrome prints.
Paraphrase: "merged infrared photography with Strizic's experimental prints [photochromes]" $\rightarrow$ "combine photochromes with infrared photography."

32. He wrote the text for Involvement, which was considered pretentious.

Answer: F (Geoffrey Dutton)
Location: Paragraph 6: "The accompanying text, written by Geoffrey Dutton, sought to place the collaboration in a grand cultural framework."
Explanation: Geoffrey Dutton wrote the accompanying text for Involvement. The passage mentions it tried to place the book in a "grand cultural framework" (which correlates to the idea of being pretentious/overly ambitious).
Paraphrase: "accompanying text, written by Geoffrey Dutton, sought to place the collaboration in a grand cultural framework" $\rightarrow$ "wrote the text for Involvement..."

Questions 33–37: YES / NO / NOT GIVEN

33. 2000 Weeks and its accompanying photo-roman were successful with the public.

Answer: NO
Location: Paragraph 5: "...it failed at the box office, and Strizic's book met a similar fate."
Explanation: The text states that both the film (2000 Weeks) and Strizic's book failed commercially, contradicting the statement that they were successful.
Paraphrase: "failed at the box office / met a similar fate" $\leftrightarrow$ "were successful with the public" (Direct contradiction).

34. Strizic's portraits in Involvement were exhibited at the National Gallery of Victoria in 1968.

Answer: YES
Location: Paragraph 6: "These images were exhibited in 1968 at the National Gallery of Victoria under the title Some Australian Personalities..."
Explanation: "These images" refers back to the portraits created for Involvement described earlier in the paragraph (e.g., Sir Charles Moses, Barry Humphries). They were exhibited at the NGV in 1968.
Paraphrase: "These images [portraits] were exhibited in 1968 at the National Gallery of Victoria" $\rightarrow$ Matches the claim.

35. Strizic was one of the first to document the interactive artwork Sculptron.

Answer: NOT GIVEN
Location: Paragraph 7: "...producing the only surviving photographic record of Bilu's interactive electronic work Sculptron (1967)."
Explanation: The passage states that Strizic's work is the only surviving photographic record, but it does not state whether he was one of the first people to document it.

36. Strizic's photographic murals were produced with the help of advanced digital technology.

Answer: NO
Location: Paragraph 8: "...combining his 'photochromes' with paintings... merged infrared photography with Strizic's experimental prints."
Explanation: Strizic worked using darkroom analog methods, photochromes, and high-contrast lithographic films in 1970. Digital technology did not exist in this context, contradicting the claim.
Paraphrase: Analog photochromes and chemical/infrared film prints $\leftrightarrow$ "advanced digital technology" (Direct contradiction).

37. Strizic is best remembered solely as a nostalgic photographer of Melbourne.

Answer: NO
Location: Paragraph 10: "Since then, he has often been remembered as a nostalgic chronicler of 'old Melbourne'... Yet such a label oversimplifies his contribution."
Explanation: The writer explicitly states that reducing Strizic solely to a nostalgic photographer of Melbourne "oversimplifies his contribution," noting his broad career in continuous experimentation and diverse artistic mediums.
Paraphrase: "such a label oversimplifies his contribution" $\leftrightarrow$ "best remembered solely as..." (Direct contradiction).

Questions 38–40: Matching Dates

38. Melbourne: A Portrait received the Book of the Year award.

Answer: A (1961)
Location: Paragraph 2: "In 1961 it was awarded Book of the Year..."
Explanation: The passage explicitly dates the Book of the Year award for Melbourne: A Portrait to 1961.

39. Strizic collaborated with Robin Boyd on Living in Australia.

Answer: C (1970)
Location: Paragraph 9: "That same year [1970], Strizic worked with the influential architect Robin Boyd on Living in Australia..."
Explanation: "That same year" refers back to 1970 mentioned in the previous paragraph (the Ciba-Geigy mural).

40. Strizic returned to his early negatives of Melbourne streets for an exhibition.

Answer: D (1988)
Location: Paragraph 9: "In 1988 he returned to his earliest negatives of Melbourne, staging an exhibition that highlighted his long-standing interest in the city's changing urban landscape."
Explanation: The year 1988 is explicitly linked to Strizic returning to his earliest negatives for an exhibition.

Key Vocabulary List

Émigré (noun): A person who has left their own country in order to settle in another, usually for political reasons.
Juxtapose (verb): To place two or more things side by side, especially to compare or contrast them.
Hallucinatory (adjective): Resembling or producing a sensory experience that feels real but is created by the mind/experimental effects.
Photo-roman (noun): A visual novel format using photographs instead of drawn illustrations alongside text or dialogue.
Emulate (verb): To match or surpass a person or achievement, typically by imitation.
Chronicler (noun): A person who writes accounts of important or historical events.
Oversimplify (verb): To simplify something so much that a distorted or inaccurate impression is given.

Here is the detailed breakdown specifically for Questions 38–40 with passage locations, step-by-step logic, paraphrasing analysis, and key vocabulary:

Questions 38–40: Matching Dates

38. Melbourne: A Portrait received the Book of the Year award.

Answer: A (1961)
Location: Paragraph 2: "In 1961 it was awarded Book of the Year, recognition not only of the photographs themselves but of the integrated design of the whole publication."
Explanation: The passage explicitly states that Melbourne: A Portrait was awarded Book of the Year in the year 1961.
Paraphrase: "it was awarded Book of the Year" $\rightarrow$ "received the Book of the Year award."

39. Strizic collaborated with Robin Boyd on Living in Australia.

Answer: C (1970)
Location: Paragraph 9: "That same year, Strizic worked with the influential architect Robin Boyd on Living in Australia, a book which sought to articulate Boyd's design philosophy."
Explanation: "That same year" refers back to the year mentioned in the preceding sentence (Paragraph 8), which is 1970 ("A notable example was his collaboration with Stanislav Ostoja-Kotkowski in 1970...").
Paraphrase: "worked with the influential architect Robin Boyd on Living in Australia" $\rightarrow$ "collaborated with Robin Boyd on Living in Australia."

40. Strizic returned to his early negatives of Melbourne streets for an exhibition.

Answer: D (1988)
Location: Paragraph 9: "In 1988 he returned to his earliest negatives of Melbourne, staging an exhibition that highlighted his long-standing interest in the city's changing urban landscape."
Explanation: The passage explicitly links the year 1988 to Strizic revisiting his earliest negatives of Melbourne to stage a retrospective exhibition.
Paraphrase: "returned to his earliest negatives... staging an exhibition" $\rightarrow$ "returned to his early negatives of Melbourne streets for an exhibition."

Key Vocabulary for Questions 38–40

Articulate (verb): To express an idea or feeling fluently and coherently.
Negative (noun - Photography): An exposed and developed film image where light areas appear dark and dark areas appear light, used to produce positive prints.
Urban Landscape (noun): The visible physical elements and environment of a city or built environment.
Integrated (adjective): Combined so that all constituent parts work together harmoniously.

📌 Core TASK-01 structures

TS — Sat, 26 Sep 2026 07:13:37 +0000

নিচেরগুলোই practice করো—এগুলো দিয়ে প্রায় সব Bar/Line/Table/Pie-এর body sentence তৈরি করতে পারবে।

1. Verb + Adverb

📌 Structure:
Subject + verb + adverb + data

Car sales increased significantly from 100 to 200.
Unemployment fell gradually from 8% to 5%.

📈 Small → slightly, marginally
📈 Medium → gradually, steadily, noticeably
📈 Large → significantly, considerably, sharply, dramatically

2. Adjective + Noun

📌 Structure:
There was + a/an + adjective + noun + in + subject

There was a gradual rise in car sales.
There was a significant increase in student numbers.
There was a sharp fall in unemployment.

3. From → To ⭐

📌 Structure:
Subject + rise/increase/grow/soar + from X to Y

Sales rose from 100 to 200.
The population increased from 50% to 70%.

📉 Decrease:

Sales fell from 200 to 100.
Carbon emissions plummeted from 80 to 40 tonnes.

🧠 FROM = starting value
🧠 TO = final value

4. By ⭐

📌 Structure:
Subject + rise/increase/grow/fall/drop + by + amount

Sales increased by 50.
The population grew by 2 million.
Unemployment fell by 3 percentage points.

🧠 BY = amount of change

5. Stands at / Stood at ⭐

📌 Structure:
Subject + stands/stood at + exact figure

The figure stood at 60% in 2010.
The unemployment rate stands at 5%.

🧠 stands at = current level
🧠 stood at = past level

6. Comparison ⭐

📌 Compared with/to

Car sales stood at 200, compared with 150 for bikes.

📌 While / Whereas

Car sales increased to 200, while bike sales fell to 150.

Car sales increased, whereas bike sales declined.

📌 Respectively

Car and bike sales stood at 200 and 150, respectively.

7. Highest / Lowest

📌 Useful structures:

Car sales topped the chart at 80%.

Car sales recorded the highest figure, at 80%.

Bike sales recorded the lowest figure, at 20%.

France was the leading category, with 8 million visitors.

8. Doubled / Tripled

📌 Use when the figure becomes 2× or 3×.

Sales doubled from 100 to 200.

Sales tripled from 100 to 300.

❌ Sales rose double.
✅ Sales doubled.

9. Increase / Decrease of

📌 Structure:
There was + an increase/decrease of + amount + in + subject

There was an increase of 50 in car sales.

There was a decrease of 20 in unemployment.

🔄 Compare:

Sales increased by 50.

There was an increase of 50 in sales.

10. Complex Comparison ⭐⭐⭐

📌 While / Whereas

Car sales rose from 100 to 200, while bike sales increased by 50.

📌 With

Car sales rose from 100 to 200, with bike sales increasing by 50.

📌 Compared with

Car sales stood at 200, compared with 150 for bikes.

📌 Multiple categories

Car sales rose from 100 to 200, while bike sales increased by 50 and bus sales grew by 30.

🧠 FINAL 5 TO MEMORISE FIRST:

1️⃣ From → To → movement
2️⃣ By → amount of change
3️⃣ Stood at → exact value
4️⃣ Compared with / While / Whereas → comparison
5️⃣ Verb + Adverb → describe degree of change

These 5 + doubled/tripled + highest/lowest will be enough for your final Task 1 revision.

📊 IELTS WRITING TASK 1 — RISE, FALL & COMPARISON

TS — Sat, 26 Sep 2026 07:05:58 +0000

📊 IELTS WRITING TASK 1 — RISE, FALL & COMPARISON

🟢 1. VERB + ADVERB

📌 Structure:
Subject + verb + adverb + extension

✍️ Example:
Car sales increased significantly from $100 to $200 between 1990 and 2000.

📈 Useful adverbs:

🟢 Small change → slightly, marginally, modestly
🟡 Medium change → gradually, steadily, noticeably
🔴 Large change → significantly, considerably, sharply, dramatically

✍️ Examples:
Sales increased slightly.
Sales rose gradually.
Sales increased significantly.
Sales fell sharply.

🟣 2. ADJECTIVE + NOUN

📌 Structure:
There was/were + a/an + adjective + noun + in + subject

✍️ Examples:
There was a gradual rise in car sales.
There was a sharp fall in car sales.
There was a significant increase in sales.
There was a dramatic decrease in sales.

🧠 Useful combinations:

📈 a slight rise / a slight fall
📈 a gradual increase / a gradual decrease
📈 a significant rise / a significant fall
📈 a dramatic increase / a dramatic decrease

🔵 3. SAW / EXPERIENCED / WITNESSED

📌 Structure:
Subject + saw/experienced/witnessed + a/an + adjective + noun

✍️ Examples:
Car sales saw a slight fall to $600 in 2012.
The number of visitors experienced a significant increase.
The figure witnessed a gradual decline.

🟡 4. STANDS AT / STOOD AT

📌 Use this to describe a specific level or figure.

🟢 Present:
The figure stands at 50%.

🔵 Past:
The figure stood at 50%.

✍️ Example:
The percentage of students stood at 60% in 2010.

🧠 Meaning:
📍 stands at = current/exact level
📍 stood at = past/exact level

🔮 5. FUTURE / PREDICTIONS

📌 Structure:
It is predicted/expected/estimated/projected/forecast that + subject + will + verb

✍️ Examples:
It is predicted that car sales will increase.
It is expected that the figure will rise.
It is projected that the percentage will reach 80%.

⭐ Another useful structure:
The figure is projected to rise to 80%.

🏆 6. HIGHEST / LOWEST / LEADING

📌 Useful structures:

🏆 Subject + topped the chart.
🥇 Subject + was the leader.
🚀 Subject + took the lead.
📈 Subject + recorded the highest figure.
📉 Subject + recorded the lowest figure.
👑 Subject + was the largest/leading category.

✍️ Examples:
Car sales topped the chart at 80%.
Car sales recorded the highest figure, at 80%.
Bike sales recorded the lowest figure, at 20%.

⚖️ 7. COMPARISON

📌 Structure:
Subject + verb + data, compared with/to + data

✍️ Example:
Car sales stood at 100%, compared with 80% for bike sales.

🔗 Using whereas/while:
Car sales stood at 100%, whereas bike sales were only 80%.

✍️ Another example:
The percentage of car users increased to 60%, while the figure for bus users was 40%.

🧠 Remember:
🔹 compared with/to + noun/data
🔹 whereas/while + complete sentence

📈📉 8. FROM → TO

📌 Structure:
Subject + rise/grow/increase/soar + from X to Y

📉 For decreases:
Subject + decrease/drop/fall/plummet + from X to Y

✍️ Examples:
Car sales rose from 100 to 200.
Car sales increased from 100 to 200.
Car sales soared from 100 to 500.
Car sales fell from 500 to 100.
Car sales plummeted from 500 to 100.

🧠 IMPORTANT:
🔵 FROM = starting value
🟢 TO = final value

✖️ 9. DOUBLE / TRIPLE

📌 Use these when the figure becomes 2 or 3 times larger.

➡️ 100 → 200
Sales doubled.

➡️ 100 → 300
Sales tripled.

✅ Correct:
Sales doubled.
Sales tripled.

❌ Incorrect:
Sales rose double.
Sales increased triple.

🔟 10. INCREASE / DECREASE OF

📌 Structure:
There was + an increase/decrease of + amount + in + subject

✍️ Examples:
There was an increase of 50 in car sales.
There was a decrease of 50 in car sales.

🔄 Compare:
Sales increased by 50.
There was an increase of 50 in sales.

1️⃣1️⃣ 11. RISE / FALL BY

📌 Structure:
Subject + rise/increase/grow + by + amount

✍️ Examples:
Sales increased by 50.
Sales rose by 20.
Sales grew by 30.

📉 For decreases:
Sales fell by 50.
Sales dropped by 20.
Sales decreased by 30.

🔥 THE MOST IMPORTANT CONFUSION: BY vs TO

Suppose:
📊 10 → 15

🟢 RISE TO = final value
Sales rose to 15.
👉 Final value = 15

🔵 RISE BY = amount of change
Sales rose by 5.
👉 Change = 5

🟣 RISE FROM X TO Y = starting + ending
Sales rose from 10 to 15.
👉 10 → 15

For a decrease:
📊 15 → 10

Sales fell to 10.
👉 Final value = 10

Sales fell by 5.
👉 Change = 5

Sales fell from 15 to 10.
👉 15 → 10

🧠 GOLDEN RULE

🎯 TO = final value
📏 BY = amount of change
🚶 FROM → TO = starting value → final value
🔢 OF = amount after a noun

Examples:
📍 rose to 80 → final value = 80
📏 rose by 20 → change = 20
➡️ rose from 60 to 80 → 60 → 80
🔢 an increase of 20 → change = 20
✖️ doubled → ×2
✖️ tripled → ×3
📍 stood at 80 → level = 80

📊 PERCENTAGE POINTS

If:
10% → 15%

The increase is:
✅ 5 percentage points

The relative increase is:
✅ 50%

🎯 For IELTS, the safest option is often:
The figure rose from 10% to 15%.

🚀 FINAL EXAM CHEAT SHEET

📍 TO → final value
rose to 80
fell to 30

📏 BY → amount of change
rose by 20
fell by 20

➡️ FROM → TO → starting → final
rose from 60 to 80
fell from 80 to 60

🔢 OF → amount of change
an increase of 20
a decrease of 20

✖️ DOUBLE / TRIPLE → multiplication
doubled = ×2
tripled = ×3

📍 STANDS AT → exact level
stands at 80
stood at 80

🔮 PREDICTION → future
is projected to rise to 80

⭐ THE 5 MOST IMPORTANT PATTERNS

1️⃣ rose to 80 → final value = 80
2️⃣ rose by 20 → change = 20
3️⃣ rose from 60 to 80 → 60 → 80
4️⃣ an increase of 20 → change = 20
5️⃣ doubled → 2 times

IELTS WRITING TASK 1 — FINAL INTRODUCTION NOTE

TS — Sat, 26 Sep 2026 06:56:19 +0000

1. MASTER STRUCTURE

The [chart] + [verb] + [WHAT] + [WHERE/CATEGORIES] + [WHEN].

WHAT = what the chart measures

the number of → countable
the amount of → uncountable
the percentage of
the proportion of
the sales of
food expenditure
data/information about...

Basic order:

Chart → Verb → What → Where/Categories → Time

2. CHART TYPES

Question	Use
Bar chart	The bar chart...
Line graph/chart	The line graph...
Table	The table...
Pie chart(s)	The pie chart(s)...

3. INTRODUCTION VERBS

You only need these:

⭐ compares

The line chart compares the sales of five types of jam...

⭐ presents information about

The table presents information about food expenditure...

⭐ illustrates

The pie charts illustrate the percentage breakdown...

⭐ shows

The bar chart shows the percentage of...

Don't try to use a difficult verb just to sound advanced.

4. TIME — YOUR FINAL SYSTEM ⭐⭐⭐

🟢 VERSION 1 — YOUR SELECTED PATTERN ⭐

Multiple years / time-change

over a X-year period, starting in X

Example:

The line chart compares the sales of five different types of jam over a six-year period, starting in 2009.

Master formula:

The [chart] + compares/presents + [WHAT] + over a [X]-year period, starting in [YEAR].

This is your main memorised pattern.

🔵 VERSION 2 — Exact start + end year

If you want to mention both years:

from X to Y

Example:

The table presents information about food expenditure in five countries over a 20-year period from 2000 to 2020.

Remember:

from → to ✅

🟣 VERSION 3 — Between

You can also use:

between X and Y

Example:

The line chart compares crime rates between 1970 and 2005.

Remember:

between → and ✅

❌ between 1970 to 2005

5. ONE FIXED YEAR

If the question gives only one year:

in + year

Example:

The bar chart compares the percentage of male and female teachers in 2010.

Another:

The pie charts illustrate the percentage breakdown of exported goods in 2010.

6. NO YEAR

If there is no year, don't add a time phrase.

Example:

The pie chart illustrates the proportion of energy produced from different sources.

❌ Don't invent:

in 2010
from 2000 to 2020

7. PREDICTIONS

If the question has actual data + future predictions:

Your pattern:

over a X-year period, starting in X, with predictions for X and X

Example:

The line chart compares the percentage of people living in cities in four Asian countries over a 50-year period, starting in 1970, with predictions for 2030 and 2040.

⭐ Remember

starting year → starting in 1970

future years → predictions for 2030 and 2040

8. NUMBER vs AMOUNT ⭐

NUMBER = countable

number of students

number of people

number of cars

number of houses

Example:

The chart shows the number of students.

AMOUNT = uncountable

amount of money

amount of water

amount of energy

Example:

The chart shows the amount of money spent on food.

Easy rule:

Can I count it? → NUMBER

Cannot count it? → AMOUNT

9. PERCENTAGE / PROPORTION

For percentages:

the percentage of people

the proportion of people

Example:

The bar chart compares the percentage of male and female teachers.

or:

The bar chart compares the proportion of male and female teachers.

10. SALES

Original:

the sales of five types of jam

Useful alternatives:

the sales of... ⭐ safest

the sales figures for...

the quantity of ... sold

Example:

The line chart compares the sales of five different types of jam...

Don't force a synonym if sales already fits the question.

11. YOUR MAIN PARAPHRASING VOCABULARY

Question	Paraphrase
number of	quantity of
spending	expenditure
rate	percentage
information	data
share	portion
proportion	percentage / figure for
sales	sales figures
elderly	elderly people / senior citizens
production	manufacture
people living in cities	population living in urban areas
predictions	projections

12. “PEOPLE LIVING IN CITIES”

Simple:

people living in cities

More academic:

people residing in urban areas

Example:

The line chart compares the percentage of people living in cities in four Asian countries...

or:

The line chart illustrates the proportion of the population living in urban areas in four Asian countries...

13. FOUR CHART EXAMPLES

🟦 BAR — Fixed year

The bar chart compares the percentage of male and female teachers in six different educational institutions in the UK in 2010.

🟩 LINE — Time change ⭐

The line chart compares the sales of five different types of jam over a six-year period, starting in 2009.

YOUR LOCKED PATTERN

over a X-year period, starting in X

🟨 TABLE — Time change

The table presents information about food expenditure in five countries over a 20-year period from 2000 to 2020.

🟥 PIE — Fixed year

The pie charts illustrate the percentage breakdown of goods exported from three South American countries in 2010.

14. PREDICTION EXAMPLE

Question:

Percentage of population living in cities from 1970 to 2020, with predictions for 2030 and 2040.

Your introduction:

The line chart compares the percentage of people living in cities in four Asian countries over a 50-year period, starting in 1970, with predictions for 2030 and 2040.

🔥 FINAL EXAM CHEAT SHEET

TASK 1 INTRODUCTION

CHART
↓
bar / line / table / pie

VERB
↓
compares
presents information about
illustrates
shows

WHAT?
↓
NUMBER = countable
AMOUNT = uncountable
PERCENTAGE
PROPORTION
SALES
EXPENDITURE

TIME?
↓
ONE YEAR
→ in 2010

MULTIPLE YEARS
→ over a X-year period, starting in X ⭐

EXACT YEARS
→ from X to Y

BETWEEN
→ between X and Y

NO YEAR
→ no time phrase

PREDICTION
→ with predictions for X and Y

⭐ Your ONE most important pattern

The [chart] compares [WHAT] over a [X]-year period, starting in [YEAR].

Example:

The line chart compares the sales of five different types of jam over a six-year period, starting in 2009.

This is your main pattern. Keep it. Don't keep changing it during the exam.

🎯 Task 1 Paraphrase: 3টা Situation

TS — Sat, 26 Sep 2026 06:07:55 +0000

## ① Different Years আছে

যেমন:

The bar chart shows the number of students in three countries from 2000 to 2010.

Formula:

Chart + verb + what + where + time period

The bar chart compares the number of students in three countries from 2000 to 2010.

Time-এর alternatives:

from 2000 to 2010

between 2000 and 2010

over a 10-year period

তোমার note-এ এই ধরনের time paraphrasing দেওয়া আছে।

⭐ Practice rule

যদি multiple years / period থাকে → time phrase অবশ্যই রাখবে।

② Same Year আছে

যেমন:

The bar chart shows the percentage of people using three types of transport in 2020.

এখানে from...to ব্যবহার করবে না।

Formula:

Chart + verb + what + where + in + year

The bar chart compares the percentage of people using three types of transport in 2020.

আরও natural:

The bar chart compares the percentages of people using three types of transport in 2020.

⭐ Practice rule

একটা year → in + year

in 2010
in 2020
in 2025

③ Year একদম নেই

এখানে time phrase বানানোর দরকার নেই।

যেমন:

The pie chart shows the proportion of household expenditure on different items.

Formula:

Chart + verb + what + categories

The pie chart illustrates the proportion of household expenditure on different items.

❌ এখানে from 2000 to 2010 বানাবে না।

❌ in 2020-ও বানাবে না।

⭐ Practice rule

No year → no time phrase.

🔥 তাহলে তোমার Master Formula

তোমার note-এর structure-টা এভাবে মনে রাখো:

সব chart-এর জন্য:

Chart + verb + WHAT + WHERE/CATEGORY + WHEN

কিন্তু WHEN optional, যদি question-এ time থাকে।

Different years:

Chart + verb + WHAT + WHERE + from...to...

Same year:

Chart + verb + WHAT + WHERE + in + year

No year:

Chart + verb + WHAT + WHERE

🧠 4 Types — একই logic

Chart	Example
Line	The line graph illustrates changes in sales from 2000 to 2010.
Bar	The bar chart compares the number of students in five countries in 2020.
Pie	The pie chart shows the proportion of household expenditure on different items.
Table	The table presents information about employment in four sectors between 2010 and 2020.

অর্থাৎ chart type বদলাবে, কিন্তু paraphrasing system বদলাবে না।

⚠️ একটা গুরুত্বপূর্ণ জিনিস

তোমার note-এ:

number = countable
amount = uncountable

তাই:

People → number

the number of students

Cars → number

the number of cars

Money → amount

the amount of money

Water → amount

the amount of water

🔥 তোমার 3টা Practice Formula

এগুলো মুখস্থ করো:

A. Different years

The bar chart compares + WHAT + WHERE + from YEAR to YEAR.

B. Same year

The bar chart compares + WHAT + WHERE + in YEAR.

C. No year

The bar chart compares + WHAT + WHERE.

তারপর bar-এর জায়গায়:

line / pie / table

বসিয়ে দিলেই হবে।

🚨 Exam Hall Trick

Question দেখেই প্রথমে শুধু এটা identify করবে:

YEAR?

→ Different years?
from...to / between...and

→ One same year?
in + year

→ No year?
কোনো time phrase না

তারপর:

WHAT? → WHERE/CATEGORY? → WHEN?

এই 3-step চিন্তা করলে introduction/paraphrase অনেক সহজ হয়ে যাবে।

For your Task 1 practice

Test chart-type flexibility
Practise mixed year patterns

IELTS Task 1 — Verb + Noun Revision Sheet

TS — Sat, 26 Sep 2026 06:02:12 +0000

🔵 1. INCREASE

Verb	Noun	Example
rise	a rise	The figure rose from 20 to 40. / There was a rise from 20 to 40.
increase	an increase	Sales increased to 50. / There was an increase in sales.
climb	a climb	The number climbed gradually. / There was a gradual climb in the number.
jump	a jump	The figure jumped to 80. / There was a jump to 80.
surge	a surge	The figure surged sharply. / There was a sharp surge in the figure.
soar	—	Prices soared dramatically.

⭐ Remember

Verb:

The number increased from 20 to 40.

Noun:

There was an increase from 20 to 40.

🔴 2. DECREASE

Verb	Noun	Example
fall	a fall	The figure fell from 80 to 50. / There was a fall from 80 to 50.
decrease	a decrease	Sales decreased by 20%. / There was a decrease of 20% in sales.
decline	a decline	The number declined gradually. / There was a gradual decline in the number.
drop	a drop	The figure dropped to 30. / There was a drop to 30.
plummet	—	The figure plummeted dramatically.
plunge	—	The number plunged sharply.
dip	—	The figure dipped slightly.

The PDF lists these as the main decrease verbs/nouns.

⭐ Remember

Verb:

The percentage fell from 60% to 40%.

Noun:

There was a fall from 60% to 40%.

🟢 3. NO CHANGE / STABILITY

Verb/Phrase	Noun	Example
remain stable	stability	The figure remained stable at 50%.
remain constant	consistency	The figure remained constant at 50%.
remain unchanged	no change	The figure remained unchanged.
level off	a plateau	The figure levelled off at 60%.
plateau	a plateau	The figure plateaued at 60%.
stabilise	stability	The figure stabilised at 70%.

These stability forms are included on pages 3–4 of your PDF.

🟠 4. DEGREE OF CHANGE

This is where you can combine verb/noun + adjective/adverb.

Rapid / Sharp

Verb

Sales increased sharply.

Noun

There was a sharp increase in sales.

Verb

The figure fell dramatically.

Noun

There was a dramatic fall in the figure.

Gradual

Verb

The number increased gradually.

Noun

There was a gradual increase in the number.

Verb

The figure declined gradually.

Noun

There was a gradual decline in the figure.

Steady

Verb

The number increased steadily.

Noun

There was a steady increase in the number.

Slight

Verb

The figure decreased slightly.

Noun

There was a slight decrease in the figure.

Your PDF specifically gives rapid, moderate, steady and slight change vocabulary on page 5.

⭐ THE MOST IMPORTANT TABLE TO MEMORISE

If you have only 2 days, learn this table:

VERB	NOUN	ADVERB	ADJECTIVE
increase	an increase	sharply	sharp
rise	a rise	gradually	gradual
climb	a climb	steadily	steady
jump	a jump	significantly	significant
surge	a surge	dramatically	dramatic
fall	a fall	sharply	sharp
decrease	a decrease	slightly	slight
decline	a decline	gradually	gradual
drop	a drop	steadily	steady
plummet	—	dramatically	dramatic
remain stable	stability	steadily	steady
level off	a plateau	—	stable

🧠 One pattern that makes everything easy

VERB pattern

Subject + verb + adverb + number

The number increased sharply from 20 to 50.

The percentage declined gradually from 70% to 55%.

The figure rose steadily to 80%.

NOUN pattern

There was + adjective + noun + in + subject

There was a sharp increase in the number.

There was a gradual decline in sales.

There was a slight decrease in the percentage.

There was a significant rise in the figure.

🔥 Compare these side by side

Increase

Verb:

The number increased sharply.

Noun:

There was a sharp increase in the number.

Decrease

Verb:

The number decreased gradually.

Noun:

There was a gradual decrease in the number.

Rise

Verb:

Sales rose steadily.

Noun:

There was a steady rise in sales.

Fall

Verb:

Sales fell slightly.

Noun:

There was a slight fall in sales.

Decline

Verb:

The figure declined dramatically.

Noun:

There was a dramatic decline in the figure.

Stable

Verb:

The figure remained stable at 50%.

Noun:

The figure showed stability at around 50%.

🚨 One grammar rule to remember

VERB → use an ADVERB

increased sharply ✅
increased gradually ✅
decreased slightly ✅

NOUN → use an ADJECTIVE

a sharp increase ✅
a gradual decline ✅
a slight decrease ✅

❌ a sharply increase
❌ increased gradual
❌ a gradually decline

Your memory trick:

VERB → ADVERB
NOUN → ADJECTIVE

That's probably the single most useful vocabulary rule to revise before your exam.

Cell-15-FINAL-PREDICTION-ANALYSIS

TS — Mon, 14 Sep 2026 11:37:25 +0000

# ============================================================
# FINAL PREDICTION ANALYSIS
# ============================================================

final_predictions_df = pd.DataFrame({
    "Actual_PCF": y_test_final_raw,
    "Predicted_PCF": y_test_pred_raw
})

# Residual = Actual - Predicted
final_predictions_df["Residual"] = (
    final_predictions_df["Actual_PCF"]
    - final_predictions_df["Predicted_PCF"]
)

# Absolute error
final_predictions_df["Absolute_Error"] = (
    final_predictions_df["Residual"].abs()
)

# Absolute percentage error
final_predictions_df["Absolute_Percentage_Error"] = (
    final_predictions_df["Absolute_Error"]
    / np.maximum(
        final_predictions_df["Actual_PCF"],
        1e-8
    )
) * 100

display(
    final_predictions_df.head(10)
)

Final Prediction Analysis — Purpose

This cell creates a row-by-row comparison between the actual PCF and the final model's predicted PCF on the independent test set.

This is different from the previous evaluation cell where you calculated overall:

MAE
RMSE
R²

Here, you are going deeper and asking:

“For each individual test observation, how close was the prediction to the actual PCF?”

This is useful for error analysis and interpretation.

1. Create the prediction DataFrame

```python id="v6p2k1"
final_predictions_df = pd.DataFrame({
"Actual_PCF": y_test_final_raw,
"Predicted_PCF": y_test_pred_raw
})




This creates a DataFrame with two columns:



```text id="9n2h7x"
Actual_PCF
Predicted_PCF

`Actual_PCF`

Contains the real PCF values from the independent test set.

`Predicted_PCF`

Contains the PCF values predicted by your final tuned XGBoost model.

So each row represents:

```text id="j6s8q3"
One test observation
↓
Actual PCF vs Predicted PCF




For example, your first row is:



```text id="8c4v1z"
Actual     = 2300.00
Predicted  = 1740.69

2. Calculate residual

```python id="m3r7k9"
final_predictions_df["Residual"] = (
final_predictions_df["Actual_PCF"]
- final_predictions_df["Predicted_PCF"]
)




The residual is:

**Residual = Actual − Predicted**

This tells you the **direction of the prediction error**.

### If residual is positive



```text id="8w1h5d"
Actual > Predicted

The model underestimated the PCF.

If residual is negative

```text id="2p7k4m"
Actual < Predicted




The model **overestimated** the PCF.

---

### Example: Row 0



```text id="y7k2q1"
Actual     = 2300.00
Predicted  = 1740.69

Residual = 2300 - 1740.69
         = +559.31

Positive residual → the model underpredicted by approximately 559 kg CO₂e.

Example: Row 1

```text id="q8d3m6"
Actual = 580.00
Predicted = 688.73

Residual = 580 - 688.73
= -108.73




Negative residual → the model **overpredicted** by approximately 109 kg CO₂e.

---

# 3. Calculate absolute error



```python id="r5n2v8"
final_predictions_df["Absolute_Error"] = (
    final_predictions_df["Residual"].abs()
)

.abs() takes the absolute value.

So:

```text id="f1s9k4"
Residual = +559 → Absolute Error = 559
Residual = -109 → Absolute Error = 109




The sign is removed.

Why?

Because absolute error is concerned only with:

> **How large was the error?**

not whether the model over- or underpredicted.

This is closely related to MAE.

---

# 4. Calculate Absolute Percentage Error



```python id="c7m4x1"
final_predictions_df["Absolute_Percentage_Error"] = (
    final_predictions_df["Absolute_Error"]
    / np.maximum(
        final_predictions_df["Actual_PCF"],
        1e-8
    )
) * 100

This calculates the Absolute Percentage Error (APE) for each observation.

The formula is:

$$
APE =
\frac{|Actual-Predicted|}
{Actual}
\times100
$$

So it tells you:

“The prediction error represents what percentage of the actual PCF?”

Example: Row 0

Actual:

```text id="x2q7m4"
2300




Absolute error:



```text id="r3k8p1"
559.31

Therefore:

$$
\frac{559.31}{2300}\times100
\approx24.32\%
$$

Your table shows:

```text id="s5j1q8"
24.317823%




So the prediction is approximately **24.3% away from the actual value**.

---

# 5. Why `np.maximum(..., 1e-8)`?

This part:



```python id="h2v6c9"
np.maximum(
    final_predictions_df["Actual_PCF"],
    1e-8
)

protects against division by zero.

Suppose:

```text id="p4n7x2"
Actual PCF = 0




Then:



```text id="k9m3s6"
Absolute error / 0

would create a division-by-zero problem.

So the denominator is forced to be at least:

```text id="e1r8w5"
0.00000001




### Important viva point

This does **not** make percentage error well-defined for zero actual values.

It only prevents a numerical division-by-zero error.

If the dataset contains actual PCF values of zero, percentage-based metrics should be interpreted carefully.

---

# 6. Display first 10 observations



```python id="u4q8z2"
display(
    final_predictions_df.head(10)
)

.head(10) displays the first 10 rows.

It lets you inspect individual predictions without printing the entire test dataset.

Understanding your actual results

Your first 10 observations show:

Row	Actual	Predicted	Residual	Absolute Error	APE
0	2300.00	1740.69	+559.31	559.31	24.32%
1	580.00	688.73	−108.73	108.73	18.75%
2	58.00	144.31	−86.31	86.31	148.81%
3	2219.00	1447.95	+771.05	771.05	34.75%
4	15.00	16.25	−1.25	1.25	8.33%
5	66.16	96.84	−30.68	30.68	46.37%
6	17.10	18.84	−1.74	1.74	10.15%
7	584.00	655.04	−71.04	71.04	12.16%
8	6240.00	3961.29	+2278.71	2278.71	36.52%
9	2000.00	1740.86	+259.14	259.14	12.96%

The most interesting example: Row 2

Look at:

```text id="k3m7v2"
Actual = 58
Predicted = 144.31




The absolute error is only:



```text id="n6x1q8"
86.31 kg CO₂e

But the percentage error is:

```text id="w9c4s7"
148.81%




Why?

Because the actual value is very small.

$$
\frac{86.31}{58}\times100
\approx148.8\%
$$

This demonstrates an important limitation of percentage-based errors:

> **APE can become very large when the actual target is small, even when the absolute error is relatively modest.**

### Viva question

**“Why is the percentage error 148% when the absolute error is only 86?”**

Strong answer:

> “Because percentage error is relative to the actual value. The actual PCF is only 58 kg CO₂e, so an 86 kg CO₂e error is larger than the actual value itself. This is why I would not use APE alone to judge the model, particularly for small PCF values.”

Excellent answer.

---

# Row 8 — Large absolute error

Row 8:



```text id="3y7p2n"
Actual    = 6240
Predicted = 3961.29

Absolute error:

```text id="7c4m9x"
2278.71 kg CO₂e




APE:



```text id="q5n8r1"
36.52%

This shows the opposite situation.

The percentage error is not as extreme as row 2, but the absolute error is very large.

This is why your project reports multiple metrics rather than relying on one metric.

Why do you need both residual and absolute error?

Because they answer different questions.

Residual

Shows direction:

```text id="r8x2k6"
Positive → underprediction
Negative → overprediction




### Absolute Error

Shows **magnitude**:



```text id="p4m7q1"
How far away was the prediction?

For example:

```text id="c9v3z5"
Residual = -108.73




means the model overpredicted.

But:



```text id="a6k1w8"
Absolute Error = 108.73

tells us the size of that error without caring about direction.

How this connects to MAE

Your:

```text id="x7n2m5"
Absolute_Error




column contains the individual absolute errors.

MAE is essentially:

$$
MAE = mean(|Actual-Predicted|)
$$

So:



```text id="h4q9s2"
Absolute_Error
      ↓
average all rows
      ↓
MAE

Therefore, this table lets you understand what is behind the overall MAE.

How this connects to RMSE

RMSE is particularly affected by large residuals.

For example, row 8 has an error of approximately:

```text id="z2k6v9"
2278.71




Large errors like this receive much more influence under RMSE because the residual is squared.

That's why your earlier:



```text id="v8q3m1"
Mean MAE  ≈ 10,398
Mean RMSE ≈ 86,982

can differ dramatically.

Important limitation of this analysis

You are displaying only:

```python id="s4m8q2"
.head(10)




So this cell **does not yet analyse the entire test set**.

It only creates the full table and displays the first 10 observations.

If your supervisor asks:

**“Can you identify which observations have the largest errors?”**

This cell has the information available, but `head(10)` does not show the largest errors.

You would need to sort the DataFrame by `Absolute_Error`, for example:



```python
final_predictions_df.sort_values(
    "Absolute_Error",
    ascending=False
).head(10)

That would show the 10 largest absolute errors.

Similarly, you could sort by:

"Absolute_Percentage_Error"

to investigate the observations with the largest relative errors.

Very important viva distinction

If asked:

“Is this calculating your final model performance?”

Answer:

“Not directly. The overall final model performance is calculated using aggregate metrics such as MAE, RMSE and R². This cell performs row-level error analysis by comparing actual and predicted PCF values and calculating residuals, absolute errors and absolute percentage errors.”

That's the correct distinction.

30-second viva answer

“This cell performs row-level error analysis on the independent test predictions. I create a DataFrame containing the actual and predicted PCF values, then calculate residuals as actual minus predicted to identify under- and overprediction. I calculate absolute error to measure the magnitude of each error and absolute percentage error to express the error relative to the actual PCF. I use a small epsilon in the denominator to avoid division by zero. The analysis helps explain individual prediction behaviour behind the aggregate MAE, RMSE and R² results. However, percentage error can become very large for small actual PCF values, so I would not use it as the sole evaluation metric.”

Examiner trap

If they point to:

58 actual → 144 predicted → 148.8% error

and ask “Is your model bad?”

Don't immediately say yes.

Say:

“This individual prediction has a large relative error, but its absolute error is about 86 kg CO₂e. Because the actual value is small, the percentage error is amplified. I would assess it together with MAE, RMSE, R² and the distribution of errors across the complete test set.”

That answer shows you understand both the model and the limitations of the metric.

For your final error analysis

Check whether errors vary by PCF size
Inspect bias across the test set