nullsafe operator , named arguments, constructor property promotion

1. Nullsafe Operator (?->) ✅ Purpose: Safely access a property/method only if the object is not null.

// Without nullsafe
$name = $user && $user->profile ? $user->profile->name : null;

// With nullsafe
$name = $user?->profile?->name;

✅ Use it to simplify deep object access that might be null.

1. Named Arguments ✅ Purpose: Call functions using argument names instead of relying on order.

Named arguments were introduced in PHP 8.0, released on November 26, 2020.

✅ Key Details:
You can pass arguments by name instead of position.

Order doesn't matter, as long as required arguments are passed.

Great for optional parameters and readability.
🚫 Named arguments cannot be used with functions that use func_get_args(), as that relies on position.

function sendMail($to, $subject, $message) {}

sendMail(
    to: '[e-mail]',
    message: 'Hello!',
    subject: 'Welcome' // ✅ Order doesn’t matter!
);

e.g :

function createUser(string $name, int $age, string $role = 'user') {
    return "$name is $age and has role $role";
}

echo createUser(age: 25, name: 'Raza', role: 'admin');

✅ Great for readability, especially with many optional parameters.

1. Constructor Property Promotion ✅ Purpose: Auto-declare and assign class properties from the constructor.

old way : before php 8.0

class Product {
    public string $name;
    public int $price;

    public function __construct(string $name, int $price) {
        $this->name = $name;
        $this->price = $price;
    }
}

new way: not support for previos versions of php before 8.0

class Product {
    public function __construct(
        public string $name,
        public int $price
    ) {}
}

🧠 Benefits:
Less code to write and maintain.

Makes class definitions cleaner and easier to read.

Supports visibility modifiers (public, protected, private) and default values.

🔍 Notes:
Only available inside the constructor.

Works with typed properties (which were introduced in PHP 7.4).

Promoted properties must have a visibility modifier (public, private, or protected).