Because Amazon DynamoDB is a fully managed database where a user does not provision any machines, the pricing is not as straight forward. While our Pricing Calculator can help with forecasting the costs, the pricing optimization techniques are a bit different. Below are 10 tips that can help you lower your DynamoDB costs:
1. Use cheaper regions
If you are not concerned about your data's location because you don't need to meet any regulations or compliance standards, you can provision your tables in regions where it's cheaper. For example, if your table will have 100GB of data, the storage will cost $28.50 per month in Tokyo (ap-northeast-1), $29.72 per month in London (eu-west-2), or even $37.50 per month in Sao Paulo (sa-east-1).
The cheapest regions are us-east-1, us-east-2 and us-west-2 costing $0.25 per GB/month, $0.00065 per WCU/hour and $0.00013 per RCU/hour.
2. Use shorter attribute names
Because DynamoDB in both On-Demand and Provisioned capacity mode uses size-dependent billing units (1 WCU/WRU = 1KB, 1 RCU/RRU = 4KB), plus, you're paying for storage too, you should always aim to make your records as small as possible. If making attribute values is not an option, try making attribute names shorter. This helps you reduce the amount of storage required for your data. Moreover, when storing dates, you can choose the epoch time format instead of ISO dates because it's shorter too.
3. Be aware of huge blobs
Saving images in DynamoDB can quickly skyrocket costs. It's very inefficient, and you should rather store all images or linked assets in S3 and save the URL pointing to it in DDB. If that's not an option, consider using compression algorithms like gzip to make blobs smaller before saving them.
4. Prefer queries over scans
DynamoDB has two ways of fetching a set of records from it: Query and Scan. While the query is using partition and sort key to get the desired piece of data fast and directly, the scan, on the other hand, is "scanning" through your whole table. The difference here is that while in Query, you are charged only for items which are returned, in scan case, you're being charged for all the rows scanned, not the total amount of items returned.
5. Avoid strongly consistent reads and transactions where possible
DynamoDB uses eventually consistent data model. It means that updates are propagated across all storage locations, usually within one second or less. However, DynamoDB supports strongly consistent reads too, but with an additional cost. Strongly consistent reads require a double amount of Read request/capacity units than the eventually consistent reads.
6. When using GSIs, think about Attribute Projections
Attribute Projections specify which attributes are available when querying for data using Global Secondary Index. Sometimes, when accessing the data using GSIs, not all attributes are needed. Reducing the amount of data available in GSIs by using Attribute Projection KEYS_ONLY or INCLUDES instead of ALL will reduce the amount of data kept in GSI significantly thereby lowering not only the costs storage but also consume less read/write units when accessing or updating the data.
7. Use on-demand mode wisely
As Yan Cui demonstrated in his blog post, "rough estimate suggests that on-demand tables are around 5–6 times more expensive per request compared to a provisioned table". Conclusion: if your workload has steady utilization without sudden spikes, consider going with provisioned mode with autoscaling enabled. You can simulate costs by using our DynamoDB Pricing Calculator.
8. Use reserved capacity
When using provisioned capacity mode and your capacity is bigger than 100 units, you can also consider purchasing reserved capacity. For a three year term, reserved capacity provides a 76% discount, and for a one year term, reserved capacity provides a 53% discount when compared to provisioned throughput capacity.
9. Remove unnecessary items
To minimize the storage costs, aim to always purge unnecessary data. If your business does not have to keep the events older than X days, you can leverage the TTL functionality.
Moreover, if you have any many-to-many relationships, remember that you need to take care of "orphaned records" on your own. As DynamoDB is not a relational database, it does not have an ON DELETE CASCADE feature like many RDBMS.
10. Do not overuse GSIs
DynamoDB automatically copies the right set of attributes to any indices where the attributes must exist. This increases the costs of your storage because of the additional space used. In detail, it is a sum of:
- Byte size of table primary key
- Byte size of index key attribute
- Byte size of projected attributes
- 100 byte-overhead per index item
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