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Saniyat Hossain
Saniyat Hossain

Posted on • Updated on

Essential Guide to Troubleshooting Operational Issues for Full-Stack Developers

In the ever-evolving landscape of software development, back-end development and operation related issues are inevitable and can seriously disrupt your workflow. Working within the complex infrastructure of modern systems often leads to unexpected problems that require prompt attention and resolution. As a full-stack developer, your ability to quickly diagnose and fix these issues is crucial. This guide offers practical insights into identifying and resolving a range of common errors. You'll find sample code and step-by-step debugging tips to help you swiftly and effectively get back on track.

Networking Errors

1. Connection Reset by Peer

Diagram:

Client ---------------> Server
       Connection Reset by Peer
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Example Command:

# Using curl to simulate connection reset
curl -kvvv http://example.com
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Possible Response:

* Rebuilt URL to: http://example.com/
*   Trying 93.184.216.34...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to example.com (93.184.216.34) port 80 (#0)
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> Host: example.com
> User-Agent: curl/7.68.0
> Accept: */*
* Recv failure: Connection reset by peer
* Closing connection 0
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Check Server Logs: Look for crashes or restarts.
  2. Network Stability: Ensure there are no network disruptions.
  3. Timeout Settings: Verify and adjust connection timeouts.

2. Connection Refused

Diagram:

Client --------------X Server
       Connection Refused
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Example Command:

# Using telnet to check connection
telnet example.com 80
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Possible Response:

Trying 93.184.216.34...
telnet: Unable to connect to remote host: Connection refused
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Server Running: Ensure the server is running.
  2. Port Open: Verify the server is listening on the correct port.
  3. Firewall Rules: Check for firewall rules blocking the connection.

3. Timeout Error (ETIMEOUT)

Diagram:

Client ---------------> Server
       Timeout
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Example Command:

# Using curl with timeout
curl -kvvv http://example.com --max-time 5
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Possible Response:

* Rebuilt URL to: http://example.com/
*   Trying 93.184.216.34...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to example.com (93.184.216.34) port 80 (#0)
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> Host: example.com
> User-Agent: curl/7.68.0
> Accept: */*
* Operation timed out after 5001 milliseconds with 0 bytes received
* Closing connection 0
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Network Latency: Check network latency and bandwidth.
  2. Server Load: Ensure the server is not overloaded.
  3. Adjust Timeouts: Configure appropriate timeout settings.

4. Host Unreachable

Diagram:

Client ---------------> Network
       Host Unreachable
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Example Command:

# Using ping to check host reachability
ping -c 4 unreachable-host
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Possible Response:

ping: unreachable-host: Name or service not known
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Check Host Availability: Ensure the host is up and reachable.
  2. Routing/Firewall Rules: Verify routing and firewall rules.
  3. Network Configuration: Check for network configuration issues.

5. Network Unreachable

Diagram:

Client ---------------> Network
       Network Unreachable
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Example Command:

# Using ping to check network reachability
ping -c 4 example.com
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Possible Response:

ping: connect: Network is unreachable
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Network Configuration: Check network settings and configurations.
  2. Physical Connections: Inspect physical network connections.
  3. Network Devices: Ensure network devices are functioning properly.

6. No Route to Host

Diagram:

Client ---------------> Network
       No Route to Host
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Example Command:

# Using traceroute to check routing
traceroute no-route-host
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Possible Response:

traceroute to no-route-host (93.184.216.34), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets
 1  * * *
 2  * * *
 ...
30  * * *
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Network Configuration: Verify and correct network configuration.
  2. Routing Table: Ensure correct routing table entries.
  3. Network Segmentation: Resolve any network segmentation issues.

7. Connection Aborted

Diagram:

Client ---------------> Server
       Connection Aborted
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Example Command:

# Using curl to simulate connection
curl -kvvv http://example.com
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Possible Response:

* Rebuilt URL to: http://example.com/
*   Trying 93.184.216.34...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to example.com (93.184.216.34) port 80 (#0)
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> Host: example.com
> User-Agent: curl/7.68.0
> Accept: */*
* Recv failure: Connection reset by peer
* Closing connection 0
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Server Logs: Investigate server logs for error causes.
  2. Network Stability: Check network stability and connectivity.
  3. Server Resources: Ensure server resources are adequate.

8. Connection Reset

Diagram:

Client ---------------> Network
       Connection Reset
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Example Command:

# Using curl to check connection
curl -kvvv http://example.com
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Possible Response:

* Rebuilt URL to: http://example.com/
*   Trying 93.184.216.34...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to example.com (93.184.216.34) port 80 (#0)
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> Host: example.com
> User-Agent: curl/7.68.0
> Accept: */*
* Recv failure: Connection reset by peer
* Closing connection 0
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Network Devices: Check network devices and their configurations.
  2. Network Stability: Ensure network stability.
  3. Connection Settings: Verify connection settings and protocols.

9. Broken Pipe

Diagram:

Client ---------------> Server
       Broken Pipe
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Example Command:

# Using curl to check connection
curl -kvvv http://example.com
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Possible Response:

* Rebuilt URL to: http://example.com/
*   Trying 93.184.216.34...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to example.com (93.184.216.34) port 80 (#0)
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> Host: example.com
> User-Agent: curl/7.68.0
> Accept: */*
* Recv failure: Connection reset by peer
* Closing connection 0
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Remote Host Availability: Ensure the remote host is available.
  2. Network Stability: Check for network stability and connectivity.
  3. Resource Limits: Ensure resource limits are not exceeded.

10. Protocol Error

Diagram:

Client ---------------> Server
       Protocol Error
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Example Command:

# Using curl with invalid protocol
curl -kvvv http://example.com --http2
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Possible Response:

* Rebuilt URL to: http://example.com/
*   Trying 93.184.216.34...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to example.com (93.184.216.34) port 80 (#0)
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> Host: example.com
> User-Agent: curl/7.68.0
> Accept: */*
< HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
< Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
< Content-Length: 155
< Connection: close
< 
<html><head><title>400 Bad Request</title></head><body>400 Bad Request</body></html>
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Protocol Versions: Ensure compatible protocol versions.
  2. Data Integrity: Verify data integrity during transmission.
  3. Configuration: Check for proper protocol configuration.

11. SSL/TLS Handshake Failure

Diagram:

Client ---------------> Server
       SSL/TLS Handshake Failure
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Example Command:

# Using curl to check SSL handshake
curl -kvvv https://example.com
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Possible Response:

* Rebuilt URL to: https://example.com/
*   Trying 93.184.216.34...
* TCP

_NODELAY set
* Connected to example.com (93.184.216.34) port 443 (#0)
* ALPN, offering h2
* ALPN, offering http/1.1
* successfully set certificate verify locations:
*   CAfile: /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt
  CApath: /etc/ssl/certs
* TLSv1.2 (OUT), TLS handshake, Client hello (1):
* TLSv1.2 (IN), TLS alert, Server hello (2):
* error:14077410:SSL routines:SSL23_GET_SERVER_HELLO:sslv3 alert handshake failure
* Closing connection 0
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Certificate Validity: Ensure the certificate is valid and not expired.
  2. Protocol Compatibility: Verify that both client and server support the same SSL/TLS protocols.
  3. Check Configuration: Ensure correct SSL/TLS configuration on the server.

12. OpenSSL Error

Diagram:

Client ---------------> Server
       OpenSSL Error
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Example Command:

# Using openssl to test SSL connection
openssl s_client -connect example.com:443
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Possible Response:

CONNECTED(00000003)
140735194809440:error:14077410:SSL routines:SSL23_GET_SERVER_HELLO:sslv3 alert handshake failure:s23_clnt.c:586:
---
no peer certificate available
---
No client certificate CA names sent
---
SSL handshake has read 7 bytes and written 289 bytes
---
New, (NONE), Cipher is (NONE)
Secure Renegotiation IS NOT supported
Compression: NONE
Expansion: NONE
No ALPN negotiated
SSL-Session:
    Protocol  : TLSv1.2
    Cipher    : 0000
    Session-ID: 
    Session-ID-ctx: 
    Master-Key: 
    Key-Arg   : None
    PSK identity: None
    PSK identity hint: None
    SRP username: None
    Start Time: 1615393671
    Timeout   : 7200 (sec)
    Verify return code: 0 (ok)
---
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Valid Certificates: Ensure valid and compatible certificates.
  2. Supported Protocols: Verify support for required SSL/TLS protocols.
  3. Configuration: Check SSL/TLS configuration on both client and server.

13. SIGTERM (Signal Termination)

Diagram:

Process -------------> SIGTERM
       Graceful Termination
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Example Command:

# Using kill to send SIGTERM
kill -SIGTERM <process_id>
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Graceful Handling: Ensure the application handles SIGTERM gracefully.
  2. Investigate Termination: Determine why the SIGTERM signal was sent.
  3. Perform Cleanup: Ensure proper cleanup before termination.

14. SIGKILL (Signal Kill)

Diagram:

Process -------------> SIGKILL
       Immediate Termination
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Example Command:

# Using kill to send SIGKILL
kill -SIGKILL <process_id>
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Avoid SIGKILL: Use SIGTERM instead to allow graceful shutdown.
  2. Optimize Memory Usage: Ensure the application does not exhaust memory.
  3. Investigate OOM Killer: Check if the Out-of-Memory killer terminated the process.

15. Exited with Code 0

Diagram:

Process ---------------> Exit
       Code 0 (Success)
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Example Command:

# Using shell script to exit with code 0
echo "Task completed successfully"
exit 0
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Normal Completion: Verify that the process completed as expected.
  2. No Action Needed: No further action required for code 0.

16. Exited with Code 1

Diagram:

Process ---------------> Exit
       Code 1 (Error)
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Example Command:

# Using shell script to exit with code 1
echo "An error occurred"
exit 1
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Review Logs: Check application logs for error details.
  2. Implement Error Handling: Ensure proper error handling and logging.
  3. Verify Configuration: Check application configuration for issues.

17. Exited with Code 137

Diagram:

Process ---------------> Exit
       Code 137 (SIGKILL)
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Example Command:

# Using shell script to simulate SIGKILL
kill -SIGKILL $$
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Investigate Logs: Check for logs indicating the reason for SIGKILL.
  2. Optimize Memory Usage: Prevent the Out-of-Memory killer from terminating the process.
  3. Avoid SIGKILL: Use SIGTERM for graceful shutdown.

18. Exited with Code 143

Diagram:

Process ---------------> Exit
       Code 143 (SIGTERM)
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Example Command:

# Using shell script to simulate SIGTERM
kill -SIGTERM $$
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Graceful Handling: Ensure the application handles SIGTERM gracefully.
  2. Investigate Termination: Determine why the SIGTERM signal was sent.
  3. Perform Cleanup: Ensure proper cleanup before termination.

19. ETIMEOUT

Diagram:

Client ---------------> Server
       ETIMEOUT
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Example Command:

# Using curl to simulate timeout
curl -kvvv http://example.com --max-time 5
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Possible Response:

* Rebuilt URL to: http://example.com/
*   Trying 93.184.216.34...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to example.com (93.184.216.34) port 80 (#0)
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> Host: example.com
> User-Agent: curl/7.68.0
> Accept: */*
* Operation timed out after 5001 milliseconds with 0 bytes received
* Closing connection 0
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Network Performance: Check network latency and performance.
  2. Optimize Server Response: Ensure the server responds promptly.
  3. Adjust Timeouts: Configure appropriate timeout settings.

20. Socket Connection Error

Diagram:

Client ---------------> Server
       Socket Connection Error
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Example Command:

# Using curl to check connection
curl -kvvv http://example.com
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Possible Response:

* Rebuilt URL to: http://example.com/
*   Trying 93.184.216.34...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to example.com (93.184.216.34) port 80 (#0)
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> Host: example.com
> User-Agent: curl/7.68.0
> Accept: */*
* Recv failure: Connection reset by peer
* Closing connection 0
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Network and Server Logs: Check logs for error details.
  2. Socket Handling: Ensure proper socket handling in the application.
  3. Network Stability: Verify network stability and connectivity.

21. OCP Container CrashLoopBackOff

Diagram:

Client ---------------> OpenShift
       CrashLoopBackOff
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Example Code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: crash-loop-pod
spec:
  containers:
  - name: crash-loop-container
    image: busybox
    command: ["sh", "-c", "exit 1"]
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Application Logs: Check application logs for error details.
  2. Configuration: Verify container configuration.
  3. Resource Limits: Ensure adequate resources are allocated.

22. OCP Container ImagePullBackOff

Diagram:

Client ---------------> OpenShift
       ImagePullBackOff
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Example Code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: image-pull-backoff-pod
spec:
  containers:
  - name: missing-image-container
    image: non-existent-image:latest
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Image Availability: Verify image availability in the registry.
  2. Network Access: Ensure network access to the registry.
  3. Registry Credentials: Check registry credentials for authentication.

23. OCP Container Not Ready

Diagram:

Client ---------------> OpenShift
       Container Not Ready
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Example Code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: not-ready-pod
spec:
  containers:
  - name: ready-check-container
    image: busybox
    readinessProbe:
      exec:
        command:
        - cat
        - /tmp/healthy
      initialDelaySeconds: 5
      periodSeconds: 5
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Initialization Logs: Check container initialization logs. 2

. Readiness Probes: Verify readiness probe configurations.

  1. Dependencies: Ensure all dependencies are available and accessible.

24. Docker Daemon Not Running

Diagram:

Client ---------------> Docker
       Docker Daemon Not Running
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Example Command:

# Check Docker daemon status
sudo systemctl status docker
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Start Docker Service: sudo systemctl start docker
  2. Check Docker Logs: sudo journalctl -u docker.service
  3. Restart Docker Service: sudo systemctl restart docker

25. Image Not Found

Diagram:

Client ---------------> Docker Hub
       Image Not Found
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Example Command:

# Using docker to pull an image
docker pull non-existent-image:latest
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Possible Response:

Error response from daemon: manifest for non-existent-image:latest not found: manifest unknown: manifest unknown
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Verify Image Name: Ensure the image name and tag are correct.
  2. Check Registry: Confirm the image exists in the Docker registry.
  3. Authenticate: If the image is private, ensure proper authentication.

26. Container Not Starting

Diagram:

Client ---------------> Docker
       Container Not Starting
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Example Command:

# Using docker logs to check container output
docker logs <container_id>
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Possible Response:

Error response from daemon: Container <container_id> is not running
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Check Container Logs: docker logs <container_id> for error details.
  2. Verify Configuration: Ensure correct container configuration.
  3. Dependencies: Verify all dependencies are available.

27. Volume Mount Error

Diagram:

Client ---------------> Docker
       Volume Mount Error
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Example Command:

# Using docker to run a container with volume
docker run -v /invalid/host/path:/container/path busybox
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Possible Response:

docker: Error response from daemon: invalid volume specification: '/invalid/host/path:/container/path'.
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Verify Volume Syntax: Ensure correct volume mount syntax.
  2. Check Permissions: Verify file and directory permissions.
  3. Correct Paths: Ensure host paths exist and are accessible.

28. Network Issues

Diagram:

Client ---------------> Docker
       Network Issues
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Example Command:

# Using docker to inspect network
docker network inspect <network_name>
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Possible Response:

[
    {
        "Name": "<network_name>",
        "Id": "9d8e4d8a4f8a4e8b4d8e4a",
        "Created": "2021-03-10T10:00:00.000000000Z",
        "Scope": "local",
        "Driver": "bridge",
        ...
    }
]
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Check Network Settings: Verify Docker network settings.
  2. Resolve Conflicts: Address any conflicting network names.
  3. Inspect Network: Use docker network inspect for details.

29. Permission Denied

Diagram:

Client ---------------> Docker
       Permission Denied
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Example Command:

# Using docker to run a container with volume
docker run -v /restricted/host/path:/container/path busybox
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Possible Response:

docker: Error response from daemon: error while creating mount source path '/restricted/host/path': mkdir /restricted/host/path: permission denied.
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Adjust Permissions: Ensure proper file and directory permissions.
  2. Configure SELinux/AppArmor: Properly configure security settings.
  3. Verify User Access: Ensure the Docker user has necessary permissions.

30. Out of Memory (OOM) Error

Diagram:

Client ---------------> Docker
       Out of Memory (OOM)
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Example Command:

# Using docker to run a memory-intensive container
docker run -m 512m --memory-swap 512m memory-hog
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Possible Response:

docker: Error response from daemon: container memory limit exceeded.
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Increase Memory Limits: Allocate more memory to the container.
  2. Optimize Memory Usage: Ensure the application uses memory efficiently.
  3. Monitor Resources: Use monitoring tools to track memory usage.

31. Port Already in Use

Diagram:

Client ---------------> Docker
       Port Already in Use
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Example Command:

# Using docker to run a container with port mapping
docker run -p 80:80 nginx
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Possible Response:

docker: Error response from daemon: driver failed programming external connectivity on endpoint <container_name> (e6c8e6c8e6c8): Bind for 0.0.0.0:80 failed: port is already allocated.
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Use Different Ports: Change to a different port if a conflict exists.
  2. Stop Conflicting Services: Stop other services using the same port.
  3. Check Port Bindings: Verify current port bindings.

32. DNS Resolution Failure

Diagram:

Client ---------------> Docker
       DNS Resolution Failure
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Example Command:

# Using docker to run a container and check DNS resolution
docker run busybox nslookup google.com
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Possible Response:

Server:    8.8.8.8
Address 1: 8.8.8.8 dns.google

Name:      google.com
Address 1: 172.217.16.206 fra16s29-in-f14.1e100.net
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Configure DNS Settings: Ensure correct DNS configuration.
  2. Check Network Connectivity: Verify network connectivity.
  3. Inspect DNS Logs: Check DNS server logs for issues.

33. Image Pull Rate Limit

Diagram:

Client ---------------> Docker Hub
       Image Pull Rate Limit
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Example Command:

# Using docker to pull an image
docker pull busybox
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Possible Response:

Error response from daemon: toomanyrequests: You have reached your pull rate limit. You may increase the limit by authenticating and upgrading: https://www.docker.com/increase-rate-limit
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Authenticate to Docker Hub: Use docker login for authentication.
  2. Consider Paid Plan: Upgrade to a paid plan for higher rate limits.
  3. Use Private Registry: Host images on a private Docker registry.

34. deb.debian.org Timeout Error

Diagram:

Client ---------------> deb.debian.org
       Timeout
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Example Dockerfile:

# Dockerfile
FROM node:10
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y curl
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Possible Response:

Err:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster InRelease
  Could not connect to deb.debian.org:80 (151.101.0.204), connection timed out
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Debugging Steps:

  1. Update Base Image: Use a newer Node.js image version.
  2. Use Alternative Mirrors: Modify /etc/apt/sources.list to use different mirrors.
  3. Increase Timeout: Adjust timeout settings in the Dockerfile or build script.

Example Solution:

# Updated Dockerfile
FROM node:14-buster

RUN sed -i 's/deb.debian.org/ftp.debian.org/' /etc/apt/sources.list

RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y curl
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Summary Table

Here's the summarized table of errors with proper formatting:

Error Description Possible Reasons Remedies
Connection Reset by Peer Remote server closed connection Server crash, timeout, network instability Ensure server stability, adjust timeout settings, check network stability
Connection Refused Connection attempt refused Server not running, port not open, firewall blocking Start the server, open the port, check firewall settings
Timeout Error (ETIMEOUT) Operation exceeded timeout duration Slow network, server overload, incorrect timeout settings Check network latency, optimize server, adjust timeout settings
Host Unreachable Cannot reach specified host Host down, incorrect routing/firewall rules Verify host availability, check routing and firewall rules
Network Unreachable Network unreachable from client Network configuration issues, physical network problems Check network configuration, inspect physical connections
No Route to Host No route to specified host Incorrect network configuration, network partitioning Correct network configuration, resolve segmentation issues
Connection Aborted Connection aborted by host Server error, network instability Investigate server logs, check network stability
Connection Reset Connection reset by network Network device reset, instability Check network devices, ensure stability
Broken Pipe Connection broken while writing Remote host closed connection, network issues Ensure remote host availability, check network stability
Protocol Error Network protocol mismatch/issue Incompatible protocol versions, corrupted data packets Use compatible protocols, check data integrity
SSL/TLS Handshake Failure SSL/TLS handshake failed Certificate mismatch/expiration, incompatible SSL/TLS versions Ensure valid certificates, verify SSL/TLS configurations
OpenSSL Error General OpenSSL error Invalid certificates, unsupported protocols Use valid certificates, ensure protocol support
SIGTERM (Signal Termination) Graceful termination of process Manual/system shutdown, restart Ensure graceful handling, investigate cause of termination
SIGKILL (Signal Kill) Immediate termination of process Manual kill, Out-of-memory (OOM) killer Avoid SIGKILL, optimize memory usage
Exited with Code 0 Process terminated successfully Normal completion No action needed
Exited with Code 1 Process terminated with error Unhandled exception, incorrect configuration Review logs, implement error handling
Exited with Code 137 Process terminated by SIGKILL Manual kill, OOM killer Investigate logs, optimize memory usage
Exited with Code 143 Process terminated by SIGTERM Graceful termination Ensure proper handling and cleanup
ETIMEOUT Operation timed out Slow network, server delay Check network performance, optimize server response
Socket Connection Error General socket connection issue Network problems, server issues Check network and server logs, ensure proper socket handling
OCP Container CrashLoopBackOff Container continuously crashing Application error, misconfiguration Check application logs, correct configuration
OCP Container ImagePullBackOff Failure to pull container image Image not found, network issues, registry access Verify image availability, check network/registry access
OCP Container Not Ready Container not ready for traffic Initialization issues, readiness probes failing Investigate initialization logs, check readiness probe settings
Docker Daemon Not Running Docker commands fail Docker service not started, crashes Start Docker service, check daemon logs, restart Docker service
Image Not Found Docker cannot find specified image Image not available in registry, incorrect name/tag Verify image name and tag, ensure image exists in registry
Container Not Starting Container fails to start Configuration errors, missing dependencies, insufficient resources Check container logs (docker logs <container_id>), verify configuration
Volume Mount Error Error mounting volumes in Docker Incorrect volume syntax, permission issues Verify volume syntax, check file and directory permissions
Network Issues Docker container network issues Network misconfiguration, conflicting network names Check network settings, resolve conflicts, inspect network (docker network inspect <network_name>)
Permission Denied Permission issues accessing files Incorrect user permissions, SELinux/AppArmor restrictions Adjust file permissions, configure SELinux/AppArmor properly
Out of Memory (OOM) Error Container killed due to memory Insufficient memory allocation, memory leaks Increase memory limits, optimize application memory usage
Port Already in Use Port conflict Port conflict with another service or container Use different ports, stop conflicting services
DNS Resolution Failure Cannot resolve DNS names Incorrect DNS settings, network issues Configure DNS settings, ensure network connectivity
Image Pull Rate Limit Docker Hub rate limits Exceeding the free tier limit on Docker Hub Authenticate to Docker Hub, consider a paid plan for higher limits
deb.debian.org Timeout Error Timeout pulling packages Network latency, server issues at deb.debian.org, outdated image base Update Node.js image, use alternative mirrors, increase timeout settings

Conclusion

By following the outlined steps, diagrams, and example code, you can quickly diagnose issues and implement effective solutions. This comprehensive guide provides a valuable reference for improving application reliability and performance.

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