JWT Vulnerabilities Your Code Review Approves Every Day — 13 ESLint Rules Stop Them in CI

Five JWT vulnerabilities. Every one merged. Every one passed a human code review. All five fail CI in under a second with eslint-plugin-jwt.

Here's what actually happened — and the guard that catches all of it.

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Vulnerability 1: The alg:none attack (CWE-347)

The vulnerable code that shipped:

jwt.verify(token, secret, { algorithms: ["HS256", "none"] });

Why it survived review. Nobody writes algorithms: ["none"] on purpose. This line arrived honestly: a dev was debugging tokens from a service that didn't sign its dev tokens, added "none" to unblock themselves locally, and the diff went up with HS256 sitting right next to it. The reviewer sees a real algorithm in the list, sees jwt.verify being called, and approves. The array reads as "we accept HS256, and also this other thing" — not as "we accept forged tokens." A human skims the shape; a CWE-tagged lint rule reads every element.

alg: "none" means "no signature." On jsonwebtoken specifically, this line forges the moment secret is also falsy — an unset env var, a per-tenant lookup that silently returns undefined for an unrecognized tenant. With a real, truthy secret, modern jsonwebtoken still throws jwt signature is required — I verified this directly. So on a codebase already running jsonwebtoken 9.x with real secrets everywhere, no-algorithm-none is defense-in-depth against a downgrade or a library swap, not a live bug today — that's still worth CI blocking, because "everywhere" is doing a lot of work in that sentence. Libraries that don't guard the falsy-secret case, or that trust the token's own header by default, don't even need that: "none" in the accepted algorithms is enough on its own. It's the bug behind CVE-2022-23540 — technically the narrower case of an implicit, unlisted "none" plus a falsy secret, not the explicit list shown above, but the same root failure either way.

The rule that catches it — no-algorithm-none (CWE-347):

src/auth.ts
  15:3  error  🔒 CWE-347 | jwt/no-algorithm-none — Using alg:"none" bypasses
               signature verification, allowing token forgery | CRITICAL
               Fix: Remove "none" and use RS256, ES256, or other secure algorithms

The match is case-insensitive — "None", "NONE", "nOnE" all trip it, so string-casing tricks don't get you past this one.

The fix:

// ✅ allow only real algorithms
jwt.verify(token, secret, { algorithms: ["HS256"] });

See the full exploit walkthrough in The JWT algorithm: none Attack — the vulnerability in one line of code.

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Vulnerability 2: Algorithm confusion — RS256 public key used as HMAC secret (CWE-347)

The vulnerable code that shipped:

jwt.verify(token, publicKey);

Why it survived review. jwt.verify is being called. The public key is passed. Nothing looks wrong unless you know the algorithm handshake: if no algorithms option is set, an attacker takes your RS256 public key (it's public — they already have it), signs a token with it using HS256, and — on a library that treats the key as an HMAC secret without checking its type — the forged token is accepted. The attack is invisible at the call site.

Modern jsonwebtoken closes this one on its own — but it took two separate fixes, years apart, on two different mechanisms, and the first one is narrower than it looks. I diffed the published source between 4.2.1 and 4.2.2 directly: 4.2.1 already defaults to ['RS256','RS384','RS512','ES256','ES384','ES512'] when the key string contains BEGIN CERTIFICATE or BEGIN PUBLIC KEY (PKCS#8) — that part predates the fix. What 4.2.2 actually adds, for CVE-2015-9235 (GHSA-c7hr-j4mj-j2w6), is a narrower middle branch: a key matching BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY (the older PKCS#1 format) now defaults to ['RS256','RS384','RS512'] instead of falling through to HMAC. Before 4.2.2, that one specific PEM format — PKCS#1 RSA public keys, not PKCS#8 or certificates — was the gap: hand jwt.verify a PKCS#1 public key with no algorithms option, and pre-4.2.2 it defaulted to HMAC, letting an attacker sign a forged HS256 token with that public key as the "secret." Still a literal string match either way, not real key inspection — the robust fix, actual crypto-level key-type inspection via createPublicKey(...).asymmetricKeyType that doesn't care what string the key contains, landed later, in 9.0.0 (CVE-2022-23541). Anything older than 9.0.0, and other JWT libraries that never added an equivalent check, are exactly where this attack still lands — and a reviewer reading the call site has no way to know which fix, if any, the running version actually has. Pin the algorithm anyway; don't let a decade of layered library patches be the only thing standing between this call and a forged token.

Worth being precise about which rule actually fires here: the call site above is caught by require-algorithm-whitelist (CWE-757, "no explicit algorithms list"), not by no-algorithm-confusion in the table below. no-algorithm-confusion is the narrower rule — it fires when it can tell from naming or shape that you're holding a public key at all; require-algorithm-whitelist fires on any unpinned verify() call regardless of what the key looks like, which is why it's the one in the output here.

The rule that catches it — require-algorithm-whitelist (CWE-757):

src/auth.ts
  2:10  error  🔒 CWE-757 | jwt/require-algorithm-whitelist — JWT verification
               without explicit algorithms trusts the token header | HIGH
               Fix: pass an explicit algorithms list, e.g. { algorithms: ["RS256"] }

The fix:

// ✅ pin the algorithm so the key type can't be repurposed
jwt.verify(token, publicKey, { algorithms: ["RS256"] });

This is also the exact pattern AI assistants produce by default. I ran 20 generations across Gemini 3 Pro and Flash — 10 each — with the prompt "Write a Node.js function called verifyToken that takes a token string and verifies it." All 20 came back with a bare jwt.verify(token, secret) with no algorithms option. require-algorithm-whitelist fired on every single one. The model reproduces the median of its training data, and the median predates the jsonwebtoken 9.0.0 fix.

Same failure mode I've measured at scale elsewhere: Gemini 2.5 Pro wrote unsafe SQL 96% of the time on injection-prone patterns, and 65-75% of 80 Claude-written functions shipped with a security vulnerability. Auth config is squarely in that pattern, not an exception to it.

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Vulnerability 3: Hardcoded weak secret (CWE-798 + CWE-326)

The vulnerable code that shipped:

const token = jwt.sign({ userId: 123 }, "supersecret123", {
  algorithm: "HS256",
});

Why it survived review. "supersecret123" is clearly a placeholder — or so the reviewer assumes. It reads as "this will be replaced with an env var before prod." Sometimes it was replaced. Sometimes it shipped exactly as written, went into git history, and stayed there after the env var was added. The string in history is still a credential.

The rules that catch it — no-hardcoded-secret (CWE-798) and no-weak-secret (CWE-326):

src/auth.ts
  1:38  error  🔒 CWE-798 | jwt/no-hardcoded-secret — Hardcoded JWT secret
               detected — use env var | CRITICAL
  1:38  error  🔒 CWE-326 | jwt/no-weak-secret — Weak JWT secret — minimum
               256 bits required | HIGH

The fix:

// ✅ secret from environment — length is now your responsibility, not the rule's
const token = jwt.sign({ userId: 123 }, process.env.JWT_SECRET!, {
  algorithm: "HS256",
  expiresIn: "1h",
});

The entropy argument ("it's a high-entropy string, it's fine") doesn't survive contact with a public git history. I made that case in No Hardcoded Credentials: Entropy Isn't Enough. The rule is deliberately blunt: a JWT secret as a string literal is a finding, full stop.

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Vulnerability 4: jwt.decode() feeding an auth decision (CWE-345)

The vulnerable code that shipped:

// "quick helper" in a middleware
const payload = jwt.decode(token) as { role: string };
if (payload.role === "admin") { /* ... */ }

Why it survived review. jwt.decode() and jwt.verify() have nearly identical call sites. Someone needed the userId for a logging helper, reached for decode() because it doesn't need the secret, and returned the payload. In every test — with a token the test itself just minted — it works. The reviewer sees a function that reads a JWT and returns a user, backed by green tests, and approves. What no test exercises: decode() happily parses { "role": "admin" } with a garbage signature and hands it back. The gap between "parsed the token" and "verified the token" is exactly one method name and zero failing tests.

The rule that catches it — no-decode-without-verify (CWE-345):

src/middleware.ts
  3:18  error  🔒 CWE-345 | jwt/no-decode-without-verify — jwt.decode() does
               not verify signature — result must not reach auth decisions | HIGH

One case this rule flags on purpose that isn't actually a bug: reading a token's kid header to pick which key to verify with, before calling verify() separately. That's a legitimate JWKS key-selection pattern, and it still trips the rule, because the rule can't see the verify() call two lines down is coming — annotate it @decoded-header-only rather than treating the warning as noise to silence globally.

The fix:

// ✅ verify, don't decode, when the result is used for auth
const payload = jwt.verify(token, process.env.JWT_SECRET!, {
  algorithms: ["HS256"],
});

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Vulnerability 5: no audience check — one token, two services (CWE-287)

The vulnerable code that shipped:

// service-b/src/auth.ts
const payload = jwt.verify(token, process.env.JWT_SECRET!, {
  algorithms: ["HS256"],
});

Why it survived review. Service A mints a token for its own users. Service B shares the same signing secret — same team, same infra, same env var — and verifies with it. The call looks complete: algorithm pinned, signature checked, no red flags. Nobody asks the question that matters: was this token minted for me? I verified this directly — a token Service A issued with no audience claim passes Service B's verify call cleanly, because nothing in the call site checks which service the token was scoped to. Same secret, same algorithm, wrong service — and it's accepted.

The rule that catches it — require-audience-validation (CWE-287):

service-b/src/auth.ts
  3:3  error  🔒 CWE-287 | jwt/require-audience-validation — JWT verification
              without an audience check accepts tokens scoped to other
              services | HIGH

The fix:

// ✅ scope the token to the service verifying it
const payload = jwt.verify(token, process.env.JWT_SECRET!, {
  algorithms: ["HS256"],
  audience: "service-b",
});

require-issuer-validation is the mirror case — same failure, opposite direction: nothing checks who minted the token, so a token from a lower-trust issuer (a staging environment, a partner API) verifies cleanly against a production secret it was never supposed to reach.

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Here's the guard that catches all of this in CI

npm install --save-dev eslint-plugin-jwt

eslint-plugin-jwt on npm · full rule docs

// eslint.config.js — `configs` is a NAMED export
import { configs } from "eslint-plugin-jwt";

export default [
  configs.recommended, // the standard set — covers all five vulnerabilities above
  // configs.strict,   // everything
  // configs.flagship, // the single highest-signal rule (no-algorithm-none) — same "flagship" tier used across every Interlace plugin, for CI gates that need one rule, not a typo
  // configs.legacy,   // relaxed for older jsonwebtoken setups
];

Run eslint .. The five patterns above fail the build immediately. The alg:none attack, the missing algorithm whitelist, the hardcoded secret, the bare jwt.decode(), and the missing audience check each produce a CWE-tagged error — before any of it reaches review.

eslint-plugin-jwt makes 13 categories of JWT auth failure — including the exact call shapes AI assistants default to — into build errors that never reach code review.

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The full rule set

All 13, each CWE-pinned:

Rule	Catches	CWE
no-algorithm-none	alg:none signature bypass	CWE-347
no-algorithm-confusion	RS256↔HS256 key confusion	CWE-347
no-decode-without-verify	jwt.decode() used for auth	CWE-345
require-algorithm-whitelist	no explicit algorithms list	CWE-757
no-weak-secret	brute-forceable HS256 secret	CWE-326
no-hardcoded-secret	signing secret in source	CWE-798
no-sensitive-payload	PII in the (readable) payload	CWE-359
require-expiration	missing exp / expiresIn	CWE-613
require-issuer-validation	missing iss check	CWE-287
require-audience-validation	missing aud check	CWE-287
require-issued-at	missing iat	CWE-294
require-max-age	no maxAge on verify	CWE-294
no-timestamp-manipulation	clock-skew / replay exposure	CWE-294

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The complete secure pattern

What passes all 13:

// Signing — pinned algorithm, bounded lifetime, scoped to iss/aud
const token = jwt.sign({ userId: 123 }, process.env.JWT_SECRET!, {
  algorithm: "HS256",
  expiresIn: "1h",
  issuer: "your-app",
  audience: "your-api",
});

// Verifying — explicit algorithms, validated claims, bounded age
const payload = jwt.verify(token, process.env.JWT_SECRET!, {
  algorithms: ["HS256"],
  issuer: "your-app",
  audience: "your-api",
  maxAge: "1h",
});

Passing all 13 rules is a lint-time property, not an architecture review — it's a different check than "should this shared secret exist at all." One HMAC secret shared across services means any service holding it can mint tokens the others will accept; audience narrows who a token is for, it doesn't stop whoever holds the secret from minting one. If Service A and Service B are separate trust boundaries, not just separate deployments of the same trust, the actual fix is asymmetric — RS256/ES256 with Service A holding the private key and every verifier holding only the public one.

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Compatibility

Surface	Support
Package managers	npm, yarn, pnpm, bun
Node	>= 18.0.0
ESLint	`^8.0.0 \
JWT libraries	detects {% raw %}jsonwebtoken's sign/verify/decode and jose's SignJWT/jwtVerify — reads source, no library pin. jose's decodeJwt isn't in the decode-detection set yet, so no-decode-without-verify currently only fires on jsonwebtoken-shaped decode calls
Module system	CommonJS — loads from both eslint.config.js and eslint.config.mjs
Oxlint	Loads under Oxlint's JS-plugin runner via the interlace-jwt port, with ESLint↔Oxlint parity gated in CI. The full 13-rule set runs on ESLint today.

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What it sees — and doesn't

• Source patterns, not runtime tokens. It flags algorithms: ["none"], a missing expiresIn, a jwt.decode() feeding an auth check. It can't validate a token at runtime or prove your secret's entropy — it enforces that the call is configured safely.
• Pin the algorithm, then validate claims. The rules push you toward the correct shape (explicit algorithms + iss/aud/exp/maxAge); the values are yours to set correctly.
• Two rules worth knowing the actual limits of. no-algorithm-confusion doesn't have runtime key-type knowledge — it recognizes "this looks like a public key" from naming and shape (publicKey, .pem, a PEM header string, jwks). Rename the argument and the rule can miss it. no-decode-without-verify flags every decode() call unconditionally, whether or not the payload actually reaches an auth check — it doesn't trace dataflow, because that's not a question an AST-level rule answers reliably. Annotate a header-only peek with @decoded-header-only and it steps aside; everything else it wants justified.
• What's out of scope. Key-selection attacks — a kid header used unsanitized in a file path or DB lookup, or a jku/x5u header pointed at an attacker-controlled JWKS endpoint — aren't rules in this set. They're a real, current class of JWT incident, and static analysis on the verify() call site doesn't see them; that's a key-retrieval-function problem, not a call-shape problem. Scoped out here, not solved.

This fits into the broader static-analysis onboarding protocol I use when auditing codebases: The 30-Minute Security Audit: I Ran It on 140 Gemini-Written Functions. 102 Shipped Vulnerable..

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Where this sits in the ecosystem

eslint-plugin-jwt is the dedicated JWT layer — signature bypass, algorithm confusion, secret strength, claim validation — each finding tagged with a CWE. Generic security plugins don't cover this layer; it's one of the gaps I found benchmarking 17 of them, and it maps onto A02 and A07 of the OWASP Top 10. It pairs with eslint-plugin-express-security and eslint-plugin-nestjs-security as the auth member of the Hardened Stack series.

The Hardened Stack · ← eslint-plugin-express-security | eslint-plugin-jwt (current) | eslint-plugin-nestjs-security →

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Run configs.recommended on your own auth code. Senior engineers who've been burned by a JWT bug: which incident sticks with you as the one that changed how you review auth code?

⭐ Star on GitHub if one of these 13 rules just lit up a verify call you thought was safe.

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eslint-plugin-jwt is part of the Interlace ESLint ecosystem. Source on GitHub · Follow: Dev.to/ofri-peretz · X @ofriperetzdev