Bonds
These are fixed-income instruments issued by the government or corporations to raise funds from the public or institutional investors.
Government Bonds (G-Secs)
- It is issued by the Government of India to fund its fiscal deficit and considered as extremely safe due to government backing.
- Types include long-term government bonds, Treasury Bills (short-term), and inflation-indexed bonds.
- Examples: 10-year G-Secs, 91-day and 364-day T-bills.
Treasury Bills (T-bills)
- These are essentially short-term government securities with a maturity period ranging from 91 days to 365 days.
- They are issued at a discount to their face value, and upon maturity, the full face value is paid to the investor.
- The difference between the issue price and the face value represents the interest earned by the investor.
- There is no capital gains tax on T-bills if held to maturity since there is no market price fluctuation. However, if sold before maturity, capital gains tax may apply on any gain made.
- The interest earned from T-bills is added to your total income and taxed according to the applicable tax slab
State Bonds
- It is issued by individual state governments in India.
- It is used to fund state-level projects and initiatives.
- Backed by the respective state government, so they carry a slightly higher risk than central government bonds.
- Generally offer a slightly higher interest rate than central government bonds due to this risk.
Corporate Bonds
- It is issued by corporations to raise funds for business expansion, projects, or working capital.
- It offers higher interest rates than government bonds but come with a higher credit risk.
- Quality and risk are measured by credit ratings from agencies like CRISIL, ICRA, or CARE.
- Example: Reliance Industries, Tata Capital, and HDFC corporate bonds.
Inflation-Indexed Bonds (IIBs)
- It is issued by the Government of India.
- The interest payments and principal repayments are linked to inflation, protecting the investor from inflationary risk.
- Payments are adjusted based on changes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
- Ideal for investors seeking to preserve purchasing power over the long term.
RBI Bonds (Floating Rate Savings Bonds)
- It is issued by the Reserve Bank of India with a 7-year maturity period.
- The interest rate is floating, linked to the National Savings Certificate (NSC) rate, and adjusted every six months.
- It is designed for risk-averse investors seeking regular income with some interest rate adjustment to reflect the market.
Municipal Bonds
- It is issued by municipal bodies to fund local infrastructure projects like water supply and sanitation.
- It offers tax-free interest in some cases, making them attractive for investors looking to invest in urban development.
- Example: Bonds issued by Pune Municipal Corporation or Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation.
Coupon rate/Interest
- It is the interest rate that the bond issuer agrees to pay annually or semi-annually on the bond's face value (the amount borrowed).
- It is usually expressed as a percentage of the bond's face value (par value).
- Interest rates on bonds are influenced by the central bank's (such as the RBI in India) monetary policy
- Example: If you buy a bond with a ₹1,000 face value and a 6% coupon rate, you will receive ₹60 (6% of ₹1,000) in interest payments per year.
Ratings
These are evaluations given by credit rating agencies (like S&P, Moody’s, Fitch) that indicate the creditworthiness or risk level of a bond issuer.
Open Market Operations (OMO)
- It refers to the buying and selling of government securities (G-Secs, bonds, etc.) by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in the open market to regulate liquidity in the banking system.
How OMO Works?
1) When RBI BUYS government securities
- Injects liquidity into the economy.
- Banks get more money, leading to lower interest rates and easier credit.
- Encourages borrowing and spending, boosting economic activity.
2) When RBI SELLS government securities
- Drains excess liquidity from the system.
- Banks have less money to lend, causing interest rates to rise.
- Reduces inflation by slowing down spending and credit growth.
Why Does RBI Use OMO?
- To control inflation and stabilize prices.
- To manage money supply in the economy.
- To support economic growth by adjusting liquidity.
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