When a $100M Cancer Treatment Hits a Futility Boundary — And What It Means for Vision Rehab The NRG Oncology NRG-GI003 trial results dropped this week: proton therapy, the particle-accelerator flagship of radiation oncology, failed to improve overall survival, progression-free survival, or local progression for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma versus standard photon therapy. The trial crossed its futility boundary at interim analysis and was released for reporting. In plain English: a vastly more expensive, technically complex treatment didn't move the clinical needle. The lesson isn't that proton therapy is 'bad' — it's that clinical superiority must be proven, not assumed. That principle applies far beyond oncology. In amblyopia (lazy eye) rehab, the default for decades has been patching: cover the strong eye, force the weak one to work. It's low-tech, low-cost, and often low-adherence. Kids hate it. Adults quit. Meanwhile, vision science has accumulated decades of evidence for dichoptic
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