Back to Basics - Python #01

Intro

It's March 2024 and I have joined a Level 4 Data Analytics Bootcamp! Hurray! Technically lessons will only start at the beginning of April but I am already very excited about it and thinking of things.

To celebrate my new adventure and start having my brain cells back working, I am writing a series of Back to Basics articles exploring Data Analytics basics. I am starting with Python, the programming language we will use in the boot camp, its components, data exploring libraries (NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib anyone?), and styling conventions, to name a few.

This series intends to be more of a reference for myself and my bootcamp studies but I hope it can be useful for anyone starting their journey on Data Analysis. It is far from a comprehensive guide; it is indeed an open, live document that will, hopefully, expand with time. Any useful additions and constructive criticism will be immensely appreciated.

In this first edition of Back to Basics I am going to explore one of the very basic Python's building blocks: variables.

Introduction to Python

Python is a high-level, object-oriented, general-purpose programming language. Guido Van Rossum, a Dutch programmer, first conceived it in the late 1980s. It first appeared in February 1991, and its 1.0 version was released in 1994.

Van Rossum thought programming with C, another programming language, was too time-consuming and a programming language should allow programmers to work faster and more efficiently. Also, he primed for readability, and simplicity with bash capabilities.

As of the writing of this article, Python is on version 3.12.2 and it can be downloaded here.

Python's naming curiosity

Contrary to popular belief, Python was not named after a snake species, it was named as a tribute to the British comedy group Monty Python as Python developers aim it to be fun to use.

Variables

What is a variable?

A variable is a container for storing data. A variable is a basic building block of a program.

Python is not a "statically typed" programming language, i.e., we do not need to declare variables types before using them. Python is a "dynamically typed" programming language, i.e., it only checks variables at execution time (runtime). Python is so intelligent it can figure those out without us explicitly having to tell it.

The variable value can be changed during the execution of a program.
A variable does not hold a real value but a reference to it. For example, a variable called 'x' with a value of '10' does not hold the real integer '10' but a reference to where it is located in the computer's memory. It works as a pointer to where the value is stored.

If we assign a different value to 'x', the variable reference location will change and point to the new in-memory location. '10' will still be '10. The integer's value did not change in the computer's memory.

Example:

x = 10  # points to the integer '10' location reference
x = 20  # it now points to the integer '20' location reference

Declaring a variable

A variable is declared (created) when a value is assigned to it for the first time. To declare a variable we need to specify a name and a type.

Note: Python has no command for declaring a variable.

The syntax to declare a variable can vary amongst programming languages. In Python, we use a = (equal symbol) to assign a value to a variable name.

For example:

quantity = 1
price = 2.5
product = 'muffin'
order = [2, 'cakes', 5.95]

The variables's names are 'quantity', 'price', 'product', and 'order'. The variable values are 1, 2.5, 'muffin', and [2, 'cakes', 5.95]. The variable values can be of different types, as explained further below.

Variable Naming Rules

Variables in Python can be of any length, and consist of uppercase and lowercase letters (A-Z, a-z), digits(0-9), and the underscore character '_'.

Note: The first character of a variable name cannot be a digit. Declaring a variable with the name '2x' will raise a Syntax Error.

Example:

2x = 4
  Cell In[2], line 1
    2x = 4
    ^
SyntaxError: invalid decimal literal

Note: Variable names cannot have spaces. Declaring a variable name with space on it will raise a Syntax Error.

Example:

party cake = 'good'
  Cell In[1], line 1
    party cake = 'good'
          ^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

Case-sensitiviness

Python variables are case-sensitive, i.e., variables named 'cakes', 'Cakes', and 'CAKES', although using the same word, are three different variables. They reference different things.

Example:

cakes = 'yummy'
Cakes = 'delicious'
CAKES = 'more please'

Python Style Guide = PEP 8

Python has a recommended Styling Guide. It is available here.

Python Reserved words

We cannot use certain words as variable names, function names, or any other identifier because they are reserved for exclusive Python use.

As of the writing of this article, the following are Python's reserved words:

False	def	if	raise
None	del	import	return
True	elif	in	try
and	else	is	while
as	except	lambda	with
assert	finally	nonlocal	yield
break	for	not
class	form	or
continue	global	pass

Note: All keyword are in lowercase with the exception of True, False, and None.

Python built-in Data Type

A data type in a programming language refers to an attribute that identifies the nature of a piece of data's value. It tells a computer how to interpret the data value. Some common examples include strings, integers, floats, and booleans.

Understanding Data Types is important as variables can store data types. Different data types can do different things.

The following Data Types are built-in by default in Python.

Description	Type
Text	str
Numeric	int, float, complex
Sequence	list, tuple, range
Mapping	dict
Set	set, frozenset
Boolean	bool
Binary	bytes, bytearray, memoryview
None	NoneType

To find the type of a variable, we can use Python's type() function:

For example:

quantity = 1                # 'quantity' is of type 'int'
price = 2.5                 # 'price' is of type 'float'
product = 'muffin'          # 'product' is of type 'str'
order = [2, 'cakes', 5.95]  # 'order' is of type 'list'

print("quantity", type(quantity))
print("price", type(price))
print("product", type(product))
print("order", type(order))

# Returns
quantity <class 'int'>
price <class 'float'>
product <class 'str'>
order <class 'list'>

Summary

Variables are essential building blocks of any programming language. Understanding how they work and what we can do with them will make the difference between a concise, clearly written codebase and a convoluted, difficult-to-understand, and maintain one.

Consistency in how we create, name and use our variables will help us keep things under control as our codebase grows and becomes more complex.

Treat your codebase with care. You will thank yourself later.