Tolerance as a Civilizational Regime: Analysis and User's Manual

This text sheds new light on the concept of tolerance, defining it as a lasting civilizational regime rather than a set of volatile emotions. The author traces contemporary principles of coexistence to the tragic experiences of the 16th-century religious wars, which forced legal reform and restraint. The analysis juxtaposes Leszek Kołakowski's classic concepts and Karl Popper's paradox of tolerance with the modern sociological models of Inglehart-Welzel and Hofstede. The article provides practical instructions for protecting pluralism and freedom of speech from threats such as nihilism, dehumanization, and no-platforming. It is essential reading for those seeking institutional and philosophical tools for de-escalating conflicts in polarized societies.