Python has a rich set of libraries. These libraries are stored in a public repository called PyPI (stands for Python Package Index). A Utility called pip is used to perform various package management activities. This article attempts to explain some of the commonly used pip commands along with their frequently used options.
pip install
As name suggests, this command is used to install package(s). Some of the options that can used with the install command are:
$ pip install flask-bootstrap # installs latest available version
$ pip install flask-bootstrap==2.3.2.2 # installs specific version
$ pip install 'flask-bootstrap>=3.3.5.3' # any version above specified minimum version
$ pip install -U flask-bootstrap # Use -U flag to upgrade a package
$ pip install -r requirements.txt # installs libraries in the file along with their dependencies
pip freeze
Freeze command is very useful as it lists installed packages in a case insensitive sorted order. Output generated using Freeze command is in the <package name>==<version> format which is same as requirements file format.
$ pip freeze # installs all installed packages in the global environment
(venv) $ pip freeze -l # only lists packages installed in the local virtual environment
How to generate requirements.txt using freeze command
One can generate a requirements file using freeze command - $ pip freeze > requirements.txt Although very handy, requirements.txt file using freeze option is not considered a best practice for the below reasons:
- Requirements file generated this way contains all installed packages along with their dependencies.
- Also, file does not distinguish between originally installed packages and their dependents.
- Consider a scenario where if any of the originally installed package needs an upgrade, developer has to ensure corresponding dependent packages are updated to the corresponding upgraded version in the requirements file which is relatively harder.
- Although pip check command described later could be useful in this scenario, manually maintaining requirements.txt file only containing installed packages is considered a better approach.
pip list
List command is similar to the pip freeze command except command lists installed packages along with their versions in a two column tabular format.
$ pip list # shows installed packages in the tabular format
$ pip list -l # shows packages installed in local virtual environment
$ pip list -o # lists outdated packages
$ pip list -u # lists up-to-date packages
pip show
This command shows information about a specified package. Usage - pip show Jinja2
pip search
Search command could be handy if we don't know the exact package name we are looking to install. All packages and packages summaries containing search term are included in the result. Usage - pip search boot
pip check
This command is used verify whether installed packages have compatible dependencies. Usage - pip check
pip uninstall
Unnecessary packages could be cleaned up from the target machine using this command.
$ pip uninstall flask-bootstrap # confirm before uninstall
$ pip uninstall -y flask-bootstrap # uninstall without confirmation
$ pip uninstall -r requirements.txt # uninstall all packages mentioned in file
Top comments (2)
What about the upgrade command?
Thanks for pointing out! Added upgrade to the install options -
pip install -U flask-bootstrap