A brag doc is a place where you keep track of (and ideally show off) the work you're proud of. You can call it what you want - A brag doc, personal...
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How is this different from a resume or a general portfolio? I apologize if I come off as rude, but I don't see any difference.
IMO, They serve different purposes. A resume is a showcase of your skills with the goal of increasing your perceived value as a prospective hire. This brag doc is more an achievements history and I think is more suited for promotion justification and annual reviews. There are a lot of details on a brag doc that I wouldn't put on a resume because they are hard to appreciate without context.
Difference from resume is that brag doc is focused more on what you did than on skills you have, and may be interactive.
Could you share some examples?