Reading time: ~12-15 minutes
Level: Intermediate
Series: Part 1 of 4 - The AIDLC DevSecOps Approach
What you'll learn: How to architect secure, production-ready ML pipelines on AWS using the AIDLC framework with practical security implementation
The Problem
You've built an amazing ML model in a Jupyter notebook. Now what?
Deploying ML models to production isn't just about hosting an API. You need to handle:
- Data privacy - Training data often contains sensitive information
- Model drift - Performance degrades over time
- Security - New attack vectors like model poisoning and adversarial attacks
- Compliance - Audit trails and governance requirements
- Reproducibility - "Works on my machine" is catastrophic with ML
- Data lineage - Tracking data from source to predictions
This is where the AI Development Life Cycle (AIDLC) framework meets DevSecOps principles.
What is AIDLC?
AIDLC is a structured approach to managing the complete lifecycle of ML systems in production. Unlike traditional software development, ML systems require managing three critical assets: code, data, and models.
The AIDLC Framework
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ AIDLC LIFECYCLE │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Architecture -> Infrastructure -> Deployment -> │
│ Learning -> Compliance │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
Architecture Phase
- Design secure ML system architecture
- Define data flows and security boundaries
- Select AWS services and integration patterns
- Plan for scalability and compliance
Infrastructure Phase
- Build encrypted data storage (S3 + KMS)
- Create secure compute environments
- Implement IAM least privilege policies
- Set up monitoring and logging foundations
Deployment Phase
- Automate ML training pipelines
- Deploy models with version control
- Implement CI/CD for ML workflows
- Enable safe production rollouts
Learning Phase
- Monitor model performance continuously
- Detect and alert on data drift
- Track business metrics and KPIs
- Trigger automated retraining
Compliance Phase
- Maintain comprehensive audit trails
- Implement data governance policies
- Generate compliance reports
- Ensure regulatory requirements met
AIDLC vs Traditional DevSecOps
ML systems are fundamentally different from traditional software:
| Traditional DevSecOps | AIDLC for ML | Why It Matters |
|---|---|---|
| Deploy code | Deploy code + data + models | 3x the attack surface |
| Code versioning | Code + data + model versioning | Reproducibility requires all three |
| Monitor uptime | Monitor drift + performance + data quality | Models degrade silently over time |
| Unit tests | Unit + data validation + model tests | Bad data = bad predictions |
| Access control | Data lineage + model provenance | Compliance requires full tracking |
| Push new code | Retrain + redeploy + A/B test | Can't just push updates |
| Deploy once | Continuous retraining cycle | Models need regular updates |
The core challenge: ML systems have data as a first-class citizen alongside code, creating unique security, compliance, and operational requirements that traditional DevOps doesn't address.
Why AIDLC + DevSecOps?
Security Throughout the Lifecycle
Architecture Phase Security:
- Threat modeling for ML-specific attacks
- Data flow diagrams with security boundaries
- Compliance requirements identification
Infrastructure Phase Security:
- Encryption at rest (S3, EBS, RDS)
- Encryption in transit (TLS 1.2+)
- Network isolation patterns
- IAM least privilege roles
Deployment Phase Security:
- Secure CI/CD pipelines
- Container vulnerability scanning
- Model artifact signing
- Secrets management
Learning Phase Security:
- Anomaly detection in predictions
- Model behavior monitoring
- Input validation on inference
- Attack detection (adversarial inputs)
Compliance Phase Security:
- Audit logging (CloudTrail)
- Compliance reporting automation
- Data retention policies
- Incident response procedures
AWS Reference Architecture
Here's a high-level view of a secure ML pipeline following AIDLC principles:
Architecture mapped to AIDLC phases:
Phase 1: Architecture (Design)
- VPC design with security groups
- Data flow architecture
- Service integration patterns
- Disaster recovery planning
Phase 2: Infrastructure (Build)
Data Layer
- Amazon S3 (encrypted storage)
- AWS Glue (ETL and data catalog)
- AWS Lake Formation (data governance)
ML Training
- Amazon SageMaker (managed training)
- SageMaker Model Registry (versioning)
- Amazon ECR (container registry)
Security
- AWS KMS (encryption keys)
- AWS IAM (access control)
- AWS Secrets Manager (credential storage)
- AWS CloudTrail (audit logging)
Phase 3: Deployment (Operate)
Inference
- Amazon ECS/AWS Lambda (serving)
- AWS API Gateway (API management)
- Application Load Balancer (routing)
CI/CD
- AWS CodePipeline (orchestration)
- AWS CodeBuild (build automation)
- AWS CodeDeploy (deployment)
Phase 4: Learning (Monitor)
- Amazon CloudWatch (metrics and logs)
- SageMaker Model Monitor (drift detection)
- AWS X-Ray (distributed tracing)
- CloudWatch Dashboards (visualization)
Phase 5: Compliance (Govern)
- AWS Config (compliance rules)
- AWS Security Hub (security posture)
- GuardDuty (threat detection)
- Automated compliance reporting
Learning vs Production: Setting Expectations
Important: What This Series Covers
This 4-part series teaches AIDLC implementation patterns on AWS with security best practices. We focus on hands-on learning that you can progressively harden for production.
What We Build (AIDLC Learning Implementation)
Phases Fully Implemented:
Architecture Phase
- Complete system design
- Security architecture patterns
- AWS service selection
- Data flow diagrams
Infrastructure Phase
- S3 encrypted storage with KMS
- IAM roles with least privilege
- Lambda data validation
- CloudWatch monitoring setup
- Infrastructure as Code (Terraform)
Deployment Phase
- SageMaker training jobs
- Model registry and versioning
- Automated CI/CD pipeline
- Deployment automation
Learning Phase
- Model performance tracking
- Basic drift detection
- CloudWatch dashboards
- Alerting on failures
Compliance Phase (Basic)
- CloudTrail audit logging
- Encrypted data storage
- Access control policies
- Basic compliance reporting
Simplified for Learning
Network Security
- Public subnets with security groups (not full VPC isolation)
- Development-grade security (not enterprise hardening)
Monitoring
- Basic CloudWatch (not full observability stack)
- Essential metrics (not comprehensive instrumentation)
Scale
- Development compute (not auto-scaling production)
- Single region (not multi-region DR)
Production Hardening (Beyond This Series)
To graduate from learning to production, you'll need:
Network Hardening (AWS Security Workshops)
- VPC endpoints for S3, SageMaker, ECR
- Private subnets for all compute
- AWS WAF for API protection
- Network segmentation and isolation
Advanced Security (Security Team Required)
- AWS Organizations with SCPs
- GuardDuty threat detection
- Security Hub dashboards
- Secrets Manager rotation
- IAM Access Analyzer
Enterprise Operations (DevOps Maturity)
- Multi-region disaster recovery
- Advanced auto-scaling
- Blue/green deployments with traffic shifting
- Chaos engineering
- Enterprise backup strategies
Compliance (Industry-Specific)
- HIPAA (healthcare)
- PCI DSS (payment data)
- GDPR (EU personal data)
- SOC 2 Type II
- Industry certifications
Why This Approach?
Progressive hardening lets you:
- Master AIDLC patterns without overwhelming complexity
- Build working systems you can test immediately
- Add production features as requirements mature
- Avoid over-engineering for uncertain use cases
When production-ready, reference:
AIDLC Core Principles
1. Security by Design (Architecture Phase)
Every AIDLC phase integrates security from the start:
Defense in Depth:
┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Network Layer (VPC, Security Groups) │
├─────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Identity Layer (IAM, Least Privilege) │
├─────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Encryption Layer (KMS, TLS) │
├─────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Validation Layer (Schema, Quality) │
├─────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Monitoring Layer (CloudWatch, Alerts) │
└─────────────────────────────────────────┘
Three Assets to Protect:
- Code: Version control, code review, dependency scanning
- Data: Encryption, access logging, lineage tracking
- Models: Registry versioning, artifact encryption, input validation
2. Infrastructure as Code (Infrastructure Phase)
All infrastructure versioned and repeatable:
# terraform/main.tf
module "aidlc_pipeline" {
source = "./modules/aidlc"
project_name = "secure-ml"
environment = "production"
enable_encryption = true
enable_logging = true
enable_monitoring = true
}
3. Encryption Everywhere (Infrastructure Phase)
At Rest:
# S3 bucket with KMS encryption
resource "aws_s3_bucket_server_side_encryption_configuration" "training_data" {
bucket = aws_s3_bucket.training_data.id
rule {
apply_server_side_encryption_by_default {
sse_algorithm = "aws:kms"
kms_master_key_id = aws_kms_key.data_encryption.arn
}
}
}
In Transit:
# Enforce HTTPS only
resource "aws_s3_bucket_policy" "training_data" {
bucket = aws_s3_bucket.training_data.id
policy = jsonencode({
Statement = [{
Effect = "Deny"
Principal = "*"
Action = "s3:*"
Resource = "${aws_s3_bucket.training_data.arn}/*"
Condition = {
Bool = {
"aws:SecureTransport" = "false"
}
}
}]
})
}
4. Least Privilege (All Phases)
Each component gets minimum necessary permissions:
┌──────────────────┬──────────────────────────────────┐
│ AIDLC Component │ AWS Permissions │
├──────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│ Data Validation │ Read raw S3, Write validated S3 │
│ Training Job │ Read training data, Write models │
│ Inference API │ Read models, Write predictions │
│ Monitoring │ Read CloudWatch, Send alerts │
│ CI/CD Pipeline │ Deploy resources, Update code │
└──────────────────┴──────────────────────────────────┘
Example IAM Policy (Training - Infrastructure Phase):
{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": ["s3:GetObject", "s3:ListBucket"],
"Resource": [
"arn:aws:s3:::ml-training-data/*",
"arn:aws:s3:::ml-training-data"
]
},
{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": ["s3:PutObject"],
"Resource": ["arn:aws:s3:::ml-models/*"]
},
{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": ["kms:Decrypt", "kms:GenerateDataKey"],
"Resource": ["arn:aws:kms:region:account:key/key-id"]
}
]
}
5. Comprehensive Monitoring (Learning Phase)
Four Monitoring Layers:
Infrastructure Metrics
- CPU, memory, disk utilization
- Network throughput and errors
- Instance health checks
Application Metrics
- Request latency (p50, p95, p99)
- Throughput (requests/sec)
- Error rates by type
ML-Specific Metrics
- Prediction accuracy over time
- Model confidence distributions
- Feature drift detection
- Inference latency
Business Metrics
- Prediction impact on KPIs
- Cost per prediction
- Model ROI
- A/B test results
6. Data Quality Gates (Infrastructure Phase)
Schema Validation:
# Enforce schema before training
expected_schema = {
'timestamp': 'datetime64',
'feature_1': 'float64',
'feature_2': 'int64',
'target': 'int64'
}
if not validate_schema(data, expected_schema):
raise ValueError("Schema validation failed")
Statistical Validation:
# Detect data drift
drift_score = calculate_drift(new_data, reference_data)
if drift_score > 0.1:
alert("Data drift detected", severity="WARNING")
# Detect anomalies
anomalies = detect_anomalies(new_data)
if anomalies.any():
alert("Anomalies detected", severity="CRITICAL")
AIDLC Security Checklist
Architecture Phase
Design Security
- Threat model completed for ML system
- Security boundaries defined
- Compliance requirements documented
- Data classification scheme defined
- Incident response plan outlined
Infrastructure Phase
Data Security
- S3 buckets with SSE-KMS encryption
- S3 bucket policies deny unencrypted uploads
- S3 versioning enabled for audit trail
- S3 Block Public Access enabled
- S3 access logging configured
Compute Security
- IAM roles (no hard-coded credentials)
- Security groups with minimal rules
- Container vulnerability scanning
- Encrypted EBS volumes
- IMDSv2 required on EC2
Network Security (Learning)
- HTTPS/TLS 1.2+ enforced
- API Gateway throttling enabled
- CloudFront for DDoS protection
- Security group ingress restricted
Deployment Phase
CI/CD Security
- Secrets in Secrets Manager (not code)
- Code review required for merges
- Automated security scanning in pipeline
- Deployment requires approval
- Rollback procedures documented
Model Security
- Model artifacts encrypted in S3
- Model registry with versioning
- Model checksums verified
- Input validation on inference APIs
- Rate limiting on endpoints
Learning Phase
Monitoring Security
- CloudWatch Logs encrypted
- CloudWatch alarms for anomalies
- Drift detection enabled
- Performance degradation alerts
- Prediction distribution monitored
Compliance Phase
Audit & Governance
- CloudTrail enabled in all regions
- AWS Config recording changes
- Compliance rules automated (Config)
- Log retention policies defined
- Centralized log aggregation
- Regular access reviews scheduled
Compliance Controls Mapping
How AIDLC phases address regulatory requirements:
| Compliance Requirement | AIDLC Phase | AWS Implementation | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Data Encryption at Rest | Infrastructure | S3 SSE-KMS, EBS encryption | CloudTrail logs, Config rules |
| Data Encryption in Transit | Infrastructure | TLS 1.2+ enforcement | Bucket policies, ALB config |
| Access Auditing | Compliance | CloudTrail + CloudWatch | Audit logs, SIEM feeds |
| Data Lineage | Infrastructure | S3 metadata + tags | S3 inventory, metadata reports |
| Model Versioning | Deployment | SageMaker Model Registry | Registry API logs |
| Change Management | Deployment | Git + CodePipeline | Git history, pipeline logs |
| Least Privilege Access | All Phases | IAM policies + SCPs | Access Analyzer reports |
| Data Retention | Compliance | S3 Lifecycle policies | Compliance dashboards |
| Backup & Recovery | Infrastructure | S3 versioning, replication | Replication status |
| Incident Response | Learning | CloudWatch Alarms, SNS | Alarm history, runbooks |
| Model Monitoring | Learning | SageMaker Model Monitor | Drift reports, performance logs |
Frameworks Supported:
- GDPR: Data encryption, access controls, audit trails, deletion capabilities
- HIPAA: Encryption, access logging, BAA compliance with AWS
- SOC 2: Security monitoring, change management, access reviews
- PCI DSS: Network isolation, encryption, logging, access controls
Tentative 8-Week AIDLC Implementation Roadmap
Weeks 1-2: Architecture & Infrastructure Foundation
Week 1: Architecture Phase
- Design complete ML system architecture
- Document data flows and security boundaries
- Select AWS services for each AIDLC phase
- Create threat model for ML system
- Define compliance requirements
- Establish cost budget and monitoring
Week 2: Infrastructure Phase - Foundation
- Create AWS account structure
- Enable CloudTrail in all regions
- Configure AWS Config
- Create KMS encryption keys
- Set up S3 buckets (raw, validated, models)
- Configure bucket policies and encryption
- Initialize Terraform state management
- Set up CloudWatch log groups
- Create SNS topics for alerts
Deliverables:
- System architecture diagram
- Threat model document
- Secure AWS foundation
- Encrypted storage infrastructure
Weeks 3-4: Infrastructure Phase - Data Pipeline
Week 3: Data Ingestion
- Build Lambda data validation function
- Configure S3 event triggers
- Implement schema validation
- Add data quality checks
- Set up CloudWatch metrics
- Configure failure notifications
- Create IAM roles with least privilege
Week 4: Data Processing
- Implement data preprocessing logic
- Create feature engineering pipelines
- Add data versioning
- Build data quality test suite
- Implement duplicate detection
- Document data lineage
- Set up data drift detection baseline
Deliverables:
- Automated data validation pipeline
- Quality-gated data storage
- Data lineage documentation
Weeks 5-6: Deployment Phase - ML Training
Week 5: Training Infrastructure
- Create SageMaker execution roles
- Build custom training containers
- Configure training job parameters
- Set up Spot instance training
- Implement experiment tracking
- Add training failure alerts
- Create training metrics dashboard
Week 6: Model Management & Registry
- Configure SageMaker Model Registry
- Implement model versioning workflow
- Create model approval process
- Build hyperparameter tuning jobs
- Document model lineage
- Set up model performance baselines
- Create model deployment templates
Deliverables:
- Scalable training infrastructure
- Model registry with governance
- Experiment tracking system
Weeks 7-8: Deployment & Learning Phases
Week 7: Deployment Phase - Production Pipeline
- Create inference endpoints
- Build CI/CD pipeline (CodePipeline)
- Implement deployment automation
- Add API Gateway integration
- Configure basic auto-scaling
- Set up deployment rollback procedures
- Create deployment runbooks
Week 8: Learning & Compliance Phases
- Configure comprehensive CloudWatch dashboards
- Set up drift detection monitoring
- Implement performance alerting
- Create incident response procedures
- Schedule automated retraining
- Set up compliance reporting
- Document operational procedures
- Conduct security review
Deliverables:
- Production deployment pipeline
- Comprehensive monitoring stack
- Incident response procedures
- Compliance documentation
Common AIDLC Pitfalls
Architecture Phase Pitfalls
Don't: Skip threat modeling
"We'll worry about security later"
-> Results in costly retrofitting
Do: Model threats upfront
1. Identify ML-specific attack vectors
2. Map data flows with trust boundaries
3. Prioritize security controls
4. Budget for security from day one
Infrastructure Phase Pitfalls
Don't: Store credentials in code
# BAD - Never do this
AWS_ACCESS_KEY = "AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE"
s3 = boto3.client('s3',
aws_access_key_id=AWS_ACCESS_KEY)
Do: Use IAM roles
# GOOD - Use default credential chain
import boto3
s3 = boto3.client('s3') # Uses IAM role automatically
Don't: Public S3 buckets
# BAD
resource "aws_s3_bucket_public_access_block" "bad" {
block_public_acls = false # Dangerous
block_public_policy = false # Dangerous
}
Do: Block all public access
# GOOD
resource "aws_s3_bucket_public_access_block" "training_data" {
bucket = aws_s3_bucket.training_data.id
block_public_acls = true
block_public_policy = true
ignore_public_acls = true
restrict_public_buckets = true
}
Deployment Phase Pitfalls
Don't: Deploy without testing
# BAD - YOLO deployment
aws sagemaker create-endpoint \
--endpoint-config-name prod-config
Do: Staged deployment with gates
# GOOD - Progressive deployment
# Stage 1: Deploy to dev -> Integration tests
# Stage 2: Deploy to staging -> Smoke tests
# Stage 3: Canary to prod (10%) -> Monitor
# Stage 4: Gradual rollout to 100%
Don't: Hardcode configurations
# BAD
model = RandomForest(n_estimators=100, max_depth=10)
Do: Externalize configs
# config.yaml
model:
type: RandomForest
hyperparameters:
n_estimators: 100
max_depth: 10
Learning Phase Pitfalls
Don't: Ignore model degradation
# BAD - Deploy and forget
model.predict(new_data)
Do: Continuous monitoring
# GOOD - Monitor drift and performance
from sagemaker.model_monitor import DefaultModelMonitor
monitor = DefaultModelMonitor(
role=role,
instance_count=1,
instance_type='ml.m5.xlarge'
)
monitor.create_monitoring_schedule(
monitor_schedule_name='daily-drift-check',
endpoint_input=endpoint_name,
schedule_cron_expression='cron(0 0 * * ? *)'
)
Don't: Train on unvalidated data
# BAD - No quality checks
df = pd.read_csv("s3://prod-data/latest.csv")
model.fit(df)
Do: Quality gates before training
# GOOD - Validate first
df = pd.read_csv("s3://prod-data/latest.csv")
# Schema validation
assert set(df.columns) == expected_columns
# Quality thresholds
assert df.isnull().sum().sum() < 0.01 * len(df)
assert not df.duplicated().any()
# Drift detection
if calculate_drift(df, baseline) > 0.1:
raise ValueError("Drift detected - review before training")
model.fit(df)
Compliance Phase Pitfalls
Don't: Manual infrastructure changes
# BAD - Click ops in AWS Console
# 1. Click create bucket
# 2. Click add encryption
# 3. Click create role
# 4. ... (undocumented, unrepeatable)
Do: Infrastructure as Code
# GOOD - Version controlled
module "aidlc_pipeline" {
source = "./modules/aidlc"
environment = "production"
enable_encryption = true
enable_monitoring = true
}
# terraform plan -> review
# terraform apply -> execute
# terraform destroy -> cleanup
Cost Optimization in AIDLC
Infrastructure Phase Costs
Use Spot Instances for Training
# Save 70% on training (Deployment Phase)
estimator = Estimator(
use_spot_instances=True,
max_wait=3600, # 1 hour wait tolerance
max_run=1800 # 30 min actual training
)
S3 Lifecycle Policies
# Archive old training data (Infrastructure Phase)
resource "aws_s3_bucket_lifecycle_configuration" "cleanup" {
bucket = aws_s3_bucket.training_data.id
rule {
id = "archive-old-data"
status = "Enabled"
transition {
days = 90
storage_class = "GLACIER"
}
expiration {
days = 365
}
}
}
Learning Phase Costs
Stop Dev Resources
# Stop notebook instances when not in use
aws sagemaker stop-notebook-instance \
--notebook-instance-name dev-notebook
# Schedule with EventBridge + Lambda
Right-Size Monitoring
CloudWatch Logs: 30-day retention (not indefinite)
Metrics: Essential only (not every possible metric)
Alarms: Critical paths (not everything)
Monthly Cost Estimate (Learning AIDLC):
- S3 storage (100GB): ~$2.30
- Lambda validation (1M invocations): ~$0.20
- SageMaker training (10hr/month Spot): ~$7
- CloudWatch: ~$5
- Total: ~$15/month
What's Next in This Series
This is Part 1 of 4: The AIDLC DevSecOps Approach
Part 2: Infrastructure Phase - Data Pipelines
- Implement automated S3 data validation
- Build schema and quality checks with Lambda
- Create encrypted data pipelines
- Set up monitoring and alerts
- Complete Terraform infrastructure
AIDLC Focus: Infrastructure Phase implementation
Part 3: Deployment Phase - ML Training
- Create custom SageMaker training containers
- Implement experiment tracking
- Use Spot instances for cost optimization
- Build hyperparameter tuning
- Set up model registry
AIDLC Focus: Deployment Phase implementation
Part 4: Learning & Compliance Phases - Production Operations
- Deploy models with CI/CD
- Implement drift detection
- Set up comprehensive monitoring
- Create incident response procedures
- Generate compliance reports
AIDLC Focus: Learning and Compliance Phases
Each part builds on AIDLC principles with hands-on AWS implementation.
Key Takeaways
- AIDLC is ML-specific - Addresses unique challenges of data + code + models
- Five phases - Architecture, Infrastructure, Deployment, Learning, Compliance
- Security throughout - Each phase has integrated security controls
- Progressive hardening - Learn with simplified setup, harden for production
- Everything as Code - Infrastructure, configs, and pipelines versioned
- Defense in depth - Multiple security layers at every phase
- Data as first-class - Validation, versioning, and lineage tracking
- Continuous monitoring - Model performance doesn't remain static
Remember: AIDLC provides structure for managing the complexity of production ML systems with built-in security and compliance.
Additional Resources
AWS Documentation
AIDLC Implementation
Further Learning
Let's Connect!
Implementing AIDLC for your ML systems? Let's share experiences!
- How do you manage ML lifecycles? Share in the comments
- Follow me for Part 2
- Like if AIDLC resonates with your experience
- Share with your team/connects
About the Author
Connect with me:
Tags: #aws #machinelearning #mlops #aidlc #devsecops #security #cloud #terraform #sagemaker

Top comments (1)
Update: I published a strategic deep-dive on Medium explaining the why
behind every architecture decision in this series.
If you're wondering "why security-first instead of iterate-fast?" or
"why Spot instances despite interruptions?" — that post breaks down
the tradeoffs tutorials don't cover.
Link: shoaibalimir.medium.com/building-p...