State PCS (jaise UPPCS) ke GS Paper 2 ke liye Federalism ki topper-style, high-yield Short Summary/Revision Notes (without losing quality):
đī¸ 1. Core Concept & Article 1
- Definition: Central & State governments ke beech Division of Power, dono apne daayre me independent.
- Article 1: India is a "Union of States" (Not 'Federal').
- Ambedkar's View: Indian federation koi 'Agreement' nahi hai; States ko alag (secede) hone ka right nahi hai.
âī¸ 2. Federal vs Unitary Matrix (Quick Revision Table)
| Federal Features (ā¤¸ā¤ā¤āĨā¤¯) | Unitary Features (ā¤ā¤ā¤žā¤¤āĨā¤Žā¤ - Strong Center) |
|---|---|
| Dual Polity: 2-level governance (Center + States) | Strong Center: 7th Schedule tilts towards Center |
| Written & Rigid Const.: States' ratification needed for amendments | Residuary Powers (Art 248): Exclusively with Center |
| 7th Schedule: 3 Lists (Union, State, Concurrent) | Emergency (Art 352/356): Converts structure into Unitary |
| Independent Judiciary: SC acts as an Umpire (Art 131) | Art 3: Destructible States (Indestructible Union) |
| Other: Governor, AIS (IAS/IPS), Single Citizenship |
Topper Note: K.C. Wheare called it "Quasi-Federal". S.R. Bommai Case (1994) declared Federalism as part of the Basic Structure.
â ī¸ 3. Friction Points (Mains Challenges)
- Political: Governor's role (bill delays, acting as Center's agent) & Misuse of central agencies (CBI/ED).
- Financial: Center's reliance on Cess & Surcharges (not shared with states) & GST Compensation disputes.
- Legislative: Center encroaching on State List subjects (e.g., Farm Laws issue).
đ 4. Way Forward (Topper's Conclusion Keywords)
- Commissions: Implement Sarkaria & Punchhi Commission reports (e.g., Non-partisan Governor appointment).
- Institutionalism: Activate Inter-State Council (Art 263) & Zonal Councils for dispute resolution.
- Philosophy: Move from confrontation to Cooperative & Competitive Federalism via NITI Aayog.
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