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    <title>DEV Community: Vinod V</title>
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      <title>Idempotent matrices in Julia</title>
      <dc:creator>Vinod V</dc:creator>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Jun 2022 02:30:54 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://dev.to/vinodv/idempotent-matrices-in-julia-1aie</link>
      <guid>https://dev.to/vinodv/idempotent-matrices-in-julia-1aie</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;Let 

&lt;span class="katex-element"&gt;
  &lt;span class="katex"&gt;&lt;span class="katex-mathml"&gt;AA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="katex-html"&gt;&lt;span class="base"&gt;&lt;span class="strut"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mord mathnormal"&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
 be a square matrix of order 
&lt;span class="katex-element"&gt;
  &lt;span class="katex"&gt;&lt;span class="katex-mathml"&gt;nn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="katex-html"&gt;&lt;span class="base"&gt;&lt;span class="strut"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mord mathnormal"&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
. Then 
&lt;span class="katex-element"&gt;
  &lt;span class="katex"&gt;&lt;span class="katex-mathml"&gt;AA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="katex-html"&gt;&lt;span class="base"&gt;&lt;span class="strut"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mord mathnormal"&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
 is called an &lt;strong&gt;idempotent&lt;/strong&gt; matrix if 
&lt;span class="katex-element"&gt;
  &lt;span class="katex"&gt;&lt;span class="katex-mathml"&gt;AA=AAA = A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="katex-html"&gt;&lt;span class="base"&gt;&lt;span class="strut"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mord mathnormal"&gt;AA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mspace"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mrel"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mspace"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="base"&gt;&lt;span class="strut"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mord mathnormal"&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If a matrix 
&lt;span class="katex-element"&gt;
  &lt;span class="katex"&gt;&lt;span class="katex-mathml"&gt;AA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="katex-html"&gt;&lt;span class="base"&gt;&lt;span class="strut"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mord mathnormal"&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
 is idempotent, it follows that 
&lt;span class="katex-element"&gt;
  &lt;span class="katex"&gt;&lt;span class="katex-mathml"&gt;An=A,∀n∈NA^n = A, \forall n \in \mathbb{N}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="katex-html"&gt;&lt;span class="base"&gt;&lt;span class="strut"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mord"&gt;&lt;span class="mord mathnormal"&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="msupsub"&gt;&lt;span class="vlist-t"&gt;&lt;span class="vlist-r"&gt;&lt;span class="vlist"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="pstrut"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"&gt;&lt;span class="mord mathnormal mtight"&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mspace"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mrel"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mspace"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="base"&gt;&lt;span class="strut"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mord mathnormal"&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mpunct"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mspace"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mord"&gt;∀&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mord mathnormal"&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mspace"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mrel"&gt;∈&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mspace"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="base"&gt;&lt;span class="strut"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mord mathbb"&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
. Idempotent matrices behave like identity matrices when raised to a power 
&lt;span class="katex-element"&gt;
  &lt;span class="katex"&gt;&lt;span class="katex-mathml"&gt;nn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="katex-html"&gt;&lt;span class="base"&gt;&lt;span class="strut"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mord mathnormal"&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
. All Idempotent matrices except identity matrices are singular matrices. &lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;One way to make idempotent matrices is 
&lt;span class="katex-element"&gt;
  &lt;span class="katex"&gt;&lt;span class="katex-mathml"&gt;A=I−uuTA = I - u u^T&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="katex-html"&gt;&lt;span class="base"&gt;&lt;span class="strut"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mord mathnormal"&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mspace"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mrel"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mspace"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="base"&gt;&lt;span class="strut"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mord mathnormal"&gt;I&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mspace"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mbin"&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mspace"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="base"&gt;&lt;span class="strut"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mord mathnormal"&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mord"&gt;&lt;span class="mord mathnormal"&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="msupsub"&gt;&lt;span class="vlist-t"&gt;&lt;span class="vlist-r"&gt;&lt;span class="vlist"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="pstrut"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"&gt;&lt;span class="mord mathnormal mtight"&gt;T&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
, where 
&lt;span class="katex-element"&gt;
  &lt;span class="katex"&gt;&lt;span class="katex-mathml"&gt;uu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="katex-html"&gt;&lt;span class="base"&gt;&lt;span class="strut"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mord mathnormal"&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
 is a vector satisfying 
&lt;span class="katex-element"&gt;
  &lt;span class="katex"&gt;&lt;span class="katex-mathml"&gt;uTu=1u^T u = 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="katex-html"&gt;&lt;span class="base"&gt;&lt;span class="strut"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mord"&gt;&lt;span class="mord mathnormal"&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="msupsub"&gt;&lt;span class="vlist-t"&gt;&lt;span class="vlist-r"&gt;&lt;span class="vlist"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="pstrut"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"&gt;&lt;span class="mord mathnormal mtight"&gt;T&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mord mathnormal"&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mspace"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mrel"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mspace"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="base"&gt;&lt;span class="strut"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mord"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
. In this case 
&lt;span class="katex-element"&gt;
  &lt;span class="katex"&gt;&lt;span class="katex-mathml"&gt;AA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="katex-html"&gt;&lt;span class="base"&gt;&lt;span class="strut"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mord mathnormal"&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
 is symmetric too.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight julia"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="c"&gt;#Idempotent matrices in Julia&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;using&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;LinearAlgebra&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;u&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;rand&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="x"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="x"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;u&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;norm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="x"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="x"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c"&gt;#Force u^T * u = 1&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;I&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="err"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;isapprox&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="x"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;^&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;100&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="x"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="x"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c"&gt;# true&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;isequal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="x"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="x"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="err"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="x"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c"&gt;# true (test for symmetricity)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



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