Neuroethics and memory modifications: therapy or enhancement?

The text analyzes ethical dilemmas associated with memory modification technologies, based on the publication by Steve Ramirez. The main problem is the distinction between therapy (restoring function) and enhancement (neuroenhancement), where the same technology can serve both roles depending on the purpose of use. The author criticizes the bio-statistical approach to health norms, proposing instead the 'capability approach' inspired by Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum. In this view, memory health and efficiency are not judged by a statistical species average, but by real opportunities for action and an individual's ability to achieve life goals and build identity. This approach shifts the focus from biological normality to subjective agency and quality of life.