SS-31, also known as elamipretide, MTP-131, or Bendavia, is a synthetic mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide that has attracted extensive research interest because of its interaction with the mitochondrial inner membrane and the phospholipid cardiolipin. Current research examines SS-31 in areas including mitochondrial bioenergetics, membrane organization, oxidative stress, respiratory-chain function, and cellular stress responses. (PubMed Central (PMC))
For researchers evaluating an American Peptides SS-31 research compound, analytical documentation, lot-specific COA information, purity testing, physical format, and storage requirements are important procurement considerations.
For the current promotional offer, visit American Peptides — LOOT10 Offer and enter LOOT10, which is advertised as providing up to 30% off eligible purchases. Always verify the actual discount and current terms at checkout.
For additional background reading, see the American Peptides SS-31 Research Guide on Tumblr.
What Is SS-31?
SS-31 is a short synthetic tetrapeptide belonging to the Szeto-Schiller family of aromatic-cationic peptides.
The currently listed American Peptides research material identifies SS-31 with the sequence:
D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂
where Dmt represents 2',6'-dimethyl-L-tyrosine. The product information also identifies SS-31 with the names elamipretide and MTP-131. (American Peptides)
The molecular characteristics currently listed include:
| Property | SS-31 |
|---|---|
| Common name | SS-31 |
| Synonyms | Elamipretide, MTP-131 |
| Peptide class | Szeto-Schiller peptide |
| Amino-acid count | 4 |
| Sequence | D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂ |
| Molecular formula | C₃₂H₄₉N₉O₅ |
| Listed molecular weight | 639.80 g/mol |
| Physical form | Lyophilized peptide powder |
| Research purity | ≥99% by HPLC |
| Identity testing | Mass spectrometry |
| Documentation | Lot-matched COA |
For researchers who want an additional resource, the SS-31 research guide on Tumblr provides another contextual reference for the topic.
Why Is SS-31 Important in Mitochondrial Research?
The scientific interest surrounding SS-31 comes largely from its relationship with the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Mitochondria are responsible for major aspects of cellular energy metabolism. Their inner membrane contains the electron transport chain and provides the environment required for oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation.
Cardiolipin is a specialized phospholipid concentrated in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Research has increasingly focused on how cardiolipin influences membrane architecture, respiratory-chain organization, protein interactions, and mitochondrial function. (PubMed Central (PMC))
SS-31 is particularly interesting because research indicates that it interacts with cardiolipin.
This gives researchers a mechanistic framework for investigating questions such as:
- How does cardiolipin influence mitochondrial membrane organization?
- How does mitochondrial membrane structure affect respiratory-chain activity?
- What happens to mitochondrial bioenergetics under cellular stress?
- How is mitochondrial ROS production related to membrane function?
- How can mitochondrial membrane-associated pathways be experimentally measured?
For researchers investigating these questions, the American Peptides SS-31 research resource on Tumblr can serve as an additional topical reference.
SS-31 and Cardiolipin: The Central Research Connection
One of the most important concepts in SS-31 research is cardiolipin binding.
Cardiolipin is structurally unusual because it contains four fatty-acid chains and is highly concentrated in the mitochondrial inner membrane. It contributes to mitochondrial membrane architecture and the organization of respiratory-chain proteins.
Research reviews describe elamipretide/SS-31 as interacting selectively with cardiolipin. More recent mechanistic research has expanded the understanding beyond the older idea that SS-31 simply acts as a mitochondrial antioxidant. Current literature discusses effects involving membrane electrostatic properties and cardiolipin-dependent protein organization. (PubMed Central (PMC))
This is an important distinction for modern SS-31 research.
Instead of viewing SS-31 simply as a generic antioxidant, researchers increasingly investigate the compound through the broader framework of:
SS-31 → cardiolipin interaction → mitochondrial membrane organization → respiratory-chain/bioenergetic effects
That research framework makes SS-31 particularly interesting for mitochondrial biology.
Does SS-31 Simply Work as an Antioxidant?
This is one of the most useful questions when researching SS-31.
Early descriptions of elamipretide emphasized its potential antioxidant-related properties. However, subsequent research has expanded the proposed mechanism considerably.
Recent reviews explain that SS-31's effects involve more than direct ROS scavenging. Research has increasingly examined cardiolipin interaction, membrane electrostatics, mitochondrial protein organization, and bioenergetic pathways. (PubMed Central (PMC))
Therefore, a modern SS-31 research study may investigate several interconnected endpoints rather than simply measuring ROS.
Potential research domains include:
- mitochondrial membrane potential
- oxygen consumption
- ATP-related measurements
- oxidative phosphorylation
- respiratory-chain activity
- mitochondrial ROS
- cardiolipin organization
- mitochondrial morphology
- cristae structure
- cellular stress responses
The precise endpoint depends on the experimental model and hypothesis.
SS-31 and Mitochondrial Bioenergetics
Mitochondrial bioenergetics describes how mitochondria generate, transfer, and utilize energy.
The electron transport chain creates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. ATP synthase then uses this gradient to produce ATP.
Because cardiolipin contributes to the organization and function of mitochondrial membranes and respiratory-chain proteins, changes in cardiolipin-associated membrane structure can potentially influence mitochondrial bioenergetics. (PubMed Central (PMC))
This is one reason SS-31 appears frequently in mitochondrial research.
Researchers may examine:
- Oxygen consumption.
- Respiratory capacity.
- ATP production.
- Membrane potential.
- Respiratory-chain activity.
- Mitochondrial morphology.
- ROS-related endpoints.
A key principle is that no single endpoint completely describes mitochondrial function.
For example, an experiment measuring only ROS may not reveal whether mitochondrial respiration has improved, deteriorated, or remained unchanged.
A stronger research design may combine multiple complementary measurements.
SS-31 and Mitochondrial ROS
Reactive oxygen species, commonly abbreviated ROS, are important components of mitochondrial biology.
Mitochondria can generate ROS as part of electron transport and oxidative metabolism. Excessive oxidative stress can affect proteins, lipids, membranes, and other cellular components.
SS-31 research has investigated the relationship between mitochondrial function and oxidative stress across different experimental systems. Reviews describe evidence connecting SS-31/elamipretide research with mitochondrial oxidative stress and bioenergetic changes. (PubMed Central (PMC))
However, ROS measurements are highly dependent on experimental methodology.
Different fluorescent probes and assays do not necessarily measure identical oxidant species.
Therefore, researchers should avoid interpreting a single ROS measurement as a complete description of mitochondrial oxidative biology.
This is another reason that SS-31 research can benefit from combining:
ROS measurements + mitochondrial respiration + membrane potential + cellular viability
rather than relying on one measurement alone.
SS-31 and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential
The mitochondrial membrane potential is another frequently examined endpoint in mitochondrial experiments.
It reflects the electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane and is closely connected to oxidative phosphorylation.
Because SS-31 is associated with cardiolipin and the inner mitochondrial membrane, researchers have investigated its effects within experimental systems where mitochondrial membrane function is relevant. (PubMed Central (PMC))
For a research project, membrane potential can therefore be considered alongside other measurements such as:
- oxygen consumption
- ATP
- ROS
- mitochondrial morphology
- respiratory-chain function
The interpretation should remain specific to the experimental model.
SS-31 and Mitochondrial Cristae
Another important research term is mitochondrial cristae.
Cristae are folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane. They substantially increase the membrane's surface area and contain components associated with oxidative phosphorylation.
Cardiolipin contributes to the organization of the inner mitochondrial membrane and cristae architecture.
Research reviews describe SS-31/elamipretide in connection with preservation or modulation of mitochondrial ultrastructure and bioenergetic function. (PubMed Central (PMC))
This creates another important research pathway:
Cardiolipin → cristae organization → respiratory-chain organization → mitochondrial bioenergetics
Consequently, SS-31 can be relevant to studies investigating mitochondrial ultrastructure as well as biochemical endpoints.
What Makes the SS-31 Molecular Structure Interesting?
SS-31 is only four amino acids long, but its sequence contains several unusual structural features.
The listed sequence is:
D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂
It contains:
- D-arginine
- Dmt
- lysine
- phenylalanine
- a C-terminal amide
Dmt is particularly distinctive because it is a modified tyrosine residue.
The combination of aromatic and positively charged residues contributes to the unusual physicochemical characteristics of the peptide. American Peptides currently lists the molecular formula as C₃₂H₄₉N₉O₅ and molecular weight as 639.80 g/mol. (American Peptides)
For analytical research, this is important because compound identity should always be tied to the exact sequence and analytical documentation, rather than simply the product name.
SS-31 HPLC Purity: Why It Matters
HPLC, or high-performance liquid chromatography, is commonly used to assess peptide purity.
American Peptides currently reports ≥99% purity by HPLC for its SS-31 research product and states that mass spectrometry is also used for identity verification. The supplier says a lot-matched Certificate of Analysis is available for each vial. (American Peptides)
A high HPLC purity percentage is useful, but it should not be confused with every other possible quality specification.
For example:
Chemical purity ≠ sterility ≠ endotoxin status ≠ biological activity
Each represents a different quality consideration.
Therefore, laboratories should evaluate the analytical requirements that are relevant to their particular experiment.
Why Is Mass Spectrometry Used for SS-31?
Mass spectrometry can help confirm the molecular identity of a peptide by evaluating its mass characteristics.
For SS-31, mass-spectrometry information can be considered alongside:
- expected molecular mass
- peptide sequence
- HPLC chromatogram
- lot number
- COA
- analytical test date
American Peptides currently states that SS-31 is verified using HPLC and mass spectrometry and that each lot has a corresponding COA. (American Peptides)
For reproducible research, documenting the exact lot and associated analytical information can be particularly valuable.
What Is an SS-31 Certificate of Analysis?
A Certificate of Analysis (COA) is an important research-procurement document.
A useful SS-31 COA may contain information related to:
- product identity
- lot number
- analytical testing
- purity
- molecular identification
- testing dates
- applicable specifications
American Peptides currently states that its SS-31 material has lot-matched COA documentation available and that its compounds undergo third-party testing. (American Peptides)
Researchers should retain the COA associated with the exact lot used in an experiment.
This becomes particularly important when experiments are repeated months later or when results need to be compared across different peptide lots.
For additional topical context, researchers can also review the American Peptides SS-31 research guide on Tumblr.
How Should Researchers Evaluate an SS-31 Research Material?
A useful procurement checklist includes:
| Research consideration | What to verify |
|---|---|
| Identity | SS-31 / elamipretide / MTP-131 |
| Sequence | D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂ |
| Purity | Current HPLC specification |
| Identity testing | Mass spectrometry |
| Documentation | Lot-matched COA |
| Physical form | Lyophilized powder |
| Lot number | Record before experimentation |
| Storage | Current supplier instructions |
| Intended use | Laboratory/research use |
| Experimental compatibility | Relevant to your assay |
The current American Peptides listing states that its SS-31 material is provided for scientific investigation and laboratory research rather than human or veterinary use. (American Peptides)
SS-31 Storage and Physical Format
American Peptides currently lists SS-31 as a lyophilized peptide powder.
Its product information states that the lyophilized material should be stored at −20°C, protected from light and moisture. The current documentation also describes refrigerated handling of reconstituted material. (American Peptides)
Researchers should always follow the latest product documentation and their institution's applicable laboratory procedures.
Important inventory information can include:
- date received
- product size
- lot number
- storage location
- COA
- reconstitution date
- experimental identifier
Maintaining this information can improve research traceability.
SS-31 Research Applications
Published research has examined elamipretide/SS-31 in a broad range of experimental contexts.
Research areas include:
Mitochondrial dysfunction
SS-31 has been investigated as a way to understand mitochondrial structure and function under conditions associated with dysfunction. (PubMed Central (PMC))
Cardiovascular research
Preclinical and clinical research has examined elamipretide in cardiovascular contexts involving mitochondrial dysfunction. (PubMed Central (PMC))
Neurological research
SS-31 has also appeared in research involving mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegenerative models. (PubMed Central (PMC))
Metabolic research
Researchers have investigated the relationship between mitochondrial bioenergetics, oxidative stress, and metabolic conditions. (PubMed Central (PMC))
Cellular stress research
SS-31 is also relevant to experimental investigations of mitochondrial stress and cellular responses.
These applications represent research areas, not proof that SS-31 is an approved treatment for any particular condition.
SS-31 Versus Generic Mitochondrial Antioxidants
One common SEO and research misconception is to treat every mitochondria-targeted compound as equivalent.
They are not.
Different mitochondrial-targeting strategies can involve:
- peptide-based targeting
- lipophilic cations
- antioxidant moieties
- targeting sequences
- membrane interactions
- cardiolipin interaction
SS-31 is particularly notable for its relationship with cardiolipin and the inner mitochondrial membrane. Recent reviews emphasize that its mechanism is broader than simple ROS scavenging. (PubMed Central (PMC))
Therefore, researchers comparing SS-31 with another mitochondrial research compound should compare the mechanism, target, experimental model, endpoints, and analytical requirements rather than relying only on the phrase "mitochondrial antioxidant."
American Peptides SS-31 Pricing and LOOT10
The current American Peptides SS-31 product page lists a 10 mg option at $70, with 30 mg and 50 mg options also available. The supplier currently displays automatic volume pricing, meaning the per-unit price changes according to quantity. (American Peptides)
For the promotional offer supplied for this article:
Promo Code: LOOT10
Advertised benefit: Up to 30% off
Check the current offer here:
American Peptides LOOT10 Offer — Up to 30% Off
Because pricing, volume discounts, and promotional eligibility can change, the final checkout price should always be treated as the authoritative figure.
The American Peptides SS-31 research guide on Tumblr can also be used as a supporting topical backlink for readers researching SS-31 before making a legitimate laboratory purchase.
How to Use LOOT10 for American Peptides SS-31
For an eligible purchase:
- Visit the American Peptides LOOT10 offer page.
- Locate the intended SS-31 research product.
- Review the current product specifications.
- Check the available lot-specific documentation.
- Add the appropriate research material to the cart.
- Enter LOOT10 at checkout.
- Confirm the discount shown in the final order summary.
- Retain the order record and COA for laboratory documentation.
The offer is advertised as up to 30% off, so researchers should verify the actual discount applied to the selected item rather than assuming every product or quantity receives the maximum percentage.
Frequently Asked Questions About American Peptides SS-31
What is SS-31?
SS-31 is a synthetic four-amino-acid peptide also known as elamipretide and MTP-131. It has been extensively investigated in mitochondrial research, particularly in connection with cardiolipin and mitochondrial bioenergetics. (PubMed Central (PMC))
What is the SS-31 sequence?
The listed sequence is:
D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂
Dmt refers to 2',6'-dimethyl-L-tyrosine. (American Peptides)
What is SS-31 also called?
Common names include:
- SS-31
- Elamipretide
- MTP-131
- Bendavia
What is the main research target of SS-31?
One of the primary mechanistic research targets is cardiolipin, a phospholipid concentrated in the mitochondrial inner membrane. (PubMed Central (PMC))
Is SS-31 a mitochondrial peptide?
Yes. SS-31 is described as a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide and has been investigated in relation to mitochondrial membranes, cardiolipin, bioenergetics, and oxidative stress. (PubMed Central (PMC))
What purity does American Peptides list for SS-31?
The current product listing states ≥99% purity by HPLC, with mass-spectrometry verification and lot-matched COA documentation. (American Peptides)
Does American Peptides provide an SS-31 COA?
Yes. The current listing states that a lot-matched Certificate of Analysis is available for each vial, and the supplier maintains a COA library. (American Peptides)
What is the American Peptides SS-31 promo code?
The promotional code supplied for this article is LOOT10, advertised as providing up to 30% off eligible purchases.
Use the American Peptides LOOT10 offer and verify the discount at checkout.
Is LOOT10 guaranteed to give exactly 30% off?
No. The promotion is described as up to 30% off, meaning the actual discount can depend on the applicable product and current promotional terms. Always check the final checkout price.
Where can I read more about American Peptides SS-31?
You can review the current American Peptides SS-31 product information and the supporting SS-31 research guide on Tumblr.
Is SS-31 approved for human use?
The American Peptides research product is identified as research use only and is not intended for human or veterinary consumption. (American Peptides)
Does SS-31 research prove clinical effectiveness?
No. Laboratory, preclinical, and clinical research represent different levels of evidence. Findings from a cell, biochemical, or animal model should not automatically be interpreted as evidence of clinical efficacy.
SS-31 Research Keywords and Search Questions
This topic can also be explored through questions such as:
What is SS-31 peptide used for in research?
SS-31 is researched primarily in connection with mitochondrial biology, cardiolipin, bioenergetics, oxidative stress, membrane organization, and cellular stress.
How does SS-31 interact with cardiolipin?
Research indicates that SS-31 selectively interacts with cardiolipin within the mitochondrial inner membrane, with ongoing research investigating how this interaction influences membrane properties and cardiolipin-dependent proteins. (PubMed Central (PMC))
Is SS-31 the same as elamipretide?
Yes. SS-31 is commonly referred to as elamipretide or MTP-131. (PubMed Central (PMC))
What is SS-31 used for in mitochondrial research?
Research applications include investigations of mitochondrial bioenergetics, respiratory function, cardiolipin biology, oxidative stress, membrane potential, and mitochondrial structure.
What should I check before purchasing SS-31 for research?
Researchers should examine identity, sequence, purity, HPLC/MS testing, lot-specific COA documentation, physical format, storage requirements, and experiment-specific quality requirements.
What is the American Peptides SS-31 discount code?
The supplied promotional code is LOOT10, advertised as providing up to 30% off eligible purchases.
Final Takeaway: SS-31, Mitochondrial Research and LOOT10
SS-31 is an important research peptide within the broader field of mitochondrial biology. Its scientific interest extends beyond the simplified description of a "mitochondrial antioxidant." Current literature increasingly focuses on the relationship between SS-31, cardiolipin, mitochondrial membrane organization, respiratory-chain function, membrane electrostatics, and bioenergetics. (PubMed Central (PMC))
For researchers evaluating an American Peptides SS-31 research material, the current supplier information provides several useful procurement details, including ≥99% HPLC purity, mass-spectrometry verification, third-party testing, lot-matched COA documentation, lyophilized format, and multiple size options. (American Peptides)
For the current promotional offer, use:
American Peptides: https://www.americanpeptides.us/loot30
Promo Code: LOOT10
Advertised Discount: Up to 30% off
For additional topical backlinking and supporting content, visit the American Peptides SS-31 Research Guide on Tumblr.
The best research-oriented approach is to evaluate the science, analytical documentation, lot information, and experimental requirements first, and then consider the available promotional pricing.
Research-use disclaimer: American Peptides identifies its research compounds as laboratory/research materials rather than products intended for human or veterinary consumption. This article is educational and does not establish safety, efficacy, therapeutic benefit, or regulatory approval for human use. (American Peptides)
Top comments (0)