MANUAL TESTING

Manual testing primairly involves human intervention without the use of automated tools.there are tools that can assist manual testers in various aspects of thir work.these tools are not automation tools but are used to manage and streamline manual tasting processes.some examples iike:-JIRA,TESTRAIL,TESTLINK
QTEST,ZEPHYR.

STAGES OF MANNUAL TESTING

UNIT TESTING:testing individual units of
components of a software application to ensure they function correctly.in unit testing we test each class,each box,each product,each unit are developed or not.
INTEGRATION TESTING:verifying that different
modules or components work together as expected or not.
SYSTEM TESTING:cheking a entire software,evaluating the entire system's functionality to ensure it meets specified requirements.
UI TESTING:UI testing, also known as user interface testing, involes evaluating the graphical interface of a software application to ensure that it functions correctly and provides user experience.
ACCEPTANCE TESTING:the major aim of this test is to evolute the compliance of the system with the business requirements and access whether it is acceptable for delivery or not.comfirming that the software meets user requirements and is ready for release.
REGRESSION TESTING:regression testing involves retesting a software application to ensure that recent changes or additions to the code haven't negatively affected exixting functionalities.
PERFORMANCE TESTING:evaluating the speed, responsiveness, and overall performance of the application.it's crucial for identifying potential issues that may effect the system's long-term performance and use experince.

TYPE OF MANUAL TESTING

black box testing

Black box testing is a testing approach where the tester does not have any knowledge of the internal working, logic, or implementation details of the software being tested. it's helps ensure that the software functions correctly from the end-user's perspective without diving into the code's internal.
EXAMPLE:like checking a mixer grinder without knowing how
it works inside.you test it's buttons and functions without peeking inside the box to see the sircuits just foucusing on inputs and outputs.similarly,in software, we test the applications features without knowing the internal code.

WHITE BOX TESTING

White box testing is like examining the inner workings of a device. it involves testing the internal code,logic,and structure of a software application.
EXAMPLE:include checking specific lines of code,paths
through the software, or ensuring that functions are
working as intended within the program's source code.

GREY BOX TESTING

Grey box testing is like having partial knowledge of a device's internals.it's mix of black box testing.
EXAMPLE:you might partially inspect the code and also test the software's functionality from a user's perspective.

BENEFITS OF MANUAL TESTING

Mannual testing allows testers to use their intuition and experience to explore the application,indentifying unexpected issues that automated tests might miss.humans can adapt to changes in the application quickly. manual testers can modify test cases on the fly based on the evolving requirements, making it more flexible.this is especially useful in agile development environments where changes happen frequently.

SOME ADVANTAGES MANUAL TESTING LIKE

No enviroment limitations.
Programming knowledge is not required.
Recommendable for dynamically changing GUI designs.
Recommendable for usability testing.
Manual testing allows for humans observation,which may be more useful to find potential defects.

DRAWBACKS OF MANUAL TESTING

Manual testing requires more time or more resources.
Less accuracy.
Performance testing is impractical in manual testing.
Comparing large amount of data impractical.
Processing change requests during software maintenance takes more time.
Batch testing is possible, but for each test execution human user interaction is mandatory.
GUI objects size difference and color combinations etc...are not easy to find in manual testing.
Manual test case scope is very less, if it is automated test, scope is more.
Executing same tests again and again is time taking process as well as tedious.
For every release you must rerun the same set of tests which can be tiresome.