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Chris Wendt
Chris Wendt

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Alternative Applicative and Monad formulations

There's a little known alternative definition of Applicative and Monad that I haven't seen presented in an article before, so I thought I'd share:

class Functor f => Applicative f where
  pure :: f ()
  (**) :: f a -> f b -> f (a, b)

-- Left identity : pure ** v     ≅ v
-- Right identity: v    ** pure  ≅ v
-- Associativity : u ** (v ** w) ≅ (u ** v) ** w
-- (≅ means isomorphism)

class Applicative m => Monad m where
  join :: m (m a) -> m a

-- join . fmap join = join . join
-- join . fmap pure = join . pure = id
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