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Java Daily Coding Problem #001

Andrew (he/him) on April 20, 2019

Daily Coding Problem is a website which will send you a programming challenge to your inbox every day. I want to show beginners how to solve some o...
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anduser96 profile image
Andrei Gatej

I’d use a set and iterate over the list and for each element I’d check if the set contains that element and if it does, it means we found a positive answer and if not, add k - arr[i] to the set.

for (int number: given){
   if (set.contains(number))
      return true;
    set.add(k - number);
}
 return false;

Thank you for sharing!

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awwsmm profile image
Andrew (he/him)

What is the Big-O of this solution, though?

In the worst case, if we have...

2 elements: we will do a contains() on a set with 0 elements, then an add(), then a contains() on a set with 1 element, then an add().

3 elements: all of the above, plus a contains() on a set with 2 elements, then an add()

Assuming we skip the last add() when we know we've reached the end of the list, worst-case would be calling contains() on N sets of length 0 through N-1, plus calling add() N-1 times.

This is definitely less space-efficient than my solution, because of the set, but is it more time-efficient? What do you think?

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anduser96 profile image
Andrei Gatej

I think it depends on how set works under the hood.
At first, because there is only one for loop, one might think it’s only O(n).

But how does the `contains()’ method actually work? I have just read here and it says that set will internally iterate its elements and compare each element to the object passed as parameter.

Another way of making sure that there isn’t another for loop going on behind the scenes is by using a map. Because accessing an item requires O(1) time.(as far as I know)

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awwsmm profile image
Andrew (he/him)

So it could be that the Set solution is just as memory-efficient as the double-for loop. I'd love to do a benchmark of this.

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anduser96 profile image
Andrei Gatej

If you do, please let me know what the results are!
Thanks!

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rodiongork profile image
Rodion Gorkovenko

Ah, here is the answer already.

It's O(N) for sure. Sets (based on HashMaps) in Java have O(1) amortized for lookup and insert.

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awwsmm profile image
Andrew (he/him)

Very clever! I like this answer.

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techgirl1908 profile image
Angie Jones

yo!🔥

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ntt2k profile image
Trung Nguyen • Edited

I thought the same and this is way more efficient runtime.

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wil222 profile image
wil222

Hi

Why not sorting the data first? If it is sorted, you can easily do a dichotomic search for the second number and get O(n(log(n)). Because sorting can be done in the same complexity, you get something better than the O(n2) algorithm above, with a space complexity of O(1)

You could also sort using a binary tree, then it becomes trivial to search for the second number in the tree while keeping the same complexity (with a space complexity of O(n) though)

If you use the map solution of Andrei, you don't know how much space the map will take (it depends on the implementation) but with a time complexity of O(n). If you use the set, you will get the same thing as my first solution.

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awwsmm profile image
Andrew (he/him) • Edited

Joan and Andrei both provided alternative solutions to this problem. I wondered which of our solutions was the best in the worst-case, so I created a Java Microbenchmark Harness (JMH) example which runs each of these pieces of code to time them. So I present...

A mini-tutorial on using the Java Microbenchmark Harness to benchmark Java code

Setup

Use Maven to set up a simple JMH project:

$ mvn archetype:generate \
    -DinteractiveMode=false \
    -DarchetypeGroupId=org.openjdk.jmh \
    -DarchetypeArtifactId=jmh-java-benchmark-archetype \
    -DgroupId=<org.sample> \
    -DartifactId=<test> \
    -Dversion=1.0

My package is daily, so I use that in place of <org.sample>, and I set the artifactId to 001 because this is the first Daily Coding Problem I'm solving in this fashion. This makes a directory called 001 with the following structure:

$ tree 001
001
├── pom.xml
└── src
    └── main
        └── java
            └── daily
                └── MyBenchmark.java

4 directories, 2 files

The contents of MyBenchmark.java are as follows:


/*
 * ...Oracle copyright...
 */

package daily;

import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Benchmark;

public class MyBenchmark {

    @Benchmark
    public void testMethod() {
        // This is a demo/sample template for building your JMH benchmarks. Edit as needed.
        // Put your benchmark code here.
    }

}

...but we're going to delete all of this and write our own code.

Benchmarking

Christophe Schreiber has a good example of using JMH on Dev.To. We need to send parameters to our methods, though. In the worst-case scenario, we'll have a very long array in which no two numbers add to k. These numbers should also all be unique so that the compiler can't do any optimisations and so that we need to continually add them to Andrei's Set.

I will be using this file on GitHub by Bruno Doolaeghe as a template:

package daily;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.TreeSet;

import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import java.util.stream.IntStream;

import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Benchmark;
import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.BenchmarkMode;
import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Fork;
import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Measurement;
import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Mode;
import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.OutputTimeUnit;
import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Param;
import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Scope;
import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.State;
import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Warmup;

@BenchmarkMode(Mode.AverageTime)
@Warmup(iterations = 10, time=500, timeUnit=TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
@Measurement(iterations = 10, time=500, timeUnit=TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
@Fork(1)
@OutputTimeUnit(TimeUnit.MICROSECONDS)
public class MyBenchmark {

  @State(Scope.Benchmark)
  public static class Setup {

    @Param({ "10", "15", "20", "25", "30", "40", "60", "80", "100", "200",
             "400", "800", "1000", "10000", "100000", "1000000", "10000000" })
    int N;

    // create a List of numbers 1...length
    List<Integer> list = IntStream.rangeClosed(1, N).boxed().collect(Collectors.toList());

    // always larger than the largest possible sum of two elements
    int k = Integer.MAX_VALUE;

    // shuffle the array before returning it to the user
    int[] get_given() {

      // shuffle the List
      Collections.shuffle(list);

      // convert the List to an array
      int[] given = list.stream().mapToInt(i->i).toArray();

      return given;
    }

    // return k
    int get_k() {
      return k;
    }

  }

  //----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  //
  //  TESTS
  //
  //----------------------------------------------------------------------------

  @Benchmark
  public boolean testAndrew(Setup d) {

    // setup
    int[] given = d.get_given();
    int k = d.get_k();

    // algorithm

    int len = given.length;

    for (int outer = 0; outer < (len - 1); ++outer)
      for (int inner = outer + 1; inner < len; ++inner)
        if (given[outer] + given[inner] == k)
          return true;

    return false;
  }

  @Benchmark
  public boolean testAndrei(Setup d) {

    // setup
    int[] given = d.get_given();
    int k = d.get_k();

    // algorithm

    Set<Integer> set = new TreeSet<Integer>();

    for (int number : given){
      if (set.contains(number))
        return true;
      set.add(k - number);
    }

    return false;
  }

  @Benchmark
  public boolean testJoan(Setup d) {

    // setup
    int[] given = d.get_given();
    int k = d.get_k();

    // algorithm

    Arrays.sort(given);

    int i = 0;
    int j = given.length - 1;

    while (i < given.length && j >= 0) {

      int sum = given[i] + given[j];

      if      (sum == k) return true;
      else if (sum  > k) --j;
      else               ++i;

    }

    return false;
  }

}

All code is available on my GitHub. The results of the benchmarking are below. Please note that I don't use JMH very often so this may not be the optimal way to lay out this benchmark. If you have any suggestions, be sure to let me (politely) know :)

Benchmark                    (N)  Mode  Cnt  Score   Error  Units
MyBenchmark.testAndrei        10  avgt   10  0.053 ± 0.004  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrei        15  avgt   10  0.056 ± 0.002  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrei        20  avgt   10  0.052 ± 0.003  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrei        25  avgt   10  0.057 ± 0.008  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrei        30  avgt   10  0.053 ± 0.003  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrei        40  avgt   10  0.052 ± 0.001  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrei        60  avgt   10  0.053 ± 0.002  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrei        80  avgt   10  0.056 ± 0.007  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrei       100  avgt   10  0.057 ± 0.008  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrei       200  avgt   10  0.054 ± 0.006  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrei       400  avgt   10  0.055 ± 0.009  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrei       800  avgt   10  0.054 ± 0.001  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrei      1000  avgt   10  0.065 ± 0.031  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrei     10000  avgt   10  0.056 ± 0.002  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrei    100000  avgt   10  0.053 ± 0.003  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrei   1000000  avgt   10  0.063 ± 0.004  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrei  10000000  avgt   10  0.052 ± 0.001  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrew        10  avgt   10  0.051 ± 0.002  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrew        15  avgt   10  0.051 ± 0.002  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrew        20  avgt   10  0.055 ± 0.006  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrew        25  avgt   10  0.052 ± 0.001  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrew        30  avgt   10  0.053 ± 0.002  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrew        40  avgt   10  0.054 ± 0.005  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrew        60  avgt   10  0.050 ± 0.002  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrew        80  avgt   10  0.059 ± 0.009  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrew       100  avgt   10  0.053 ± 0.007  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrew       200  avgt   10  0.055 ± 0.003  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrew       400  avgt   10  0.051 ± 0.002  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrew       800  avgt   10  0.062 ± 0.017  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrew      1000  avgt   10  0.080 ± 0.034  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrew     10000  avgt   10  0.051 ± 0.002  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrew    100000  avgt   10  0.063 ± 0.038  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrew   1000000  avgt   10  0.062 ± 0.014  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrew  10000000  avgt   10  0.058 ± 0.005  us/op
MyBenchmark.testJoan          10  avgt   10  0.059 ± 0.007  us/op
MyBenchmark.testJoan          15  avgt   10  0.068 ± 0.010  us/op
MyBenchmark.testJoan          20  avgt   10  0.060 ± 0.002  us/op
MyBenchmark.testJoan          25  avgt   10  0.055 ± 0.003  us/op
MyBenchmark.testJoan          30  avgt   10  0.058 ± 0.008  us/op
MyBenchmark.testJoan          40  avgt   10  0.056 ± 0.003  us/op
MyBenchmark.testJoan          60  avgt   10  0.061 ± 0.010  us/op
MyBenchmark.testJoan          80  avgt   10  0.064 ± 0.013  us/op
MyBenchmark.testJoan         100  avgt   10  0.061 ± 0.006  us/op
MyBenchmark.testJoan         200  avgt   10  0.059 ± 0.014  us/op
MyBenchmark.testJoan         400  avgt   10  0.059 ± 0.008  us/op
MyBenchmark.testJoan         800  avgt   10  0.060 ± 0.001  us/op
MyBenchmark.testJoan        1000  avgt   10  0.058 ± 0.001  us/op
MyBenchmark.testJoan       10000  avgt   10  0.057 ± 0.002  us/op
MyBenchmark.testJoan      100000  avgt   10  0.066 ± 0.009  us/op
MyBenchmark.testJoan     1000000  avgt   10  0.059 ± 0.007  us/op
MyBenchmark.testJoan    10000000  avgt   10  0.058 ± 0.008  us/op

Even in the worst-case scenario with a 10-million element array, I see no difference between the three methods in terms of time:

MyBenchmark.testAndrei  10000000  avgt   10  0.052 ± 0.001  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrew  10000000  avgt   10  0.058 ± 0.005  us/op
MyBenchmark.testJoan    10000000  avgt   10  0.058 ± 0.008  us/op

Because of the uncertainties on the three benchmarks, they could all be the same (they could all be 0.053 us/op). That's anticlimactic!

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awwsmm profile image
Andrew (he/him) • Edited

Follow-up with arrays with more elements:

Benchmark                      (N)  Mode  Cnt  Score   Error  Units
MyBenchmark.testAndrei    10000000  avgt  100  0.071 ± 0.004  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrew    10000000  avgt  100  0.049 ± 0.001  us/op
MyBenchmark.testJoan      10000000  avgt  100  0.887 ± 0.365  us/op

MyBenchmark.testAndrei   100000000  avgt  100  0.057 ± 0.001  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrew   100000000  avgt  100  0.050 ± 0.001  us/op
MyBenchmark.testJoan     100000000  avgt  100  0.129 ± 0.080  us/op

MyBenchmark.testAndrei  1000000000  avgt  100  0.058 ± 0.001  us/op
MyBenchmark.testAndrew  1000000000  avgt  100  0.053 ± 0.001  us/op
MyBenchmark.testJoan    1000000000  avgt  100  0.057 ± 0.003  us/op

Does the double-for win??

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charles1303 profile image
charles1303

Interesting stats though. But could it be that the N squared approach never really got to it's worst case scenario by not iterating through all the elements?

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joanvo profile image
Joan Verdaguer • Edited

If you're crazy about complexity's O, I have the impression it would be better to start by sorting it and then going through the array starting both from the beggining and the end, but only once, so it becomes O(nlogn). It's probably less readable though.

Arrays.sort(arr);
int i = 0;
int j = arr.length - 1;
while(i < arr.length && j >= 0)
{
  int sum = arr[i] + arr[j];
  if(sum == k)
    return true;
  else if (sum > k)
    j--;
  else
    i++;
}
return false;

Andrei's solution was very smart as well, and I guess depending on complexity of contains and add of the Set object, you could get an algorithm with the same complexity.

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andylawlerdev profile image
Andrew • Edited

I enjoyed this! I read the problem and decided to have a go myself and see what our different solutions looked like. I did the same except in the embedded loop i just started at array.length and went down to 0 instead.

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awwsmm profile image
Andrew (he/him)

You bring up a good point. I should hide my solutions for future coding challenges like this.

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iameugn profile image
imeugn

I would even check, if the outer number is greater equal than the number k. Thus we could even skip some for loops.

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awwsmm profile image
Andrew (he/him)

This sounds reasonable to me but note that the problem doesn't state whether the numbers in the array can be negative!

If I got this question in a coding interview, I'm not sure I would make that assumption.

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iameugn profile image
imeugn

I was actually thinking more in the line of:
Let n={3,5,10,15,17} and k=13. 15 and 17 should not be considered at all since they are greater.
The numbers are not supposed to be negative. The worst case remains the same.
But if n is meant to be sorted, we can then only check the left side of n up to the very closest number to k, which is still less than k. That would change the approach in general, I would think.