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Kashif Soofi
Kashif Soofi

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REST API with Go, Chi and InMemory Store

What is REST API?

An API, or application programming interface, is a set of rules that define how applications or devices can connect to and communicate with each other. A REST API is an API that conforms to the design principles of the REST, or representational state transfer architectural style. For this reason, REST APIs are sometimes referred to RESTful APIs.

Focus of this tutorial is to write a REST API with Go.

Movie Resource

We will be managing a Movie resource with the current project. It is not an accurate representation of how you would model a movie resource in an actual system, just a mix of a few basic types and how to handle them in a REST API.

Field Type
ID UUID
Title String
Director String
Director String
ReleaseDate Time
TicketPrice float64

Project Setup

Create a folder for project, I named it as movies-api-with-go-chi-and-memory-store but it usually will be the root of the GitHub repo so you can name it appropriately e.g. movies-api.

Execute following command to initialise go.mod on terminal

go mod init github.com/kashifsoofi/blog-code-samples/movies-api-with-go-chi-and-memory-store
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Add a new file main.go with following content to start with

package main

func main() {
    println("Hello, World!")
}
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Project Structure

I like to add sub-packages to group related functionality together. To that extent I will be adding 3 root-level folders and 1 sub-folder in the store folder. Folder structure will be as follows (not showing files).

.
└── movies-api-with-go-chi-and-memory-store/
    ├── api - this will contain rest routes, handlers etc.
    ├── config - this will contain anything related to service configuration
    └── store/ - this will contain store interface
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I have only 2 resources, health and movies, however if you are serving more resources in a single rest service, feel free to add a folder per resource under api. Same for the store if you are adding multiple stores e.g. Postgres and a Redis cache to check before hitting Postgres then feel free to add specific folders for each store.

Configuration

Add a folder named config and a file named config.go. I like to keep all application configuration in a single place and will be using excellent envconfig package to load the configuration, also setting some default values for options. This package allows us to load application configuration from Environment Variables, same thing can be done with standard Go packages but in my opinion this package provides nice abstraction without losing readability.

package config

import (
    "time"

    "github.com/kelseyhightower/envconfig"
)

const envPrefix = ""

type Configuration struct {
    HTTPServer
}

type HTTPServer struct {
    IdleTimeout  time.Duration `envconfig:"HTTP_SERVER_IDLE_TIMEOUT" default:"60s"`
    Port         int           `envconfig:"PORT" default:"8080"`
    ReadTimeout  time.Duration `envconfig:"HTTP_SERVER_READ_TIMEOUT" default:"1s"`
    WriteTimeout time.Duration `envconfig:"HTTP_SERVER_WRITE_TIMEOUT" default:"2s"`
}

func Load() (Configuration, error) {
    var cfg Configuration
    err := envconfig.Process(envPrefix, &cfg)
    if err != nil {
        return cfg, err
    }

    return cfg, nil
}
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This would result in an error that can be resolved by executing following on terminal.

go mod tidy
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You can improve on it by converting Configuration to an interface and then adding a configuration to each of sub-packages e.g. api, store etc.

Configuration can be updated using environment variables e.g. executing following on terminal would start the server on port 5000 after we update main.go to start the server.

PORT=5000 go run main.go
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Movie Store Interface

Add a new folder named store and a file named movie_store.go. We will add an interface for our movie store and supporting structs.

package store

import (
    "time"

    "github.com/google/uuid"
)

type Movie struct {
    ID          uuid.UUID
    Title       string
    Director    string
    ReleaseDate time.Time
    TicketPrice float64
    CreatedAt   time.Time
    UpdatedAt   time.Time
}

type CreateMovieParams struct {
    ID          uuid.UUID
    Title       string
    Director    string
    ReleaseDate time.Time
    TicketPrice float64
}

type UpdateMovieParams struct {
    Title       string
    Director    string
    ReleaseDate time.Time
    TicketPrice float64
}

type Interface interface {
    GetAll() ([]Movie, error)
    GetByID(id uuid.UUID) (Movie, error)
    Create(createMovieParams CreateMovieParams) error
    Update(id uuid.UUID, updateMovieParams UpdateMovieParams) error
    Delete(id uuid.UUID) error
}
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Also add a file for custom application errors named errors.go, these make clients of our store package agnostic of storage technology used, our storage implementation would translate any native errors to our business errors before returning to clients.

package store

import (
    "fmt"

    "github.com/google/uuid"
)

type DuplicateKeyError struct {
    ID uuid.UUID
}

func (e *DuplicateKeyError) Error() string {
    return fmt.Sprintf("duplicate movie id: %v", e.ID)
}

type RecordNotFoundError struct{}

func (e *RecordNotFoundError) Error() string {
    return "record not found"
}
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MemoryMoviesStore

Add a new file named memory_movies_store.go in store folder. Add a struct MemoryMoviesStore with a map field to store movies in memory. Also add a RWMutex field to avoid concurrent read/write access to movies field.

We will implement all methods defined for store.Interface to add/remove movies to map field of the MemoryMoviesStore struct. For reading we lock the collection for reading, read the result and release the lock using defer. For writing we acquire a write lock instead of a read lock.

package store

import (
    "sync"
    "time"

    "github.com/google/uuid"
)

type MemoryMoviesStore struct {
    movies map[uuid.UUID]Movie
    mu     sync.RWMutex
}

func NewMemoryMoviesStore() *MemoryMoviesStore {
    return &MemoryMoviesStore{
        movies: map[uuid.UUID]Movie{},
    }
}

func (s *MemoryMoviesStore) GetAll() ([]Movie, error) {
    s.mu.RLock()
    defer s.mu.RUnlock()

    var movies []Movie
    for _, m := range s.movies {
        movies = append(movies, m)
    }
    return movies, nil
}

func (s *MemoryMoviesStore) GetByID(id uuid.UUID) (Movie, error) {
    s.mu.RLock()
    defer s.mu.RUnlock()

    m, ok := s.movies[id]
    if !ok {
        return Movie{}, &RecordNotFoundError{}
    }

    return m, nil
}

func (s *MemoryMoviesStore) Create(createMovieParams CreateMovieParams) error {
    s.mu.Lock()
    defer s.mu.Unlock()

    if _, ok := s.movies[createMovieParams.ID]; ok {
        return &DuplicateKeyError{ID: createMovieParams.ID}
    }

    movie := Movie{
        ID:          createMovieParams.ID,
        Title:       createMovieParams.Title,
        Director:    createMovieParams.Director,
        ReleaseDate: createMovieParams.ReleaseDate,
        TicketPrice: createMovieParams.TicketPrice,
        CreatedAt:   time.Now().UTC(),
        UpdatedAt:   time.Now().UTC(),
    }

    s.movies[movie.ID] = movie
    return nil
}

func (s *MemoryMoviesStore) Update(id uuid.UUID, updateMovieParams UpdateMovieParams) error {
    s.mu.Lock()
    defer s.mu.Unlock()

    m, ok := s.movies[id]
    if !ok {
        return &RecordNotFoundError{}
    }

    m.Title = updateMovieParams.Title
    m.Director = updateMovieParams.Director
    m.ReleaseDate = updateMovieParams.ReleaseDate
    m.TicketPrice = updateMovieParams.TicketPrice
    m.UpdatedAt = time.Now().UTC()

    s.movies[id] = m
    return nil
}

func (s *MemoryMoviesStore) Delete(id uuid.UUID) error {
    s.mu.Lock()
    defer s.mu.Unlock()

    delete(s.movies, id)
    return nil
}
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REST Server

Add a new folder to add all REST api server related files. Let's start by adding server.go file and add a struct to represent REST server. This struct would have an instance of configuration required to run server, routes and all the dependencies. Also add method to start the server.
For routes we would use excellent chi router, that is a ligtweight, idomatic and composable router for building HTTP services.

In start method, we will construct an instance of Server provided by standard net/http package, providing chi mux we setup in NewServer method. We will then setup a method for graceful shutdown and call ListenAndServe to start our REST server.

package api

import (
    "context"
    "fmt"
    "log"
    "net/http"
    "os"
    "os/signal"
    "syscall"

    "github.com/kashifsoofi/blog-code-samples/movies-api-with-go-chi-and-memory-store/config"
    "github.com/kashifsoofi/blog-code-samples/movies-api-with-go-chi-and-memory-store/store"

    "github.com/go-chi/chi/v5"
)

type Server struct {
    cfg    config.HTTPServer
    store  store.Interface
    router *chi.Mux
}

func NewServer(cfg config.HTTPServer, store store.Interface) *Server {
    srv := &Server{
        cfg:    cfg,
        store:  store,
        router: chi.NewRouter(),
    }

    srv.routes()

    return srv
}

func (s *Server) Start(ctx context.Context) {
    server := http.Server{
        Addr:         fmt.Sprintf(":%d", s.cfg.Port),
        Handler:      s.router,
        IdleTimeout:  s.cfg.IdleTimeout,
        ReadTimeout:  s.cfg.ReadTimeout,
        WriteTimeout: s.cfg.WriteTimeout,
    }

    shutdownComplete := handleShutdown(func() {
        if err := server.Shutdown(ctx); err != nil {
            log.Printf("server.Shutdown failed: %v\n", err)
        }
    })

    if err := server.ListenAndServe(); err == http.ErrServerClosed {
        <-shutdownComplete
    } else {
        log.Printf("http.ListenAndServe failed: %v\n", err)
    }

    log.Println("Shutdown gracefully")
}

func handleShutdown(onShutdownSignal func()) <-chan struct{} {
    shutdown := make(chan struct{})

    go func() {
        shutdownSignal := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
        signal.Notify(shutdownSignal, os.Interrupt, syscall.SIGTERM)

        <-shutdownSignal

        onShutdownSignal()
        close(shutdown)
    }()

    return shutdown
}
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Custom API Errors

We would define any custom errors that are returned by our REST server in errors.go file under api folder. I have gone ahead and added all the errors I need to return from this service in the file. But practically we would start with the most common ones and then add any new when the need arise.

package api

import (
    "net/http"

    "github.com/go-chi/render"
)

type ErrResponse struct {
    Err            error `json:"-"` // low-level runtime error
    HTTPStatusCode int   `json:"-"` // http response status code

    StatusText string `json:"status"`          // user-level status message
    AppCode    int64  `json:"code,omitempty"`  // application-specific error code
    ErrorText  string `json:"error,omitempty"` // application-level error message, for debugging
}

func (e *ErrResponse) Render(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) error {
    render.Status(r, e.HTTPStatusCode)
    return nil
}

var (
    ErrNotFound            = &ErrResponse{HTTPStatusCode: 404, StatusText: "Resource not found."}
    ErrBadRequest          = &ErrResponse{HTTPStatusCode: 400, StatusText: "Bad request"}
    ErrInternalServerError = &ErrResponse{HTTPStatusCode: 500, StatusText: "Internal Server Error"}
)

func ErrConflict(err error) render.Renderer {
    return &ErrResponse{
        Err:            err,
        HTTPStatusCode: 409,
        StatusText:     "Duplicate Key",
        ErrorText:      err.Error(),
    }
}
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Routes

I like the keep all the routes served by a service in a single place and single file named routes.go. Its easier to remember and eases the cognitive overload.

routes method hangs off our Server struct, defines all the endpoints on the router field. I have defined a /health endpoint that would return current health status of this service. Then added a subrouter group for movies. This can help us having middlewared applied only for /api/movies routes e.g. authentication, request logging.

package api

import (
    "github.com/go-chi/chi/v5"
    "github.com/go-chi/render"
)

func (s *Server) routes() {
    s.router.Use(render.SetContentType(render.ContentTypeJSON))

    s.router.Get("/health", s.handleGetHealth)

    s.router.Route("/api/movies", func(r chi.Router) {
        r.Get("/", s.handleListMovies)
        r.Post("/", s.handleCreateMovie)
        r.Route("/{id}", func(r chi.Router) {
            r.Get("/", s.handleGetMovie)
            r.Put("/", s.handleUpdateMovie)
            r.Delete("/", s.handleDeleteMovie)
        })
    })
}
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Please note all handlers hang off the Server struct, this helps to access required dependencies in each of the handlers. If there are multiple resources in a service, it might make sense to add separate structs per resource containing only dependencies required by that resource.

Health Endpoint Handler

I have added a separate file for health resource. It has a handler for a single endpoint, a struct that we would send as response and implementation of Renderer interface for our response struct.

package api

import (
    "net/http"

    "github.com/go-chi/render"
)

type healthResponse struct {
    OK bool `json:"ok"`
}

func (hr healthResponse) Render(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) error {
    return nil
}

func (s *Server) handleGetHealth(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    health := healthResponse{OK: true}
    render.Render(w, r, health)
}
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Movies Endpoints Handlers

Get Movie By ID

Let's start by adding a struct we would use to return a Movie to the caller of our REST service and also implement Renderer interface so that we can use Render method to return data.

type movieResponse struct {
    ID          uuid.UUID `json:"id"`
    Title       string    `json:"title"`
    Director    string    `json:"director"`
    ReleaseDate time.Time `json:"release_date"`
    TicketPrice float64   `json:"ticket_price"`
    CreatedAt   time.Time `json:"created_at"`
    UpdatedAt   time.Time `json:"updated_at"`
}

func NewMovieResponse(m store.Movie) movieResponse {
    return movieResponse{
        ID:          m.ID,
        Title:       m.Title,
        Director:    m.Director,
        ReleaseDate: m.ReleaseDate,
        TicketPrice: m.TicketPrice,
        CreatedAt:   m.CreatedAt,
        UpdatedAt:   m.UpdatedAt,
    }
}

func (hr movieResponse) Render(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) error {
    return nil
}
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I like to keep structs closer to the method/package using those. It does lead to some code duplication e.g. in this case movieResponse is quite similar to Movie struct defind in store/movies_store.go file but this allows rest package to be not completely dependent on store package, we can have different tags e.g. db specific tags in store struct but not in movieResponse struct.

Now comes the handler, we receive a ResponseWriter and a Request, we extract id parameter from path using URLParam method, if parsing fails we rendera BadRequest.

Then we proceed to get movie from store if a record is not found in store with given id we render NotFound, if the error returned is not the one we defined in our store package then we render an InternalServerError, we can add more custom/known errors to store and translate to apprpriate HTTP Status Codes depending on the use case.

If everything works then we convert the store.Movie to movieResponse and render the result. Result would be returned to the caller as json response body.

func (s *Server) handleGetMovie(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    idParam := chi.URLParam(r, "id")
    id, err := uuid.Parse(idParam)
    if err != nil {
        render.Render(w, r, ErrBadRequest)
        return
    }

    movie, err := s.store.GetByID(id)
    if err != nil {
        var rnfErr *store.RecordNotFoundError
        if errors.As(err, &rnfErr) {
            render.Render(w, r, ErrNotFound)
        } else {
            render.Render(w, r, ErrInternalServerError)
        }
        return
    }

    mr := NewMovieResponse(movie)
    render.Render(w, r, mr)
}
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Get All/List Movies

For response we would use the same movieResponse struct we defined for Get By ID, we would just add a new method to create an array/slice of Renderer

func (s *Server) handleListMovies(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    movies, err := s.store.GetAll()
    if err != nil {
        render.Render(w, r, ErrInternalServerError)
        return
    }

    render.RenderList(w, r, NewMovieListResponse(movies))
}
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And the handler method is quite simple, we call GetAll, if error return InternalServerError else return list of movies.

func (s *Server) handleListMovies() http.HandlerFunc {
    return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
        movies, err := s.store.GetAll()
        if err != nil {
            render.Render(w, r, ErrInternalServerError)
            return
        }

        render.RenderList(w, r, NewMovieListResponse(movies))
    }
}
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Create Movie

Same as get, we would start by adding a new struct to receive parameters required to create a new movie. But instead of implmenting Renderer we would implement Binder interface, in Bind method custom mapping can be done if required e.g. adding meta data or setting a CreatedBy fields from JWT token.

Please note we don't have CreatedAt and UpdatedAt in this struct.

type CreateMovieRequest struct {
    ID          string    `json:"id"`
    Title       string    `json:"title"`
    Director    string    `json:"director"`
    ReleaseDate time.Time `json:"release_date"`
    TicketPrice float64   `json:"ticket_price"`
}

func (mr *createMovieRequest) Bind(r *http.Request) error {
    return nil
}
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In handler we bind request body to our struct, if Bind is successful then convert it to CreateMovieParams struct expected by store.Create method and call Create method to add movie to data store. If there is a duplicate key error we return 409 Conflict for unknown errors we return 500 InternalServerError and if all is successful we are returning 200 OK.

func (s *Server) handleCreateMovie(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    data := &CreateMovieRequest{}
    if err := render.Bind(r, data); err != nil {
        render.Render(w, r, ErrBadRequest)
        return
    }

    createMovieParams := store.CreateMovieParams{
        ID:          uuid.MustParse(data.ID),
        Title:       data.Title,
        Director:    data.Director,
        ReleaseDate: data.ReleaseDate,
        TicketPrice: data.TicketPrice,
    }
    err := s.store.Create(createMovieParams)
    if err != nil {
        var dupKeyErr *store.DuplicateKeyError
        if errors.As(err, &dupKeyErr) {
            render.Render(w, r, ErrConflict(err))
        } else {
            render.Render(w, r, ErrInternalServerError)
        }
        return
    }

    w.WriteHeader(200)
    w.Write(nil)
}
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Update Movie

Same as Create Movie above, we introduced a new struct updateMovieRequest to receive parameters required to update movie and implemeted Binder interface for the struct.

type updateMovieRequest struct {
    Title       string    `json:"title"`
    Director    string    `json:"director"`
    ReleaseDate time.Time `json:"release_date"`
    TicketPrice float64   `json:"ticket_price"`
}

func (mr *updateMovieRequest) Bind(r *http.Request) error {
    return nil
}
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In hander we read the id from path, then we bind the struct from request body. If no errors then we convert the request to store.UpdateMovieParams and call Update method of store to update movie. We return 200 OK if upate is successful.

func (s *Server) handleUpdateMovie(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    idParam := chi.URLParam(r, "id")
    id, err := uuid.Parse(idParam)
    if err != nil {
        render.Render(w, r, ErrBadRequest)
        return
    }

    data := &updateMovieRequest{}
    if err := render.Bind(r, data); err != nil {
        render.Render(w, r, ErrBadRequest)
        return
    }

    updateMovieParams := store.UpdateMovieParams{
        Title:       data.Title,
        Director:    data.Director,
        ReleaseDate: data.ReleaseDate,
        TicketPrice: data.TicketPrice,
    }
    err = s.store.Update(id, updateMovieParams)
    if err != nil {
        var rnfErr *store.RecordNotFoundError
        if errors.As(err, &rnfErr) {
            render.Render(w, r, ErrNotFound)
        } else {
            render.Render(w, r, ErrInternalServerError)
        }
        return
    }

    w.WriteHeader(200)
    w.Write(nil)
}
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Delete Movie

This probably is the simplest handler as it does not need any Renderer or Binder, we simply get id from the path, and call Delete method of store to delete the resource. If delete is successful we return 200 OK.

func (s *Server) handleDeleteMovie(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    idParam := chi.URLParam(r, "id")
    id, err := uuid.Parse(idParam)
    if err != nil {
        render.Render(w, r, ErrBadRequest)
        return
    }

    err = s.store.Delete(id)
    if err != nil {
        var rnfErr *store.RecordNotFoundError
        if errors.As(err, &rnfErr) {
            render.Render(w, r, ErrNotFound)
        } else {
            render.Render(w, r, ErrInternalServerError)
        }
        return
    }

    w.WriteHeader(200)
    w.Write(nil)
}
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Start Server

Now everything is setup, its time to update main method. Start by laoding the configuration, then create an instance of the MemoryMoviesStore, here we can also instantiate any other dependencies our server is dependent on. Next step is to create an instance of api.Server struct and call the Start method to start the server. Server would start listening on the configured port and you can invoke endpoints using curl or Postman.

package main

import (
    "context"
    "log"

    "github.com/kashifsoofi/blog-code-samples/movies-api-with-go-chi-and-memory-store/api"
    "github.com/kashifsoofi/blog-code-samples/movies-api-with-go-chi-and-memory-store/config"
    "github.com/kashifsoofi/blog-code-samples/movies-api-with-go-chi-and-memory-store/store"
)

func main() {
    ctx := context.Background()
    cfg, err := config.Load()
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }

    store := store.NewMemoryMoviesStore()
    server := api.NewServer(cfg.HTTPServer, store)
    server.Start(ctx)
}
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Testing

I am going to list steps to manually test the api endpoints, as we don't have Swagger UI or any other UI to interact with this, Postman can be used to test the endpoints as well.

  • Start Server executing following
go run main.go
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Execute following tests in order, remember to update the port if you are running on a different port than 8080.

NOTE: I have not added created_at and updated_at fields in responses below.

Tests

Get All returns empty list

Request
curl --request GET --url "http://localhost:8080/api/movies"
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Expected Response
[]
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Get By ID should return Not Found

Request
curl --request GET --url "http://localhost:8080/api/movies/1"
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Expected Response
[]
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Get By ID should return Not Found

Request
curl --request GET --url "http://localhost:8080/api/movies/1"
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Expected Response
[]
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Get By ID should return Not Found

Request
curl --request GET --url "http://localhost:8080/api/movies/1"
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Expected Response
[]
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Get By ID with invalid id

Request
curl --request GET --url "http://localhost:8080/api/movies/1"
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Expected Response
{"status":"Bad request"}
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Get by ID with non-existent record

Request
curl --request GET --url "http://localhost:8080/api/movies/98268a96-a6ac-444f-852a-c6472129aa22"
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Expected Response
{"status":"Resource not found."}
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Create Movie

Request
curl --request POST --data '{ "id": "98268a96-a6ac-444f-852a-c6472129aa22", "title": "Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace", "director": "George Lucas", "release_date": "1999-05-16T01:01:01.00Z", "ticket_price": 10.70 }' --url "http://localhost:8080/api/movies"
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Expected Response
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Create Movie with existing ID

Request
curl --request POST --data '{ "id": "98268a96-a6ac-444f-852a-c6472129aa22", "title": "Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace", "director": "George Lucas", "release_date": "1999-05-16T01:01:01.00Z", "ticket_price": 10.70 }' --url "http://localhost:8080/api/movies"
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Expected Response
{"status":"Duplicate Key","error":"duplicate movie id: 98268a96-a6ac-444f-852a-c6472129aa22"}
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Get ALL Movies

Request
curl --request GET --url "http://localhost:8080/api/movies"
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Expected Response
[{"id":"98268a96-a6ac-444f-852a-c6472129aa22","title":"Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace","director":"George Lucas","release_date":"1999-05-16T01:01:01Z","ticket_price":10.7}]
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Get Movie By ID

Request
curl --request GET --url "http://localhost:8080/api/movies/98268a96-a6ac-444f-852a-c6472129aa22"
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Expected Response
{"id":"98268a96-a6ac-444f-852a-c6472129aa22","title":"Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace","director":"George Lucas","release_date":"1999-05-16T01:01:01Z","ticket_price":10.7}
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Update Movie

Request
curl --request PUT --data '{ "title": "Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace", "director": "George Lucas", "release_date": "1999-05-16T01:01:01.00Z", "ticket_price": 20.70 }' --url "http://localhost:8080/api/movies/98268a96-a6ac-444f-852a-c6472129aa22"
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Expected Response
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Get Movie by ID - get updated record

Request
curl --request GET --url "http://localhost:8080/api/movies/98268a96-a6ac-444f-852a-c6472129aa22"
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Expected Response
{"id":"98268a96-a6ac-444f-852a-c6472129aa22","title":"Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace","director":"George Lucas","release_date":"1999-05-16T01:01:01Z","ticket_price":20.7}
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Delete Movie

Request
curl --request DELETE --url "http://localhost:8080/api/movies/98268a96-a6ac-444f-852a-c6472129aa22"
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Expected Response
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Get Movie By ID - deleted record

Request
curl --request GET --url "http://localhost:8080/api/movies/98268a96-a6ac-444f-852a-c6472129aa22"
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Expected Response
{"status":"Resource not found."}
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Source

Source code for the demo application is hosted on GitHub in blog-code-samples repository.

References

In no particular order

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