Java LLD: Designing a Thread-Safe Parking Lot with Strategy Pattern

Java LLD: Designing a Thread-Safe Parking Lot with Strategy Pattern

Designing a parking lot is a staple of Java LLD and machine coding interviews, yet most candidates fail to write production-grade code. As an ex-FAANG interviewer, I've seen countless designs fall apart under concurrent traffic or when asked to support multiple slot allocation algorithms.

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The Mistake Most Candidates Make

• Monolithic locking on the entire ParkingLot class: Using a global synchronized keyword on the entry method, which serializes all gate entries and destroys system throughput.
• Hardcoding slot-finding logic: Mixing spatial layout algorithms (like nearest-to-entrance or smallest-available-fit) directly inside the ParkingLot or Gate classes, violating the Open-Closed Principle.
• Thread-safety as an afterthought: Relying on raw List<Slot> iterations without synchronization, causing race conditions where multiple cars are assigned to the exact same physical slot.

The Right Approach

• Core mental model: Decouple capacity management from slot selection by using a Semaphore for gate-keeping and the Strategy Pattern for thread-safe slot allocation.
• Key entities: ParkingLot, Gate, Slot, Vehicle, ParkingStrategy (SmallestFitStrategy, NearestEntranceStrategy), and StrategyFactory.
• Why it beats the naive approach: It isolates concurrency concerns (preventing overbooking) from business rules (how we choose a slot), making the system highly performant and easily extensible.

The Key Insight (Code)

public class EntryGate {
    private final Semaphore semaphore;
    private final ParkingStrategy strategy;

    public EntryGate(int capacity, ParkingStrategy strategy) {
        this.semaphore = new Semaphore(capacity);
        this.strategy = strategy;
    }

    public synchronized Ticket park(Vehicle vehicle) {
        if (!semaphore.tryAcquire()) throw new ParkingFullException();
        Slot slot = strategy.allocateSlot(vehicle);
        slot.occupy(vehicle);
        return new Ticket(vehicle, slot);
    }
}

Key Takeaways

• Throttle Early with Semaphores: Use a Semaphore at the gate level to reject incoming cars instantly when the lot is full, avoiding expensive database or memory lock lookups.
• Strategy Pattern for Allocation: Encapsulate slot-finding algorithms in a ParkingStrategy interface, allowing the system to switch behaviors dynamically at runtime.
• Factory Pattern for Instantiation: Leverage a StrategyFactory to cleanly instantiate the correct allocation strategy based on the parking lot's operating mode.

Full working implementation with execution trace available at https://javalld.com/problems/parking-lot