Saffron is a well-known Chinese traditional herb, and crocin biosynthesis is related to the yield and quality of saffron. This study aimed to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in saffron at different flowering stages and identify cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes involved in crocin biosynthesis. Saffron samples at different flowering stages were used for RNA sequencing, and DEGs between the samples at three days before the flowering stage (- 3da) and two days after the flowering stage (+ 2da) were screened. Thereafter, significantly differentially expressed CYP genes were identified, and CYP gene expression at different flowering stages and in various tissues of saffron was determined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). After sequencing and analysis, 1508 DEGs between the samples at - 3da and + 2da were identified, including 487 upregulated and 1021 downregulated genes, which were enriched in 16 biological processes, 5 cellular components, 3 molecular functions, and 11 KEGG pathways, including protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, estrogen signaling pathway, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. In addition, 12 significantly differentially expressed CYP genes were identified. The RT-qPCR results showed that CYP76C4, CYP72A15, CYP72A219, CYP97B2, CYP714C2, CYP71A1, CYP94C1, and CYP86A8 were all expressed in the pistils, and CYP72A219, CYP72A15, CYP97B2, CYP71A1, and CYP86A8 were highly expressed in the pistils. Our study established a transcriptome library of saffron and found that CYP72A219, CYP72A15, CYP97B2, CYP71A1, and CYP86A8 may be candidates involved crocin biosynthesis in saffron.
Genome-wide identification, analysis and functional characterization of an unreported VvBBX gene showed a response to light and positive correlation with anthocyanin content, but also inhibition of light-induced anthocyanin synthesis. B-box (BBX) proteins are a class of zinc (Zn) finger transcription factorsor regulators characterized by the presence of one or two BBX domains and play important roles in plant growth and development. However, the BBX genes' potential functions are insufficiently characterized in grape, a globally popular berry with high economic value. Here, 25 BBX family genes including a novel member (assigned VvBBX44) were identified genome widely in grape. The expression level of these VvBBXs were analyzed in 'Cabernet Sauvignon' (V. vinifera) stem, flower, leaf, tendril, petiole, and developing berries. The expression of VvBBX44 increased in developing 'Cabernet Sauvignon' berries. Its expression was inhibited in 'Jingxiu' and 'Muscat Hamburg' berry skin without sunlight. Furthermore, oin anthocyanin biosynthesis.
The present study compared patients developing ASD after L4/5 spinal fusion with a control group using a patient-specific statistical shape model (SSM) to find alignment-differences between the groups.
This study included patients who had undergone spinal fusion at L4/5 and either remained asymptomatic (control group; n = 25, follow-up of > 4years) or required revision surgery for epifusional ASD (n = 22). Landmarks on preoperative and postoperative lateral radiographs were annotated, and the optimal spinal sagittal alignment was calculated for each patient. The two-dimensional distance from the SSM-calculated optimum to the actual positions before and after fusion surgery was compared.
Postoperatively, the additive mean distance from the SSM-calculated optimum was 86.8mm in the ASD group and 67.7mm in the control group (p = 0.119). Greater differences were observed between the groups with a larger distance to the ideal in patients with ASD at more cranial levels. Significant difference between the groups was seen postoperatively in the vertical distance of the operated segment L4. The patients with ASD (5.69 ± 3.0mm) had a significant greater distance from the SSM as the control group (3.58 ± 3.5mm, p = 0.034).
Patients with ASD requiring revision after lumbar spinal fusion have greater differences from the optimal spinal sagittal alignment as an asymptomatic control group calculated by patient-specific statistical shape modeling. Further research might help to understand the value of SSM, in conjunction with already established indexes, for preoperative planning with the aim of reducing the risk of ASD.
Diagnostic individual cross-sectional studies with consistently applied reference standard and blinding.
Diagnostic individual cross-sectional studies with consistently applied reference standard and blinding.As an ancient analgesia therapy, acupuncture has been practiced worldwide nowadays. A good understanding of its mechanisms will offer a promise for its rational and wider application. As the first station of pain sensation, peripheral sensory ganglia express pain-related P2X receptors that are involved in the acupuncture analgesia mechanisms transduction pathway. While the role of their endogenous ligand, extracellular ATP (eATP), remains less studied. Menadione This work attempted to clarify whether acupuncture modulated eATP levels in the peripheral sensory nerve system during its analgesia process. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent acute inflammatory pain by injecting Complete Freund's Adjuvant in the unilateral ankle joint for 2 days. A twenty-minute acupuncture was applied to ipsilateral Zusanli acupoint. Thermal hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia were assessed on bilateral hind paws to evaluate the analgesic effect. eATP of bilateral isolated lumbar 4-5 dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and sciatic nerves were determined by luminescence assay. Nucleotidases NTPDase-2 and -3 in bilateral ganglia and sciatic nerves were measured by real-time PCR to explore eATP hydrolysis process. Our results revealed that acute inflammation induced bilateral thermal hyperalgesia and ipsilateral tactile allodynia, which were accompanied by increased eATP levels and higher mechano-sensitivity of bilateral DRGs and decreased eATP levels of bilateral sciatic nerves. Acupuncture exerted anti-nociception on bilateral hind paws, reversed the increased eATP and mechanosensitivity of bilateral DRGs, and restored the decreased eATP of bilateral sciatic nerves. NTPDase-2 and -3 in bilateral ganglia and sciatic nerves were inconsistently modulated during this period. These observations indicate that eATP metabolism of peripheral sensory nerve system was simultaneously regulated during acupuncture analgesia, which might open a new frontier for acupuncture research.Menadione
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