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HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING (SUMMARY)
BEGINNING
- Initially, nothing existed
- Number 1 invented → later 0 invented
- People thought numbers were useless
ELECTRICITY & BINARY
- Electricity works as ON / OFF
- ON = 1
- OFF = 0
- Combination of 1 and 0 → Binary system
- Computers understand voltage, not words
BITS & BYTES
- Single binary digit = Bit
- 8 bits grouped = Byte
- 1 Byte can represent numbers from 0 to 255
EARLY COMPUTING
- Used vacuum tubes and punch cards
- Programming done using pure 0s and 1s
- Very difficult and error-prone
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
- Created to replace raw binary
- Uses human-readable mnemonics
- Still hardware dependent
- Easier than machine code but still complex
COMPILERS & HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES
- Compiler converts readable code → machine code
- A programmer never sees machine code again
- First high-level languages:
- FORTRAN → scientific computing
- COBOL → business & government systems
LISP & NEW IDEAS
- Everything is a list
- Code = Data, Data = Code
- Uses an interpreter instead of a compiler
- Introduced Garbage Collection
- Memory handled automatically
STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING
- GOTO statements discouraged
- Focus on readable & maintainable code
C LANGUAGE
- Fast and powerful
- Direct access to memory
- High performance but unsafe
- Used to build operating systems
UNIX
- Built using C
- Philosophy:
- Small programs
- Each program does one task well
- Programs work together using pipes
- Command-line culture begins
C++
- Extension of C
- Added Object-Oriented Programming
- Concepts:
- Classes
- Objects
- Inheritance
- Polymorphism
- Widely used in games, browsers, and engines
1980s LANGUAGE BOOM
- BASIC → beginner friendly
- Pascal → structured programming
- Ada → military
- Erlang → telecom systems
- Smalltalk → pure object-oriented
- Many languages copied Smalltalk concepts
1990s REVOLUTION
- Python → readable, indent
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