Just to briefly answer two of the design patterns you mentioned:
Simply put, the Factory Design Pattern involves a method that returns an object based on the arguments given to it. It's basically an encapsulated way of instantiating objects. As a consequence of returning an object when invoking the factory, the new keyword is not needed to instantiate objects because the factory internally does that for you.
The Singleton Design Pattern is a way to make sure that classes are only instantiated once throughout the program. When attempting to instantiate a singleton, it either returns a new class instance (if it does not exist already) or returns the already instantiated singleton. This is not to be confused with static class properties.
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Just to briefly answer two of the design patterns you mentioned:
newkeyword is not needed to instantiate objects because the factory internally does that for you.