Truth, Validity and Form

 Arguments exhibit different combinations of true and false premises and conclusions. This is illustrated very well by the following examples:



All Judges are lawyers

All Chief Justices are Judges

Therefore, all Chief Justices are Lawyers.


All writers are creative

All novelists are writers

Therefore, all novelists are creative


All mathematicians are college graduates

All college graduates are intelligent

Therefore, all mathematician are intelligent


If James was allowed to rule then he will be famous

James was not allowed to rule

Therefore, James was not famous.