The End of Man: Fukuyama, Lem, and the Dilemmas of Biotechnology

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the philosophical and technological challenges posed to humanity by contemporary biotechnology. The author juxtaposes the visions of Francis Fukuyama with the work of Stanisław Lem, focusing on the concept of "Factor X"—a unique set of traits constituting human dignity, such as reason, morality, and self-awareness. The text explores how genetic engineering, neuropharmacology, and xenotransplantation can permanently alter human nature, leading to the creation of genetic castes and a new social engineering. In the face of advancing transhumanism, the publication raises questions about the survival of the values that underpin our society. Will there be room for traditionally understood humanity in a world dominated by biological enhancement? This is a key question for contemporary bioethics, analyzed through the lens of classic dystopias, which in the era of technological revolution take on a completely new meaning.