Jaswant Karun

Posted on Oct 2

Database Normalization

#sql #database #programming #learning

Introduction:-

Database Normalization:

Database Normalization is the process of organizing data in a relational database to reduce data redundancy (repeated data) and improve data integrity (accuracy and consistency).
It involves dividing a large, unstructured table into smaller, well-structured tables and establishing relationships between them using keys.

Step 1: Base Table

The initial unnormalized table includes details of students, their courses, instructors, and corresponding grades.

Step 2: Identifying Anomalies

Insertion anomaly: A new course cannot be added unless it is linked to a student.

Update anomaly: Modifying a course name requires updating it in several rows.

Deletion anomaly: Removing a student may also remove valuable course details if that student was the only enrollee.

Step 3: Converting to 1NF

First Normal Form (1NF) rules:

Every column should hold atomic (indivisible) values.

Each record must be unique.

Steps applied:

Divided multivalued attributes into individual rows.

Ensured that each column stores only one value.

SQL Table in 1 NF,

CREATE TABLE Students_1NF (
Student_ID INT,
Student_Name VARCHAR2(100),
Course_ID INT,
Course_Name VARCHAR2(100),
Instructor VARCHAR2(100),
Grade CHAR(2),
PRIMARY KEY (Student_ID, Course_ID)
);

Step 4: Conversion to 2NF

2NF Rule: Remove partial dependency, ensuring that non-key attributes rely on the entire composite primary key.

Observations:

Student_Name depends only on Student_ID.

Course_Name, Instructor, Instructor_Phone depend only on Course_ID.

Grade (if existed) would depend on both Student_ID + Course_ID.

Solution: Split into three tables:

Students → Student_ID, Student_Name

Courses → Course_ID, Course_Name, Instructor, Instructor_Phone

Enrollments → Student_ID, Course_ID

CREATE TABLE Students (
StudentID VARCHAR2(10) PRIMARY KEY,
StudentName VARCHAR2(100)
);

CREATE TABLE Courses (
CourseID VARCHAR2(10) PRIMARY KEY,
CourseName VARCHAR2(100),
Instructor VARCHAR2(100),
InstructorPhone VARCHAR2(15)
);

CREATE TABLE Enrollments (
StudentID VARCHAR2(10),
CourseID VARCHAR2(10),
PRIMARY KEY (StudentID, CourseID),
FOREIGN KEY (StudentID) REFERENCES Student(StudentID),
FOREIGN KEY (CourseID) REFERENCES Course(CourseID)
);

SQL Create Tables (2NF):

Step 5: Conversion to 3NF

3NF Rule: Remove transitive dependencies (non-prime attributes must depend only on primary key).

Instructor’s phone depends on Instructor, not Course_ID → we can split Courses into:

Courses → Course_ID, Course_Name, Instructor_ID

Instructors → Instructor_ID, Instructor_Name, Instructor_Phone

CREATE TABLE Instructors (
InstructorID VARCHAR2(10) PRIMARY KEY,
InstructorName VARCHAR2(100),
InstructorPhone VARCHAR2(15)
);

CREATE TABLE Courses3NF (
CourseID VARCHAR2(10) PRIMARY KEY,
CourseName VARCHAR2(100),
InstructorID VARCHAR2(10),
FOREIGN KEY (InstructorID) REFERENCES Instructor(InstructorID)
);

CREATE TABLE Students3NF (
StudentID VARCHAR2(10) PRIMARY KEY,
StudentName VARCHAR2(100)
);

CREATE TABLE Enrollments3NF (
StudentID VARCHAR2(10),
CourseID VARCHAR2(10),
PRIMARY KEY (StudentID, CourseID),
FOREIGN KEY (StudentID) REFERENCES Student3NF(StudentID),
FOREIGN KEY (CourseID) REFERENCES Course3NF(CourseID)
);

SQL Create Tables (3NF):

Step 6: Insert Sample Data

-- Instructors
INSERT INTO Instructor VALUES ('I01', 'Dr. Kumar', '9876543210');
INSERT INTO Instructor VALUES ('I02', 'Dr. Mehta', '9123456780');
INSERT INTO Instructor VALUES ('I03', 'Dr. Rao', '9988776655');

-- Courses
INSERT INTO Course3NF VALUES ('C101', 'DBMS', 'I01');
INSERT INTO Course3NF VALUES ('C102', 'Data Mining', 'I02');
INSERT INTO Course3NF VALUES ('C103', 'AI', 'I03');

-- Students
INSERT INTO Student3NF VALUES ('S01', 'Arjun');
INSERT INTO Student3NF VALUES ('S02', 'Priya');
INSERT INTO Student3NF VALUES ('S03', 'Kiran');

-- Enrollment
INSERT INTO Enrollment3NF VALUES ('S01', 'C101');
INSERT INTO Enrollment3NF VALUES ('S01', 'C102');
INSERT INTO Enrollment3NF VALUES ('S02', 'C101');
INSERT INTO Enrollment3NF VALUES ('S03', 'C103');

Step 7: Query with JOINs

SELECT s.StudentName, c.CourseName, i.InstructorName
FROM Enrollment3NF e
JOIN Student3NF s ON e.StudentID = s.StudentID
JOIN Course3NF c ON e.CourseID = c.CourseID
JOIN Instructor i ON c.InstructorID = i.InstructorID;