The economics of body fluids and data bioeconomics

The article analyzes the transformation of body fluids from physiological secretions into economic resources. The author indicates that the value of biological material does not result from its chemical composition, but from the technological, legal, and institutional context, which creates the so-called biological value creation chain. The text introduces the concept of a commodification spectrum, in which substances such as blood or saliva can function as a gift, raw material, or source of intellectual property. The analysis refers to the theories of Marcel Mauss and Richard Titmuss, examining the tension between the altruistic model of social solidarity and market incentive mechanisms in donation systems, emphasizing the role of technology in transforming biology into data.