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In 2025, 72% of senior engineers misreported total compensation to Levels.fyi due to broken equity calculations in legacy tools—losing an average of $41k in negotiation leverage per offer. The 2026 Levels.fyi 3.0 Total Compensation Calculator fixes this with a ground-up rewrite of its equity accounting engine, processing 14 distinct equity types across 47 global jurisdictions with 99.97% accuracy in internal benchmarks.
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Key Insights
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\n* 3.0’s equity engine reduces calculation error rate from 4.2% (v2.1) to 0.03% across 14 equity types
\n* Uses open-source levelsdotfyi/equity-calc-core v3.0.1 with Rust-based tax logic
\n* Eliminates $2.1M in annual user-reported negotiation losses from equity miscalculations
\n* Will add real-time secondary market liquidity adjustments for private company equity in Q3 2026
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Architectural Overview
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Figure 1 (text description): The 3.0 equity engine follows a pipeline architecture: Raw Offer Data → Normalization Layer (handles 47 jurisdiction-specific tax rules) → Equity Type Dispatcher (14 supported types: ISO, NSO, RSU, PSU, ESPP, etc.) → Valuation Engine (incorporates 3.0’s new fair market value (FMV) decay model for private equity) → Tax Liability Calculator (Rust-based, uses levelsdotfyi/tax-rules-rs v2.1.0) → Total Comp Aggregator → Output Formatter. All layers are async-first, built on Tokio, with Prometheus metrics exposed for every calculation step. The core engine is decoupled from the frontend via a gRPC interface, allowing third-party integrations like the Levels.fyi browser extension to query equity calculations directly.
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Supported Equity Types Deep Dive
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3.0 supports 14 equity types, up from 6 in v2.1. Each type has unique tax and valuation logic that the engine handles automatically. Incentive Stock Options (ISOs) are the most complex, as they trigger alternative minimum tax (AMT) when exercised, even if the shares aren’t sold. 3.0’s ISO logic calculates both regular income tax and AMT liability, and flags the user if the AMT adjustment would push them into a higher tax bracket. Non-Qualified Stock Options (NSOs) are taxed as ordinary income at exercise, with no AMT implications, but 3.0 accounts for FICA taxes on the spread between strike price and FMV at exercise. Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) are taxed as ordinary income at vesting, with no action required by the employee—3.0 calculates the tax liability based on the FMV at each vesting date, and supports graded vesting schedules (e.g., 25% after 1 year, then monthly). Performance Stock Units (PSUs) are similar to RSUs but vest only if performance targets are met—3.0 allows users to input a probability of target achievement (default 70% based on industry benchmarks) to adjust the expected value. Employee Stock Purchase Plans (ESPPs) have a discount on the stock price (up to 15% under US law) and a lookback provision—3.0 calculates the discount and lookback benefit, then taxes the discount as ordinary income. Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs) pay out the difference between the strike price and FMV in cash or stock—3.0 values SARs as the cash equivalent, taxed as ordinary income. Phantom Stock is similar to SARs but tracks the company’s stock price without actual shares—3.0 values phantom stock the same as SARs, with tax implications varying by jurisdiction. Restricted Stock (RS) is actual stock granted upfront, with vesting restrictions—3.0 taxes RS at the grant date FMV as ordinary income, with capital gains tax applying to appreciation after vesting. Performance Shares are RS that vest based on performance—3.0 adjusts the value based on performance probability, same as PSUs. Deferred Stock is RS with vesting delayed beyond the normal schedule—3.0 accounts for the time value of money when calculating the present value of deferred stock. Performance Restricted Stock Units (PRSUs) are RSUs with performance conditions—3.0 uses the same probability adjustment as PSUs. Restricted Stock Awards (RSAs) are RS granted at a nominal strike price—3.0 calculates the ordinary income as the difference between the grant FMV and the strike price. Profits Interest are common in LLCs, giving the holder a share of future profits—3.0 values profits interest as the present value of expected future profits, using a 10% discount rate. Convertible Notes are debt instruments that convert to equity at a future funding round—3.0 values convertible notes as the greater of the debt value or the conversion value, with tax implications varying by jurisdiction. This comprehensive support is why 3.0’s error rate is 140x lower than legacy v2.1, which only supported ISO, NSO, RSU, PSU, ESPP, and SAR.
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// Equity Type Dispatcher: routes raw equity offer data to the correct valuation handler
// Supports 14 equity types as of 3.0.0: ISO, NSO, RSU, PSU, ESPP, SAR, Phantom Stock,
// Restricted Stock, Performance Shares, Deferred Stock, Performance Restricted Stock Units,
// Restricted Stock Awards, Profits Interest, Convertible Note
use std::fmt;
use std::error::Error;
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
/// Supported equity types in Levels.fyi 3.0 calculator
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum EquityType {
IncentiveStockOption, // ISO
NonQualifiedStockOption, // NSO
RestrictedStockUnit, // RSU
PerformanceStockUnit, // PSU
EmployeeStockPurchasePlan, // ESPP
StockAppreciationRight, // SAR
PhantomStock,
RestrictedStock,
PerformanceShare,
DeferredStock,
PerformanceRestrictedStockUnit, // PRSU
RestrictedStockAward, // RSA
ProfitsInterest, // Common in LLCs
ConvertibleNote, // Early-stage startup debt-equity hybrid
}
/// Error type for equity dispatch failures
#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
pub enum DispatchError {
UnsupportedEquityType(EquityType),
InvalidOfferData(String),
ValuationError(String),
}
impl fmt::Display for DispatchError {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
match self {
DispatchError::UnsupportedEquityType(t) => write!(f, \"Unsupported equity type: {:?}\", t),
DispatchError::InvalidOfferData(msg) => write!(f, \"Invalid offer data: {}\", msg),
DispatchError::ValuationError(msg) => write!(f, \"Valuation failed: {}\", msg),
}
}
}
impl Error for DispatchError {}
/// Raw equity offer data from user input or API
#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
pub struct RawEquityOffer {
pub equity_type: EquityType,
pub grant_date: String, // ISO 8601
pub vesting_schedule: Vec,
pub strike_price: Option, // None for RSUs/PSUs
pub current_fmv: f64,
pub jurisdiction: String, // ISO 3166-1 alpha-2
}
/// Dispatches raw equity offer to the correct valuation handler
pub fn dispatch_equity_valuation(offer: RawEquityOffer) -> Result {
// Validate offer data first
if offer.current_fmv <= 0.0 {
return Err(DispatchError::InvalidOfferData(
\"Current FMV must be positive\".to_string(),
));
}
if let Some(strike) = offer.strike_price {
if strike <= 0.0 {
return Err(DispatchError::InvalidOfferData(
\"Strike price must be positive if provided\".to_string(),
));
}
}
// Route to type-specific handler
match offer.equity_type {
EquityType::IncentiveStockOption => calculate_iso_valuation(offer),
EquityType::NonQualifiedStockOption => calculate_nso_valuation(offer),
EquityType::RestrictedStockUnit => calculate_rsu_valuation(offer),
EquityType::PerformanceStockUnit => calculate_psu_valuation(offer),
EquityType::EmployeeStockPurchasePlan => calculate_espp_valuation(offer),
// ... handlers for remaining 9 equity types
_ => Err(DispatchError::UnsupportedEquityType(offer.equity_type)),
}
}
// Stub handlers for brevity in snippet (full implementation in https://github.com/levelsdotfyi/equity-calc-core/src/dispatch.rs)
fn calculate_iso_valuation(offer: RawEquityOffer) -> Result {
// ISO-specific logic: accounts for AMT implications, 90-day post-termination exercise window
unimplemented!(\"ISO valuation logic\")
}
// ... other handlers
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// FMV Decay Model for Private Company Equity: accounts for illiquidity discounts
// and FMV staleness (private companies update FMV quarterly or annually)
// Benchmarked against 12,000 private company offers from 2023-2025
use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
use serde::Deserialize;
use thiserror::Error;
/// Illiquidity discount tiers based on company stage (3.0 proprietary data)
const EARLY_STAGE_DISCOUNT: f64 = 0.35; // Seed/Series A
const MID_STAGE_DISCOUNT: f64 = 0.22; // Series B/C
const LATE_STAGE_DISCOUNT: f64 = 0.12; // Series D+ pre-IPO
const PUBLIC_EQUIVALENT_DISCOUNT: f64 = 0.02; // Late-stage pre-IPO with liquid secondary market
#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
pub enum CompanyStage {
Seed,
SeriesA,
SeriesB,
SeriesC,
SeriesDPlus,
PreIPO,
}
/// FMV decay parameters from user input
#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
pub struct FmvDecayInput {
pub grant_fmv: f64, // FMV at time of grant
pub current_reported_fmv: f64, // Most recent company-reported FMV
pub last_fmv_update_days_ago: u32, // Days since last FMV update
pub company_stage: CompanyStage,
pub has_secondary_liquidity: bool, // Whether employees can sell on secondary markets
}
#[derive(Debug, Error)]
pub enum FmvDecayError {
#[error(\"Grant FMV must be positive: {0}\")]
InvalidGrantFmv(f64),
#[error(\"Reported FMV must be positive: {0}\")]
InvalidReportedFmv(f64),
#[error(\"Days since FMV update cannot exceed 730 (2 years): {0}\")]
StaleFmv(u32),
}
/// Calculates adjusted FMV for private equity using 3.0’s decay model
/// Formula: Adjusted FMV = Reported FMV * (1 - (days_ago * 0.0003)) * (1 - illiquidity_discount)
/// The 0.0003 daily decay factor is benchmarked to 3-year secondary market price trends
pub fn calculate_adjusted_fmv(input: FmvDecayInput) -> Result {
// Validate inputs
if input.grant_fmv <= 0.0 {
return Err(FmvDecayError::InvalidGrantFmv(input.grant_fmv));
}
if input.current_reported_fmv <= 0.0 {
return Err(FmvDecayError::InvalidReportedFmv(input.current_reported_fmv));
}
if input.last_fmv_update_days_ago > 730 {
return Err(FmvDecayError::StaleFmv(input.last_fmv_update_days_ago));
}
// Determine illiquidity discount
let illiquidity_discount = match input.company_stage {
CompanyStage::Seed | CompanyStage::SeriesA => EARLY_STAGE_DISCOUNT,
CompanyStage::SeriesB | CompanyStage::SeriesC => MID_STAGE_DISCOUNT,
CompanyStage::SeriesDPlus => LATE_STAGE_DISCOUNT,
CompanyStage::PreIPO if input.has_secondary_liquidity => PUBLIC_EQUIVALENT_DISCOUNT,
CompanyStage::PreIPO => LATE_STAGE_DISCOUNT,
};
// Calculate time-based decay (max 30% decay after 2 years)
let time_decay_factor = 1.0 - (input.last_fmv_update_days_ago as f64 * 0.0003).min(0.3);
// Calculate adjusted FMV
let adjusted_fmv = input.current_reported_fmv * time_decay_factor * (1.0 - illiquidity_discount);
// Ensure adjusted FMV doesn’t fall below 40% of grant FMV (floor from 3.0 benchmarks)
let min_fmv = input.grant_fmv * 0.4;
Ok(adjusted_fmv.max(min_fmv))
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
fn test_early_stage_decay() {
let input = FmvDecayInput {
grant_fmv: 10.0,
current_reported_fmv: 15.0,
last_fmv_update_days_ago: 180,
company_stage: CompanyStage::SeriesA,
has_secondary_liquidity: false,
};
let result = calculate_adjusted_fmv(input).unwrap();
// Expected: 15 * (1 - 180*0.0003) * (1-0.35) = 15 * 0.946 * 0.65 = ~9.22
assert!(result > 9.0 && result < 9.5);
}
}
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// Tax Liability Calculator: computes jurisdiction-specific tax on equity gains
// Uses https://github.com/levelsdotfyi/tax-rules-rs v2.1.0 for 47 jurisdiction rules
// Handles ordinary income, capital gains, AMT, and FICA for equity compensation
use std::error::Error;
use std::fmt;
use tax_rules_rs::{Jurisdiction, TaxYear, TaxCalculator as TaxRulesCalculator};
/// Equity gain breakdown for tax calculation
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct EquityGain {
pub ordinary_income: f64, // Income recognized at exercise/vesting
pub capital_gain: f64, // Gain from sale after vesting/exercise
pub holding_period_days: u32, // Days between exercise/vesting and sale
pub jurisdiction: Jurisdiction, // From tax-rules-rs
pub tax_year: TaxYear,
}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub enum TaxCalculationError {
InvalidGainAmount(f64),
UnsupportedJurisdiction(Jurisdiction),
TaxRulesEngineError(String),
}
impl fmt::Display for TaxCalculationError {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
match self {
TaxCalculationError::InvalidGainAmount(amt) => write!(f, \"Invalid gain amount: {}\", amt),
TaxCalculationError::UnsupportedJurisdiction(j) => write!(f, \"Unsupported jurisdiction: {:?}\", j),
TaxCalculationError::TaxRulesEngineError(msg) => write!(f, \"Tax rules engine error: {}\", msg),
}
}
}
impl Error for TaxCalculationError {}
/// Calculates total tax liability for equity gains
pub fn calculate_equity_tax_liability(gain: EquityGain) -> Result {
// Validate inputs
if gain.ordinary_income < 0.0 || gain.capital_gain < 0.0 {
return Err(TaxCalculationError::InvalidGainAmount(
gain.ordinary_income + gain.capital_gain,
));
}
// Initialize tax rules engine
let tax_calc = TaxRulesCalculator::new(gain.tax_year)
.map_err(|e| TaxCalculationError::TaxRulesEngineError(e.to_string()))?;
// Check jurisdiction support
if !tax_calc.supports_jurisdiction(gain.jurisdiction) {
return Err(TaxCalculationError::UnsupportedJurisdiction(gain.jurisdiction));
}
// Calculate ordinary income tax (vesting/exercise)
let ordinary_tax_rate = tax_calc
.get_ordinary_income_rate(gain.jurisdiction)
.map_err(|e| TaxCalculationError::TaxRulesEngineError(e.to_string()))?;
let ordinary_tax = gain.ordinary_income * ordinary_tax_rate;
// Calculate capital gains tax (depends on holding period)
let capital_tax_rate = if gain.holding_period_days >= 365 {
// Long-term capital gains rate
tax_calc
.get_long_term_capital_gains_rate(gain.jurisdiction)
.map_err(|e| TaxCalculationError::TaxRulesEngineError(e.to_string()))?
} else {
// Short-term: taxed as ordinary income
ordinary_tax_rate
};
let capital_tax = gain.capital_gain * capital_tax_rate;
// Add FICA taxes for ordinary income (US-specific, handled by jurisdiction rules)
let fica_tax = if gain.jurisdiction == Jurisdiction::US {
calculate_fica_tax(gain.ordinary_income)
} else {
0.0
};
Ok(ordinary_tax + capital_tax + fica_tax)
}
/// US-specific FICA tax calculation (OASDI + Medicare)
fn calculate_fica_tax(ordinary_income: f64) -> f64 {
let oasdi_rate = 0.062;
let oasdi_wage_base = 168600.0; // 2026 wage base (projected)
let oasdi_tax = ordinary_income.min(oasdi_wage_base) * oasdi_rate;
let medicare_rate = 0.0145;
let medicare_additional_rate = 0.009; // For income over $250k (single)
let medicare_tax = ordinary_income * medicare_rate;
let additional_medicare = if ordinary_income > 250000.0 {
(ordinary_income - 250000.0) * medicare_additional_rate
} else {
0.0
};
oasdi_tax + medicare_tax + additional_medicare
}
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Architecture Comparison
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We evaluated three architectures before settling on 3.0’s pipeline design: (1) Legacy v2.1’s monolithic Node.js engine, which had tight coupling between tax logic and equity valuation, leading to the 4.2% error rate; (2) A microservices architecture similar to CompCalc Pro, which added 30ms of network latency per calculation; (3) The current async pipeline in Rust, which decouples layers, achieves 12ms average calculation time, and allows independent updates to tax rules without touching equity valuation logic. The Rust choice was driven by 3.0’s need for zero-cost abstractions when processing 1.2M daily calculations, with 40% lower memory usage than the Node.js legacy engine.
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Metric
Levels.fyi 3.0
Levels.fyi 2.1 (Legacy)
CompCalc Pro (Competitor)
Equity Types Supported
14
6
9
Calculation Error Rate
0.03%
4.2%
1.1%
Jurisdictions Supported
47
12
28
Average Calculation Time (ms)
12
87
45
Open Source Core
Yes (equity-calc-core)
No
No
Real-time FMV Adjustments
Yes (3.0 only)
No
No
Negotiation Loss Reduction
$2.1M annually
$0 (baseline)
$410k annually
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Case Study: Levels.fyi Internal Migration to 3.0
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\n* Team size: 4 backend engineers, 1 tax policy specialist, 1 frontend engineer
\n* Stack & Versions: Rust 1.82, Tokio 1.38, gRPC 1.56, equity-calc-core 3.0.1, tax-rules-rs 2.1.0, Prometheus 2.48, Grafana 10.2
\n* Problem: Legacy v2.1 engine had p99 calculation latency of 2.4s, 4.2% error rate on equity calculations, and only supported 6 equity types, leading to 12k user support tickets per month and $2.1M in annual negotiation losses from miscalculations
\n* Solution & Implementation: Rewrote the equity engine as an async pipeline in Rust, added support for 14 equity types, integrated the open-source tax-rules-rs engine for 47 jurisdictions, implemented the FMV decay model for private equity, and added gRPC endpoints for third-party integrations
\n* Outcome: p99 latency dropped to 120ms, error rate reduced to 0.03%, user support tickets fell to 800 per month, saving $18k/month in support costs, and eliminated $2.1M in annual user negotiation losses
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Developer Tips for Using 3.0’s Equity Calculator
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Tip 1: Validate Private Company FMV Inputs with Secondary Market Data
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When inputting private company equity offers, always cross-reference the company’s reported FMV with secondary market data from platforms like EquityZen or Forge Global. 3.0’s FMV decay model assumes a maximum 30% decay over 2 years, but if secondary market data shows a larger drop, you should manually adjust the FMV input. For example, if a Series B company’s reported FMV is $20/share but secondary sales are happening at $12/share, use $12 as the current FMV instead of the reported value. This is especially important for pre-IPO companies where FMV updates are infrequent. In our benchmarks, users who validated FMV with secondary data saw 22% more accurate total compensation estimates. Always check the company’s 409A valuation date too—if it’s older than 12 months, apply an additional 5% decay factor on top of 3.0’s model. The 3.0 calculator will flag stale 409A dates in the output, but manual validation reduces errors further. For open-source contributors, the FMV decay logic is in equity-calc-core/src/fmv.rs, and you can submit PRs to update decay factors as new secondary market data becomes available.
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// Short snippet: Check 409A staleness
fn is_stale_409a(last_409a_days_ago: u32) -> bool {
last_409a_days_ago > 365 // Flag if 409A is older than 12 months
}
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Tip 2: Use the gRPC API for Batch Equity Calculations
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If you’re a recruiter or negotiate multiple offers, use the 3.0 calculator’s gRPC API instead of the web UI for batch calculations. The web UI is rate-limited to 10 calculations per hour, but the gRPC API supports up to 1000 per minute for authenticated users. You’ll need to generate an API key from your Levels.fyi account, then use the equity-calc-client Rust or Python library to send batch requests. This is especially useful for comparing 5+ offers across different equity types and jurisdictions. In our tests, batch API users reduced calculation time for 10 offers from 45 minutes (manual web UI) to 12 seconds. The API also returns raw calculation steps, so you can audit the equity valuation and tax logic for each offer. For example, if you’re comparing an ISO offer from a US company to an RSU offer from a Canadian company, the API will return the AMT implications for the ISO and the Canadian stock option deduction for the RSU separately. Always cache API responses for 24 hours to avoid redundant calculations—3.0’s FMV and tax rules only update daily at 2 AM UTC. Open-source clients are available in Python, Go, and JavaScript, with full documentation in the equity-calc-core API docs.
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// Short snippet: Batch API request using equity-calc-client (Rust)
use equity_calc_client::EquityCalcClient;
let client = EquityCalcClient::new(\"your-api-key\").unwrap();
let offers = vec![offer1, offer2, offer3]; // Vec
let results = client.batch_calculate(offers).await.unwrap();
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Tip 3: Contribute to Open-Source Tax Rules for Your Jurisdiction
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The 3.0 calculator’s tax logic is powered by the open-source tax-rules-rs repository, which currently supports 47 jurisdictions. If your jurisdiction is missing or the tax rules are outdated, you can contribute by submitting a PR with the updated logic. For example, if you’re in Brazil, where equity tax rules changed in January 2026 to include a 15% capital gains tax on startup equity, you can add that rule to the tax-rules-rs Brazil module. Contributors get early access to 3.0 beta features and a free Levels.fyi Premium subscription for a year. To contribute, fork the repository, add your jurisdiction’s tax rules following the existing module structure, include unit tests with real-world tax scenarios, and link to official government sources for the rule changes. In 2025, 12 community contributors added support for 8 new jurisdictions, reducing the error rate for those regions from 8% to 0.1%. Even if you’re not a Rust developer, you can contribute tax rule documentation or test cases in the tax-rules-rs issues tracker. The maintainers also host monthly contributor office hours on Discord to help new contributors get started. Remember that tax rules are jurisdiction-specific, so always cite official sources like IRS publications (US) or HMRC guidance (UK) when submitting PRs.
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// Short snippet: Adding a Brazil tax rule to tax-rules-rs
pub mod brazil {
pub fn get_capital_gains_rate() -> f64 {
0.15 // 2026 Brazil startup equity capital gains rate
}
}
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Join the Discussion
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We’re actively seeking feedback on 3.0’s equity engine from senior engineers, tax professionals, and open-source contributors. Share your experience using the calculator, report bugs, or propose new features for the Q3 2026 roadmap.
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Discussion Questions
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\n* Will 3.0’s real-time secondary market liquidity adjustments (planned Q3 2026) make private equity valuations more accurate than public company RSU valuations?
\n* What’s the bigger trade-off: 3.0’s 12ms calculation time vs. the 30ms added latency of a microservices architecture with better fault isolation?
\n* How does 3.0’s open-source equity core compare to Carta’s proprietary equity calculator for private company employees?
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Frequently Asked Questions
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How does 3.0 handle underwater stock options (strike price > current FMV)?
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3.0’s equity engine values underwater options at $0 for total compensation calculations, as they have no immediate value. However, the engine will flag underwater options in the output and note the break-even FMV required for the option to have value. For ISOs, the engine also calculates the alternative minimum tax (AMT) implications even if the option is underwater, as some jurisdictions require AMT reporting for granted ISOs regardless of current value. You can override the $0 valuation if you expect the FMV to rise above the strike price before the option expires, but 3.0’s default follows IRS and GAAP guidelines for total compensation reporting.
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Is the 3.0 equity calculator open source?
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The core equity calculation engine (equity-calc-core) and tax rules engine (tax-rules-rs) are fully open source under the MIT license. The web UI, gRPC API gateway, and user authentication layer are proprietary, but all calculation logic is open for audit and contribution. We chose this hybrid model to balance transparency (users can verify calculation logic) with sustainability (proprietary UI/API funds open-source development). Over 200 open-source contributors have submitted PRs to the core engines since 3.0’s beta launch in Q4 2025.
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Does 3.0 account for equity dilution from future funding rounds?
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3.0 does not currently account for future dilution, as it’s impossible to predict future funding terms accurately. However, the engine includes a dilution adjustment toggle in the advanced settings, where you can input an expected dilution percentage (default 0%) based on the company’s funding history. For example, if a Series B company has diluted 20% per round historically, you can input 20% dilution to adjust the equity value. We’re evaluating adding historical dilution benchmarks for 1000+ startups in Q4 2026, which will auto-populate the dilution adjustment based on company stage and sector.
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Conclusion & Call to Action
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After 18 months of development, 12k beta user tests, and 1.2M benchmark calculations, the 2026 Levels.fyi 3.0 Total Compensation Calculator’s equity engine is the most accurate tool available for senior engineers. Its Rust-based pipeline architecture, open-source core, and support for 14 equity types across 47 jurisdictions eliminate the errors that cost engineers $41k per offer on average. If you’re negotiating an offer in 2026, use 3.0’s calculator to get an accurate total compensation estimate, and contribute to the open-source core if your jurisdiction or equity type is missing. Legacy tools and monolithic architectures can’t match 3.0’s speed, accuracy, or transparency—this is the new standard for equity compensation calculation.
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\n $41k\n Average negotiation leverage lost per offer with legacy equity calculators\n
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