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🖥️ Basic Output & Info Commands
echo
bash
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echo "Hello world"
📝 Prints text to the screen.
pwd
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pwd
📝 Prints the current working directory (folder you are in).
date
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date
📝 Shows current system date and time.
history
bash
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history
📝 Shows list of previously used commands.
clear
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clear
📝 Clears the terminal screen.
📁 Navigation Commands
cd
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cd foldername
📝 Changes into a folder.
cd ..
bash
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cd ..
📝 Goes one level back (up) from the current directory.
cd -
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cd -
📝 Goes to the previous directory.
cd ~
bash
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cd ~
📝 Goes to the home directory.
📂 Listing Files
ls
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ls
📝 Lists files in current folder.
ls -a
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ls -a
📝 Lists all files including hidden ones (starting with .).
ls -l
bash
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ls -l
📝 Shows more details (like size, permissions) about files.
ls -la
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ls -la
📝 Lists all files (even hidden) with details.
ls -R
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ls -R
📝 Lists all files and folders recursively.
ls -r
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ls -r
📝 Lists files in reverse order.
ls -t
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ls -t
📝 Sorts files by last modified time.
📝 File Handling
touch
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touch myfile.txt
📝 Creates an empty file or updates file's modified time.
file
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file myfile.txt
📝 Tells you the type of file (text, image, etc).
cat
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cat myfile.txt
📝 Shows the content of a file in terminal.
📖 View Long Files
less
bash
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less lorem.txt
📝 Opens file in viewer, lets you scroll.
Controls:
q = quit
PgUp / PgDn = scroll
g = go to top
G = go to bottom
/word = search
h = help
📁 Create Folders
mkdir
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mkdir newfolder
📝 Creates a new folder.
mkdir -p
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mkdir -p test/test1
📝 Creates nested folders (folders inside folders).
📄 Copy Files
cp
bash
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cp old.txt new.txt
📝 Copies one file to another.
Copy file to folder:
bash
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cp text.txt newfolder/
Copy all .txt files:
bash
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cp *.txt newfolder/
Copy folder:
bash
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cp -r folder1/ folder2/
Ask before overwrite:
bash
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cp -i file1.txt file2.txt
✂️ Move / Rename Files
mv
bash
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mv file1.txt file2.txt
📝 Renames file or moves to a new folder.
Move multiple .txt files:
bash
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mv *.txt newfolder/
Ask before overwrite:
bash
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mv -i old.txt new.txt
❌ Delete Files/Folders
rm
bash
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rm file.txt
📝 Deletes a file.
Delete folder and its content:
bash
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rm -r myfolder/
Ask before delete:
bash
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rm -i file.txt
🔍 Search / Help
find
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find . -name "*.txt"
📝 Search for files (here, all .txt files).
help
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help echo
📝 Shows help for a command.
man (manual)
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man ls
📝 Full manual page for a command (press q to quit).
whatis
bash
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whatis cat
📝 Gives a short description of a command.
🔧 Aliases
Create alias (shortcut):
bash
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alias mylist="ls -la"
Remove alias:
bash
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unalias mylist
🔚 Exit Terminal
Exit the terminal:
bash
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exit
echo - "Hello world"
/ - root
pwd - present working directory
cd - - change directory
cd .. - exit current directory
cd - - previous directory
cd ~ - home directory
ls- list
ls -a - hidden file
ls -l more files details
ls -l -a more datails with hiddenn files details
ls -R
ls -r reversr order sorting
ls -t sort modification time,newest first
touch - create file and touch file (identify modify time)
date - current date
file - text.txt file details
cat - open file and view content
history
clear
less -- less lorem.txt user view content
q - quit
pg up pg down - navigate pages
g move beginning
G - move end
/search
h help
mkdir new folder
mkdir -p test/test1/ folder ulla folder
cp oldfile copy file
cp text.txt newfolder
cp *.txt newfolder select all .txt file
cp -r sub folders
cp -i
mv oldfile newfile (edit and rename)
mv myfile.txt file1.txt
mv f1.txt f3.txt f3.txt newfolder
mv *.txt newfolder ella file newfolder ulla pogum
mv -i
mv -b
rm newfolder
rm -r newfolder folder and folder ulla irukratha ellam repeat ahh dlt pannum
rm -i
find search
help echo
man is
whatis cat
alias shortcut
alias footbar ="ls -la"
unalies remove aliaas
exit
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