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Shoaibali Mir
Shoaibali Mir

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Building Secure AI/ML Pipelines on AWS: The AIDLC + DevSecOps Approach

Reading time: ~12-15 minutes

Level: Intermediate

Series: Part 1 of 4 - The AIDLC DevSecOps Approach

What you'll learn: How to architect secure, production-ready ML pipelines on AWS using the AIDLC framework with practical security implementation


The Problem

You've built an amazing ML model in a Jupyter notebook. Now what?

Deploying ML models to production isn't just about hosting an API. You need to handle:

  • Data privacy - Training data often contains sensitive information
  • Model drift - Performance degrades over time
  • Security - New attack vectors like model poisoning and adversarial attacks
  • Compliance - Audit trails and governance requirements
  • Reproducibility - "Works on my machine" is catastrophic with ML
  • Data lineage - Tracking data from source to predictions

This is where the AI Development Life Cycle (AIDLC) framework meets DevSecOps principles.


What is AIDLC?

AIDLC is a structured approach to managing the complete lifecycle of ML systems in production. Unlike traditional software development, ML systems require managing three critical assets: code, data, and models.

The AIDLC Framework

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                    AIDLC LIFECYCLE                      │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│  Architecture -> Infrastructure -> Deployment ->        │
│  Learning -> Compliance                                 │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
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Architecture Phase

  • Design secure ML system architecture
  • Define data flows and security boundaries
  • Select AWS services and integration patterns
  • Plan for scalability and compliance

Infrastructure Phase

  • Build encrypted data storage (S3 + KMS)
  • Create secure compute environments
  • Implement IAM least privilege policies
  • Set up monitoring and logging foundations

Deployment Phase

  • Automate ML training pipelines
  • Deploy models with version control
  • Implement CI/CD for ML workflows
  • Enable safe production rollouts

Learning Phase

  • Monitor model performance continuously
  • Detect and alert on data drift
  • Track business metrics and KPIs
  • Trigger automated retraining

Compliance Phase

  • Maintain comprehensive audit trails
  • Implement data governance policies
  • Generate compliance reports
  • Ensure regulatory requirements met

AIDLC vs Traditional DevSecOps

ML systems are fundamentally different from traditional software:

Traditional DevSecOps AIDLC for ML Why It Matters
Deploy code Deploy code + data + models 3x the attack surface
Code versioning Code + data + model versioning Reproducibility requires all three
Monitor uptime Monitor drift + performance + data quality Models degrade silently over time
Unit tests Unit + data validation + model tests Bad data = bad predictions
Access control Data lineage + model provenance Compliance requires full tracking
Push new code Retrain + redeploy + A/B test Can't just push updates
Deploy once Continuous retraining cycle Models need regular updates

The core challenge: ML systems have data as a first-class citizen alongside code, creating unique security, compliance, and operational requirements that traditional DevOps doesn't address.


Why AIDLC + DevSecOps?

Security Throughout the Lifecycle

Architecture Phase Security:

  • Threat modeling for ML-specific attacks
  • Data flow diagrams with security boundaries
  • Compliance requirements identification

Infrastructure Phase Security:

  • Encryption at rest (S3, EBS, RDS)
  • Encryption in transit (TLS 1.2+)
  • Network isolation patterns
  • IAM least privilege roles

Deployment Phase Security:

  • Secure CI/CD pipelines
  • Container vulnerability scanning
  • Model artifact signing
  • Secrets management

Learning Phase Security:

  • Anomaly detection in predictions
  • Model behavior monitoring
  • Input validation on inference
  • Attack detection (adversarial inputs)

Compliance Phase Security:

  • Audit logging (CloudTrail)
  • Compliance reporting automation
  • Data retention policies
  • Incident response procedures

AWS Reference Architecture

Here's a high-level view of a secure ML pipeline following AIDLC principles:

High Level Design Architecture on AWS

Architecture mapped to AIDLC phases:

Phase 1: Architecture (Design)

  • VPC design with security groups
  • Data flow architecture
  • Service integration patterns
  • Disaster recovery planning

Phase 2: Infrastructure (Build)

Data Layer

  • Amazon S3 (encrypted storage)
  • AWS Glue (ETL and data catalog)
  • AWS Lake Formation (data governance)

ML Training

  • Amazon SageMaker (managed training)
  • SageMaker Model Registry (versioning)
  • Amazon ECR (container registry)

Security

  • AWS KMS (encryption keys)
  • AWS IAM (access control)
  • AWS Secrets Manager (credential storage)
  • AWS CloudTrail (audit logging)

Phase 3: Deployment (Operate)

Inference

  • Amazon ECS/AWS Lambda (serving)
  • AWS API Gateway (API management)
  • Application Load Balancer (routing)

CI/CD

  • AWS CodePipeline (orchestration)
  • AWS CodeBuild (build automation)
  • AWS CodeDeploy (deployment)

Phase 4: Learning (Monitor)

  • Amazon CloudWatch (metrics and logs)
  • SageMaker Model Monitor (drift detection)
  • AWS X-Ray (distributed tracing)
  • CloudWatch Dashboards (visualization)

Phase 5: Compliance (Govern)

  • AWS Config (compliance rules)
  • AWS Security Hub (security posture)
  • GuardDuty (threat detection)
  • Automated compliance reporting

Learning vs Production: Setting Expectations

Important: What This Series Covers

This 4-part series teaches AIDLC implementation patterns on AWS with security best practices. We focus on hands-on learning that you can progressively harden for production.

What We Build (AIDLC Learning Implementation)

Phases Fully Implemented:

Architecture Phase

  • Complete system design
  • Security architecture patterns
  • AWS service selection
  • Data flow diagrams

Infrastructure Phase

  • S3 encrypted storage with KMS
  • IAM roles with least privilege
  • Lambda data validation
  • CloudWatch monitoring setup
  • Infrastructure as Code (Terraform)

Deployment Phase

  • SageMaker training jobs
  • Model registry and versioning
  • Automated CI/CD pipeline
  • Deployment automation

Learning Phase

  • Model performance tracking
  • Basic drift detection
  • CloudWatch dashboards
  • Alerting on failures

Compliance Phase (Basic)

  • CloudTrail audit logging
  • Encrypted data storage
  • Access control policies
  • Basic compliance reporting

Simplified for Learning

Network Security

  • Public subnets with security groups (not full VPC isolation)
  • Development-grade security (not enterprise hardening)

Monitoring

  • Basic CloudWatch (not full observability stack)
  • Essential metrics (not comprehensive instrumentation)

Scale

  • Development compute (not auto-scaling production)
  • Single region (not multi-region DR)

Production Hardening (Beyond This Series)

To graduate from learning to production, you'll need:

Network Hardening (AWS Security Workshops)

  • VPC endpoints for S3, SageMaker, ECR
  • Private subnets for all compute
  • AWS WAF for API protection
  • Network segmentation and isolation

Advanced Security (Security Team Required)

  • AWS Organizations with SCPs
  • GuardDuty threat detection
  • Security Hub dashboards
  • Secrets Manager rotation
  • IAM Access Analyzer

Enterprise Operations (DevOps Maturity)

  • Multi-region disaster recovery
  • Advanced auto-scaling
  • Blue/green deployments with traffic shifting
  • Chaos engineering
  • Enterprise backup strategies

Compliance (Industry-Specific)

  • HIPAA (healthcare)
  • PCI DSS (payment data)
  • GDPR (EU personal data)
  • SOC 2 Type II
  • Industry certifications

Why This Approach?

Progressive hardening lets you:

  1. Master AIDLC patterns without overwhelming complexity
  2. Build working systems you can test immediately
  3. Add production features as requirements mature
  4. Avoid over-engineering for uncertain use cases

When production-ready, reference:


AIDLC Core Principles

1. Security by Design (Architecture Phase)

Every AIDLC phase integrates security from the start:

Defense in Depth:

┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Network Layer (VPC, Security Groups)    │
├─────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Identity Layer (IAM, Least Privilege)   │
├─────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Encryption Layer (KMS, TLS)             │
├─────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Validation Layer (Schema, Quality)      │
├─────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Monitoring Layer (CloudWatch, Alerts)   │
└─────────────────────────────────────────┘
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Three Assets to Protect:

  • Code: Version control, code review, dependency scanning
  • Data: Encryption, access logging, lineage tracking
  • Models: Registry versioning, artifact encryption, input validation

2. Infrastructure as Code (Infrastructure Phase)

All infrastructure versioned and repeatable:

# terraform/main.tf
module "aidlc_pipeline" {
  source = "./modules/aidlc"

  project_name = "secure-ml"
  environment  = "production"

  enable_encryption = true
  enable_logging    = true
  enable_monitoring = true
}
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3. Encryption Everywhere (Infrastructure Phase)

At Rest:

# S3 bucket with KMS encryption
resource "aws_s3_bucket_server_side_encryption_configuration" "training_data" {
  bucket = aws_s3_bucket.training_data.id

  rule {
    apply_server_side_encryption_by_default {
      sse_algorithm     = "aws:kms"
      kms_master_key_id = aws_kms_key.data_encryption.arn
    }
  }
}
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In Transit:

# Enforce HTTPS only
resource "aws_s3_bucket_policy" "training_data" {
  bucket = aws_s3_bucket.training_data.id

  policy = jsonencode({
    Statement = [{
      Effect = "Deny"
      Principal = "*"
      Action = "s3:*"
      Resource = "${aws_s3_bucket.training_data.arn}/*"
      Condition = {
        Bool = {
          "aws:SecureTransport" = "false"
        }
      }
    }]
  })
}
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4. Least Privilege (All Phases)

Each component gets minimum necessary permissions:

┌──────────────────┬──────────────────────────────────┐
│ AIDLC Component  │ AWS Permissions                  │
├──────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│ Data Validation  │ Read raw S3, Write validated S3  │
│ Training Job     │ Read training data, Write models │
│ Inference API    │ Read models, Write predictions   │
│ Monitoring       │ Read CloudWatch, Send alerts     │
│ CI/CD Pipeline   │ Deploy resources, Update code    │
└──────────────────┴──────────────────────────────────┘
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Example IAM Policy (Training - Infrastructure Phase):

{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": ["s3:GetObject", "s3:ListBucket"],
      "Resource": [
        "arn:aws:s3:::ml-training-data/*",
        "arn:aws:s3:::ml-training-data"
      ]
    },
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": ["s3:PutObject"],
      "Resource": ["arn:aws:s3:::ml-models/*"]
    },
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": ["kms:Decrypt", "kms:GenerateDataKey"],
      "Resource": ["arn:aws:kms:region:account:key/key-id"]
    }
  ]
}
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5. Comprehensive Monitoring (Learning Phase)

Four Monitoring Layers:

Infrastructure Metrics

  • CPU, memory, disk utilization
  • Network throughput and errors
  • Instance health checks

Application Metrics

  • Request latency (p50, p95, p99)
  • Throughput (requests/sec)
  • Error rates by type

ML-Specific Metrics

  • Prediction accuracy over time
  • Model confidence distributions
  • Feature drift detection
  • Inference latency

Business Metrics

  • Prediction impact on KPIs
  • Cost per prediction
  • Model ROI
  • A/B test results

6. Data Quality Gates (Infrastructure Phase)

Schema Validation:

# Enforce schema before training
expected_schema = {
    'timestamp': 'datetime64',
    'feature_1': 'float64',
    'feature_2': 'int64',
    'target': 'int64'
}

if not validate_schema(data, expected_schema):
    raise ValueError("Schema validation failed")
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Statistical Validation:

# Detect data drift
drift_score = calculate_drift(new_data, reference_data)
if drift_score > 0.1:
    alert("Data drift detected", severity="WARNING")

# Detect anomalies
anomalies = detect_anomalies(new_data)
if anomalies.any():
    alert("Anomalies detected", severity="CRITICAL")
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AIDLC Security Checklist

Architecture Phase

Design Security

  • Threat model completed for ML system
  • Security boundaries defined
  • Compliance requirements documented
  • Data classification scheme defined
  • Incident response plan outlined

Infrastructure Phase

Data Security

  • S3 buckets with SSE-KMS encryption
  • S3 bucket policies deny unencrypted uploads
  • S3 versioning enabled for audit trail
  • S3 Block Public Access enabled
  • S3 access logging configured

Compute Security

  • IAM roles (no hard-coded credentials)
  • Security groups with minimal rules
  • Container vulnerability scanning
  • Encrypted EBS volumes
  • IMDSv2 required on EC2

Network Security (Learning)

  • HTTPS/TLS 1.2+ enforced
  • API Gateway throttling enabled
  • CloudFront for DDoS protection
  • Security group ingress restricted

Deployment Phase

CI/CD Security

  • Secrets in Secrets Manager (not code)
  • Code review required for merges
  • Automated security scanning in pipeline
  • Deployment requires approval
  • Rollback procedures documented

Model Security

  • Model artifacts encrypted in S3
  • Model registry with versioning
  • Model checksums verified
  • Input validation on inference APIs
  • Rate limiting on endpoints

Learning Phase

Monitoring Security

  • CloudWatch Logs encrypted
  • CloudWatch alarms for anomalies
  • Drift detection enabled
  • Performance degradation alerts
  • Prediction distribution monitored

Compliance Phase

Audit & Governance

  • CloudTrail enabled in all regions
  • AWS Config recording changes
  • Compliance rules automated (Config)
  • Log retention policies defined
  • Centralized log aggregation
  • Regular access reviews scheduled

Compliance Controls Mapping

How AIDLC phases address regulatory requirements:

Compliance Requirement AIDLC Phase AWS Implementation Evidence
Data Encryption at Rest Infrastructure S3 SSE-KMS, EBS encryption CloudTrail logs, Config rules
Data Encryption in Transit Infrastructure TLS 1.2+ enforcement Bucket policies, ALB config
Access Auditing Compliance CloudTrail + CloudWatch Audit logs, SIEM feeds
Data Lineage Infrastructure S3 metadata + tags S3 inventory, metadata reports
Model Versioning Deployment SageMaker Model Registry Registry API logs
Change Management Deployment Git + CodePipeline Git history, pipeline logs
Least Privilege Access All Phases IAM policies + SCPs Access Analyzer reports
Data Retention Compliance S3 Lifecycle policies Compliance dashboards
Backup & Recovery Infrastructure S3 versioning, replication Replication status
Incident Response Learning CloudWatch Alarms, SNS Alarm history, runbooks
Model Monitoring Learning SageMaker Model Monitor Drift reports, performance logs

Frameworks Supported:

  • GDPR: Data encryption, access controls, audit trails, deletion capabilities
  • HIPAA: Encryption, access logging, BAA compliance with AWS
  • SOC 2: Security monitoring, change management, access reviews
  • PCI DSS: Network isolation, encryption, logging, access controls

Tentative 8-Week AIDLC Implementation Roadmap

Weeks 1-2: Architecture & Infrastructure Foundation

Week 1: Architecture Phase

  • Design complete ML system architecture
  • Document data flows and security boundaries
  • Select AWS services for each AIDLC phase
  • Create threat model for ML system
  • Define compliance requirements
  • Establish cost budget and monitoring

Week 2: Infrastructure Phase - Foundation

  • Create AWS account structure
  • Enable CloudTrail in all regions
  • Configure AWS Config
  • Create KMS encryption keys
  • Set up S3 buckets (raw, validated, models)
  • Configure bucket policies and encryption
  • Initialize Terraform state management
  • Set up CloudWatch log groups
  • Create SNS topics for alerts

Deliverables:

  • System architecture diagram
  • Threat model document
  • Secure AWS foundation
  • Encrypted storage infrastructure

Weeks 3-4: Infrastructure Phase - Data Pipeline

Week 3: Data Ingestion

  • Build Lambda data validation function
  • Configure S3 event triggers
  • Implement schema validation
  • Add data quality checks
  • Set up CloudWatch metrics
  • Configure failure notifications
  • Create IAM roles with least privilege

Week 4: Data Processing

  • Implement data preprocessing logic
  • Create feature engineering pipelines
  • Add data versioning
  • Build data quality test suite
  • Implement duplicate detection
  • Document data lineage
  • Set up data drift detection baseline

Deliverables:

  • Automated data validation pipeline
  • Quality-gated data storage
  • Data lineage documentation

Weeks 5-6: Deployment Phase - ML Training

Week 5: Training Infrastructure

  • Create SageMaker execution roles
  • Build custom training containers
  • Configure training job parameters
  • Set up Spot instance training
  • Implement experiment tracking
  • Add training failure alerts
  • Create training metrics dashboard

Week 6: Model Management & Registry

  • Configure SageMaker Model Registry
  • Implement model versioning workflow
  • Create model approval process
  • Build hyperparameter tuning jobs
  • Document model lineage
  • Set up model performance baselines
  • Create model deployment templates

Deliverables:

  • Scalable training infrastructure
  • Model registry with governance
  • Experiment tracking system

Weeks 7-8: Deployment & Learning Phases

Week 7: Deployment Phase - Production Pipeline

  • Create inference endpoints
  • Build CI/CD pipeline (CodePipeline)
  • Implement deployment automation
  • Add API Gateway integration
  • Configure basic auto-scaling
  • Set up deployment rollback procedures
  • Create deployment runbooks

Week 8: Learning & Compliance Phases

  • Configure comprehensive CloudWatch dashboards
  • Set up drift detection monitoring
  • Implement performance alerting
  • Create incident response procedures
  • Schedule automated retraining
  • Set up compliance reporting
  • Document operational procedures
  • Conduct security review

Deliverables:

  • Production deployment pipeline
  • Comprehensive monitoring stack
  • Incident response procedures
  • Compliance documentation

Common AIDLC Pitfalls

Architecture Phase Pitfalls

Don't: Skip threat modeling

"We'll worry about security later"
-> Results in costly retrofitting
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Do: Model threats upfront

1. Identify ML-specific attack vectors
2. Map data flows with trust boundaries
3. Prioritize security controls
4. Budget for security from day one
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Infrastructure Phase Pitfalls

Don't: Store credentials in code

# BAD - Never do this
AWS_ACCESS_KEY = "AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE"
s3 = boto3.client('s3', 
    aws_access_key_id=AWS_ACCESS_KEY)
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Do: Use IAM roles

# GOOD - Use default credential chain
import boto3
s3 = boto3.client('s3')  # Uses IAM role automatically
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Don't: Public S3 buckets

# BAD
resource "aws_s3_bucket_public_access_block" "bad" {
  block_public_acls   = false  # Dangerous
  block_public_policy = false  # Dangerous
}
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Do: Block all public access

# GOOD
resource "aws_s3_bucket_public_access_block" "training_data" {
  bucket = aws_s3_bucket.training_data.id

  block_public_acls       = true
  block_public_policy     = true
  ignore_public_acls      = true
  restrict_public_buckets = true
}
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Deployment Phase Pitfalls

Don't: Deploy without testing

# BAD - YOLO deployment
aws sagemaker create-endpoint \
  --endpoint-config-name prod-config
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Do: Staged deployment with gates

# GOOD - Progressive deployment
# Stage 1: Deploy to dev -> Integration tests
# Stage 2: Deploy to staging -> Smoke tests  
# Stage 3: Canary to prod (10%) -> Monitor
# Stage 4: Gradual rollout to 100%
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Don't: Hardcode configurations

# BAD
model = RandomForest(n_estimators=100, max_depth=10)
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Do: Externalize configs

# config.yaml
model:
  type: RandomForest
  hyperparameters:
    n_estimators: 100
    max_depth: 10
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Learning Phase Pitfalls

Don't: Ignore model degradation

# BAD - Deploy and forget
model.predict(new_data)
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Do: Continuous monitoring

# GOOD - Monitor drift and performance
from sagemaker.model_monitor import DefaultModelMonitor

monitor = DefaultModelMonitor(
    role=role,
    instance_count=1,
    instance_type='ml.m5.xlarge'
)

monitor.create_monitoring_schedule(
    monitor_schedule_name='daily-drift-check',
    endpoint_input=endpoint_name,
    schedule_cron_expression='cron(0 0 * * ? *)'
)
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Don't: Train on unvalidated data

# BAD - No quality checks
df = pd.read_csv("s3://prod-data/latest.csv")
model.fit(df)
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Do: Quality gates before training

# GOOD - Validate first
df = pd.read_csv("s3://prod-data/latest.csv")

# Schema validation
assert set(df.columns) == expected_columns

# Quality thresholds
assert df.isnull().sum().sum() < 0.01 * len(df)
assert not df.duplicated().any()

# Drift detection
if calculate_drift(df, baseline) > 0.1:
    raise ValueError("Drift detected - review before training")

model.fit(df)
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Compliance Phase Pitfalls

Don't: Manual infrastructure changes

# BAD - Click ops in AWS Console
# 1. Click create bucket
# 2. Click add encryption
# 3. Click create role
# 4. ... (undocumented, unrepeatable)
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Do: Infrastructure as Code

# GOOD - Version controlled
module "aidlc_pipeline" {
  source = "./modules/aidlc"

  environment       = "production"
  enable_encryption = true
  enable_monitoring = true
}

# terraform plan -> review
# terraform apply -> execute
# terraform destroy -> cleanup
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Cost Optimization in AIDLC

Infrastructure Phase Costs

Use Spot Instances for Training

# Save 70% on training (Deployment Phase)
estimator = Estimator(
    use_spot_instances=True,
    max_wait=3600,  # 1 hour wait tolerance
    max_run=1800    # 30 min actual training
)
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S3 Lifecycle Policies

# Archive old training data (Infrastructure Phase)
resource "aws_s3_bucket_lifecycle_configuration" "cleanup" {
  bucket = aws_s3_bucket.training_data.id

  rule {
    id     = "archive-old-data"
    status = "Enabled"

    transition {
      days          = 90
      storage_class = "GLACIER"
    }

    expiration {
      days = 365
    }
  }
}
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Learning Phase Costs

Stop Dev Resources

# Stop notebook instances when not in use
aws sagemaker stop-notebook-instance \
  --notebook-instance-name dev-notebook

# Schedule with EventBridge + Lambda
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Right-Size Monitoring

CloudWatch Logs: 30-day retention (not indefinite)
Metrics: Essential only (not every possible metric)
Alarms: Critical paths (not everything)
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Monthly Cost Estimate (Learning AIDLC):

  • S3 storage (100GB): ~$2.30
  • Lambda validation (1M invocations): ~$0.20
  • SageMaker training (10hr/month Spot): ~$7
  • CloudWatch: ~$5
  • Total: ~$15/month

What's Next in This Series

This is Part 1 of 4: The AIDLC DevSecOps Approach

Part 2: Infrastructure Phase - Data Pipelines

  • Implement automated S3 data validation
  • Build schema and quality checks with Lambda
  • Create encrypted data pipelines
  • Set up monitoring and alerts
  • Complete Terraform infrastructure

AIDLC Focus: Infrastructure Phase implementation

Part 3: Deployment Phase - ML Training

  • Create custom SageMaker training containers
  • Implement experiment tracking
  • Use Spot instances for cost optimization
  • Build hyperparameter tuning
  • Set up model registry

AIDLC Focus: Deployment Phase implementation

Part 4: Learning & Compliance Phases - Production Operations

  • Deploy models with CI/CD
  • Implement drift detection
  • Set up comprehensive monitoring
  • Create incident response procedures
  • Generate compliance reports

AIDLC Focus: Learning and Compliance Phases

Each part builds on AIDLC principles with hands-on AWS implementation.


Key Takeaways

  1. AIDLC is ML-specific - Addresses unique challenges of data + code + models
  2. Five phases - Architecture, Infrastructure, Deployment, Learning, Compliance
  3. Security throughout - Each phase has integrated security controls
  4. Progressive hardening - Learn with simplified setup, harden for production
  5. Everything as Code - Infrastructure, configs, and pipelines versioned
  6. Defense in depth - Multiple security layers at every phase
  7. Data as first-class - Validation, versioning, and lineage tracking
  8. Continuous monitoring - Model performance doesn't remain static

Remember: AIDLC provides structure for managing the complexity of production ML systems with built-in security and compliance.


Additional Resources

AWS Documentation

AIDLC Implementation

Further Learning


Let's Connect!

Implementing AIDLC for your ML systems? Let's share experiences!

  • How do you manage ML lifecycles? Share in the comments
  • Follow me for Part 2
  • Like if AIDLC resonates with your experience
  • Share with your team/connects

About the Author

Connect with me:


Tags: #aws #machinelearning #mlops #aidlc #devsecops #security #cloud #terraform #sagemaker


Top comments (1)

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shoaibalimir profile image
Shoaibali Mir

Update: I published a strategic deep-dive on Medium explaining the why
behind every architecture decision in this series.

If you're wondering "why security-first instead of iterate-fast?" or
"why Spot instances despite interruptions?" — that post breaks down
the tradeoffs tutorials don't cover.

Link: shoaibalimir.medium.com/building-p...