Unidirectional Architectures and time traveling in Swift: II

In the previous article, we have talked about how functional purity and an unidirectional architecture by using the Action-State-Reducer combo can give us incredible powers such as time traveling.

Quick Recap

These were the main points of the previous article:

• All events that happen in an application can be described using Action values. The Action can be any kind of type, but for convenience, can think of Action as an enum.
• The application state is stored in a struct or class named State.
• We define a Store, which is an object that holds the application State , and a pure function called reducer.
• The reducer is a pure function (it calculates its output based only on its input, and generates no side effects), that based on the current State and an incoming Action, generates a new State. It is the ONLY part of the code where the State is modified.
• Whenever something happens in the View, it dispatches an Action to the Store. The Store executes the reducer, and updates its internal State. The State then is sent to the View so it can update accordingly.

• However, we want to travel in time, to do so, we store all the Action sent to the store, and the initial State. If we want to undo, we just remove the last element in the Action array and compute the State from the beginning. Something similar can be done to redo.

In code

Well, if you understood everything that was described in the last section, the code may look pretty straightforward to you.

Let's dive in.

The State

Well, this is maybe the simplest component to grasp. The State must hold all the application state we want to use. In our case, a simple Todo app, this can be something like this:

struct AppState {
    let todos: [Todo]
    let todoText: String
}

struct Todo: Identifiable {
    let id: UUID
    let title: String
    let completed: Bool
}

For convienience, we will define a default or maybe initial state getter on our AppState

extension AppState {
    static var `default`: AppState {
        AppState(todos: [], todoText: "")
    }
}

Nice, so let's leave the AppState as it is at this point.

The Action

We can define Action cases as an enum

enum Action {
    case todoTextChange(String)
    case createTodo(id: UUID)
    case toggleTodo(id: UUID)
}

Nice. We can modify the text input to create a new todo, create the todo using the todoText string we have in our AppState, or toggle the completion of some todo.

There is something here that might look strange. Why are we sending the id for the todo we are creating? Well, if the reducer has to create the UUID itself, and if it uses the UUID initializer, we would get a different UUID every time we run the createTodo action. In such a case, the reducer IS NOT PURE.

The reducer

Ok, so we already have the AppState and the Action types. Let's go for the appReducer.

func appReducer(state: AppState, action: Action) -> AppState {
    switch action {
    case .todoTextChange(let newText):
                // ...
    case .createTodo(let id):
                // ...    
        case .toggleTodo(let id):
            // ...
    }
}

So far, so good. We have our appReducer that takes the current AppState and an Action and returns a new AppState.

Let's see how it looks the todoTextChange:

func appReducer(state: AppState, action: Action) -> AppState {
    switch action {
    case .todoTextChange(let newText):
        return AppState(
            todos: state.todos,
            todoText: newText
        )
    case .createTodo(let id):
        // ...
    case .toggleTodo(let id):
        // ...
    }
}

Pretty straightforward. If we need to change the todoText, we just create a new AppState, reusing the state.todos, because we don't want to mutate them.

func appReducer(state: AppState, action: Action) -> AppState {
    switch action {
    case .todoTextChange(let newText):
        // ...
    case .createTodo(let id):
        let newTodo = Todo(
            id: id,
            title: state.todoText,
            completed: false
        )

        var currentTodos = state.todos
        currentTodos.insert(newTodo, at: 0)

        return AppState(
            todos: currentTodos,
            todoText: ""
        )
    case .toggleTodo(let id):
        // ...
    }
}

For the createTodo action, we first create a new Todo using the id we send in the action, and return a new AppState with the old todos and the new Todo, and clear the todoText.

func appReducer(state: AppState, action: Action) -> AppState {
    switch action {
    case .todoTextChange(let newText):
        // ...
    case .createTodo(let id):
        // ...
    case .toggleTodo(let id):
        var currentTodos = state.todos
        let index = currentTodos.firstIndex(where: { $0.id == id })!
        let todo = currentTodos[index]
        currentTodos[index] = Todo(
            id: id,
            title: todo.title,
            completed: !todo.completed
        )

        return AppState(
            todos: currentTodos,
            todoText: ""
        )
    }
}

And finally, for the toggleTodo we get the Todo with the id equal to the id we send in the Action, change its completed property, and finally send a new AppState.

So the complete reducer implementation is as follows:

func appReducer(state: AppState, action: Action) -> AppState {
    switch action {
    case .todoTextChange(let newText):
        return AppState(
            todos: state.todos,
            todoText: newText
        )
    case .createTodo(let id):
        let newTodo = Todo(
            id: id,
            title: state.todoText,
            completed: false
        )

        var currentTodos = state.todos
        currentTodos.insert(newTodo, at: 0)

        return AppState(
            todos: currentTodos,
            todoText: ""
        )
    case .toggleTodo(let id):
        var currentTodos = state.todos
        let index = currentTodos.firstIndex(where: { $0.id == id })!
        let todo = currentTodos[index]
        currentTodos[index] = Todo(
            id: id,
            title: todo.title,
            completed: !todo.completed
        )

        return AppState(
            todos: currentTodos,
            todoText: ""
        )
    }
}

The Store

Maybe the store is the most difficult component in this implementation. Lets review the responsibilities the store holds in this example:

• It has to hold the AppState and the appReducer.
• It has to dispatch Action values.
• It has to notify the View whenever the AppState mutates.
• It has to undo and redo, at any point.

Let's go one by one:

It has to hold the AppState and the appReducer.

For this one, we could just initialize the Store with those values.

final class Store {
    private(set) var state: AppState
    let reducer: (AppState, Action) -> AppState

    init(
        initialState: AppState,
        reducer: @escaping (AppState, Action) -> AppState
    ) {
        self.state = initialState
        self.reducer = reducer
    }

    static var `default`: Store {
        Store(
            initialState: .default,
            reducer: appReducer
        )
    }
}

We also added a default static getter so we can create the Store using the values we have just defined above.

It has to dispatch Action values.

What does this mean? Well, we need a dispatch function, so the view can send an Action when something happens.

final class Store {
        // ...
    func dispatch(_ action: Action) {
        state = reducer(state, action)
    }
        // ...
}

For now, let's leave this as simple as this. Whenever the Store dispatches an Action, it just executes the reducer, passing the current State and the received Action, and stores the obtained State in its internal state.

It has to notify the View whenever the AppState mutates.

This will be used in SwiftUI in this example. How does an object notify the View that its internal state has changed? Exactly, conforming to ObservableObject, that is the simplest way of doing so, and we don't want to overcomplicate the things. Also, we need to make the state property, @Published.

final class Store: ObservableObject {
    @Published private(set) var state: AppState
    let reducer: (AppState, Action) -> AppState

    init(
        initialState: AppState,
        reducer: @escaping (AppState, Action) -> AppState
    ) {
        self.initialState = initialState
        self.state = initialState
        self.reducer = reducer
    }

    static var `default`: Store {
        Store(
            initialState: .default,
            reducer: appReducer
        )
    }

    func dispatch(_ action: Action) {
        state = reducer(state, action)
    }
}

This is how the Store looks so far. Nice.

This is the View:

import SwiftUI

struct CotentView: View {
        // 1
    @StateObject var store = Store.default

    var body: some View {
        VStack {
            HStack {
                TextField(
                    "Add to do",
                                        // 2
                    text: Binding<String>(
                        get: { return store.state.todoText },
                        set: { newTodoText in store.dispatch(.todoTextChange(newTodoText)) }
                    )
                )
                Button("Create") {
                                        // 3
                    store.dispatch(.createTodo(id: UUID()))
                }
            }
            List {
                                // 4
                ForEach(store.state.todos) { todo in
                    Text("\(todo.title) \(todo.completed ? "DONE!" : "")")
                        .padding()
                        .onTapGesture(count: 1, perform: {
                                                        // 3
                            store.dispatch(.toggleTodo(id: todo.id))
                        })
                }
            }
                        HStack {
                Button("UNDO") {
                                        // 5
                    store.undo()
                }
                Spacer()
                Button("REDO") {
                                        // 5
                    store.redo()
                }
            }
        }
        .padding()
    }
}

This is not a tutorial of SwiftUI, but I want to note a couple of things here

1. We are storing the store, as a @StateObject inside the View.
2. Bindings are a bit unusual when we are using a unidirectional architecture. In this case, we need to define a getter and a setter for it. The getter just returns the todoText in the store. The setter dispatches an Action whenever it changes.
3. The store is used to dispatch actions when things happen in the View.
4. The store is also used to get the current state of the application.
5. The undo and redo methods in the store are yet to be defined, but the View is already set at this point.

It has to undo and redo, at any point.

The last point. This can be done by:

• Storing an array in the Store with all of the Action that have been dispatched so far. Let's call this appliedActions.
• Storing the initial AppState in a variable called initialState so we can compute any subsequent State by applying an array of Action values using the reducer.
• Storing an array in the Store with all of the Action values that have been "undone", so we can "redo" them (by appending them again in the appliedActions array). Let's call this array undoneActions.

In code:

final class Store: ObservableObject {
    private let initialState: AppState
    private var appliedActions: [Action] = []
    private var undoneActions: [Action] = []
    @Published private(set) var state: AppState
    let reducer: (AppState, Action) -> AppState

    init(
        initialState: AppState,
        reducer: @escaping (AppState, Action) -> AppState
    ) {
        self.initialState = initialState
        self.state = initialState
        self.reducer = reducer
    }

    static var `default`: Store {
        Store(
            initialState: .default,
            reducer: appReducer
        )
    }

    func dispatch(_ action: Action) {
        appliedActions.append(action)
        undoneActions = []
        state = reducer(state, action)
    }

    func redo() {
        state = initialState
        if let undoneAction = undoneActions.popLast() {
            appliedActions.append(undoneAction)
            for action in appliedActions {
                state = reducer(state: state, action: action)
            }
        }
    }

    func undo() {
        state = initialState
        if let undoneAction = appliedActions.popLast() {
            undoneActions.append(undoneAction)
            for action in appliedActions {
                state = reducer(state: state, action: action)
            }
        }
    }
}

That is the final implementation for the Store. Note that for the redo and undo we use the reducer to compute all the actions again, and we play with the appliedActions and undoneActions arrays to move Action values from one place to another, achieving in this way, time traveling in Swift.

Conclusion

To sum up, this has been a quick introduction to Redux (unidirectional architectures) in Swift, completely from scratch. There A LOT of missing pieces in this implementation, of course. We didn't cover testing, and we don't have any way of modeling side effects, like network requests. I highly recommend The Composable Architecture if you want to use this kind of architectures in production. As far as I have use this architecture, it worked fine to me. However, I have to say this is still early days in SwiftUI architectures and the landscape might change. My last piece of advice here is: remember Software Engineering is about taking decisions balancing tradeoffs. Keep curiosity but think everything carefully.