ls - list directory contents
When we have to list the directory contents we use ls command. Some common flags used with ls are:
ls [flags] [File]
- -l: Use a long listing format, showing details such as permissions, owner, group, size, and date modified
- -a: Show hidden files, which are files that start with a dot (.)
- -h: Show sizes in human-readable format, for example, 1K, 20K, 80M instead of numbers in bytes
- -t: It sort all the files by modification time, the new modification comes first.
- -r: Reverse the order of the sort, for example, sort files by modification time, oldest first
pwd - prints the name of current or working directory
pwd
We use pwd command when we want to display the absolute path of the current working directory.
rm - remove files or directories
rm is used to delete files or directories. Be careful when using rm, as there is no trash bin or undo for deleted files.
rm [flags](optional) [File]
Some of the useful flags are:
- -f: Force removal, do not prompt for confirmation
- -r: Remove directories and their contents recursively
chmod - change file mode bits
When we have to change the permissions of any files and directories chmod command is used.
chmod [permission_elements] [filename/directoryname]
Some of the basic option we use with chmod for changing permissions are:
- u: User/owner permissions
- g: Group permissions
- o: Other (world) permissions
- +: Add permission
- -: Remove permission
- -R: Operate on files and directories recursively
we can also use decimal number ranging between 0-7 for each element of the permission.
The permission in decimal format are:
- 4 - read
- 2 - write
- 1 - execute
- 6 - read and write
- 5 - read and execute
- 3 - write and execute
- 0 - no permission
chown - change owner of the file and group
chown is used to change the owner and/or group of a file.
if we want to change the user ownership of given file/directory (root access needed)
chown [username] [filename/directory]
change both user and group:
chown [username:groupname] [filename/directory]
- -R: Operate on files and directories recursively
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