Building a CDC Skyscraper: How SeaTunnel Leverages Debezium Under the Hood

Following the article “Inside Apache SeaTunnel CDC: How the System Really Works”, which detailed the implementation mechanisms and principles of the Apache SeaTunnel CDC Source, this article will continue to explore the underlying technical logic of Apache SeaTunnel CDC by explaining the relationship between Debezium and Apache SeaTunnel.

To summarize their relationship in one sentence: Debezium is the core underlying engine of SeaTunnel CDC, while SeaTunnel CDC encapsulates, enhances, and extends Debezium’s functionalities.

Below is a detailed explanation of their relationship:

1. Foundation and Core: The Role of Debezium

“Debezium can be regarded as the pioneer of CDC.” Within the SeaTunnel CDC ecosystem, Debezium plays an irreplaceable “foundation” role.

• Provider of Core Capabilities: Debezium provides the most essential CDC functionality, namely monitoring row-level changes in source databases (such as MySQL Binlog, PostgreSQL WAL, etc.) and standardizing these changes into event streams.
• Mature Connector Library: SeaTunnel leverages Debezium’s long-established, mature connector libraries to ensure stable support for various mainstream databases.
• Standardized Data Format: Debezium defines a clear data structure (SourceRecord), containing the before and after states, operation type (Envelope Operation: CREATE/READ/UPDATE/DELETE), and other information, providing a standardized input for upper-layer processing.

2. Key Turning Point: Dropping Kafka Connect in Favor of an Embedded Engine

This is the most critical point for understanding their relationship.

• Traditional Debezium: Usually relies on Apache Kafka Connect for deployment, meaning data must flow through a Kafka cluster. While highly reliable, this approach introduces heavy infrastructure dependencies.
• SeaTunnel’s Choice: To achieve a more lightweight and flexible integration, SeaTunnel does not use Debezium’s Kafka Connect mode. Instead, it utilizes Debezium’s embedded engine (debezium-embedded).
• Nature of the Integration: SeaTunnel introduces Maven dependencies (debezium-api and debezium-embedded) to run the Debezium engine as a library directly within SeaTunnel’s process. This completely removes the mandatory dependency on a Kafka cluster.

3. Orchestration and Encapsulation: The Architecture of SeaTunnel CDC

SeaTunnel builds a sophisticated “orchestration layer” on top of the Debezium engine to manage and schedule Debezium’s operations.

As shown in the architecture diagram below, SeaTunnel sits at the top layer, handling read logic, deserialization, streaming fetch, and connection management; Debezium sits at the bottom layer, driving the database’s CDC mechanism and generating standardized data records.

SeaTunnel’s utilization of Debezium’s core functionalities is summarized in the table below:

Function	Provided by Debezium (Core Capability)	Used by SeaTunnel (Encapsulation/Invocation)
Full Snapshot Read	Snapshot reading	SnapshotChangeEventSource executes SELECT reads
Incremental Read	Incremental reading	StreamingChangeEventSource reads Binlog/WAL, etc.
Data Structure	Data record (SourceRecord)	Extracts raw before/after information
Operation Type	Envelope.Operation	Identifies CREATE/UPDATE/DELETE operations
State Management	Offset & Schema management	Tracks read positions and DDL changes

4. Data Flow and Translation

The two are connected in the data processing pipeline. Debezium produces the “raw material,” and SeaTunnel “processes” it into a standardized internal format.

• Debezium Output: Produces SourceRecord containing raw change information.
• SeaTunnel Translation: Uses DebeziumDeserializeSchema to deserialize SourceRecord, extract key information, and convert it into SeaTunnel’s internal row format SeaTunnelRow, while tagging the row type (RowKind, e.g., INSERT/UPDATE_AFTER).

5. Enhancement and Extension: The Value of SeaTunnel

By embedding and encapsulating Debezium, SeaTunnel CDC achieves significant enhancements compared to the native Debezium solution, as illustrated below:

Key Enhancements Provided by SeaTunnel:

1. Kafka Decoupling: This is the biggest difference. SeaTunnel CDC can write data directly to any supported Sink (e.g., data lake or warehouse) without passing through Kafka.
2. Parallel Reading Capability: SeaTunnel introduces parallel slicing to concurrently read full historical data, greatly improving efficiency.
3. Native Engine Integration: Deep integration with SeaTunnel (and Flink/Spark) checkpoint mechanism, ensuring exactly-once semantics.
4. Schema Evolution Support: Better handling of source-side DDL changes to adapt to table structure evolution.