Vagrant can solve your problems (and can use Docker under the hood).

I use Vagrant for a while, because

• with that i can easily run only part of the environment
• the work tree files can be mounted in all vagrant boxes (VMs or containers), so i can change things instantly
• with some app settings magic i can use either a box for the database, or just use the DB running directly on my machine.

And the list can go on. It has some overhead if you use it only for development, though. We use the same vagrant config for integration tests, too.